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@ @Mechanics - Dynamics
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@ @2008@O@2007
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Dynamics
Dynamics is that branch of mechanics which deals with the motion of particles , lines and bodies.
So , the dynamics is divided into two parts :
1 Kinematics : which deals with the motion of the bodies without consideration of the forces
required to produce the motion including the position , speed , velocity , acceleration etc .
2 Kinetics : which deals with the motion of the bodies with consideration of the forces required
to produce the motion .

Motion in a straight line :

We define some point in space as a reference point or origin.
For a particle at P:
In general :
Displacement ( S )
as (vector)
unit : m

Velocity (V ) =

ds
dt

unit : m/sec

dv d 2 s
acceleration(a) =
=
dt dt 2

O
(O is the reference point)

unit : m/sec2

Example ( 1 ) :
The position ( S ) of a body moving along a horizontal strait line is given by the equation :
( S = 6t2 - 4 ) , where ( S ) in ( m ) , ( t ) in ( sec ) , the body is in ( 4 m ) to the right of the origin
when t = 0 . Determine :
a the displacement of the body during the time interval from t = 2 sec to t = 4 sec .
b the velocity and acceleration of the body when t = 4 sec .
Solution :
a - S1 = 6 t2 4 = 6 ( 2 ) 2 4 = 20 m ,
S2 = 6 t2 4 = 6 ( 4 ) 2 4 = 92 m
q = S2 S1 = 92 20 = 72 m .
b- V =

ds
= 12 t = 12 * 4 = 48 m / sec
dt

a=

dv
= 12 m / sec 2 .
dt

Example ( 2 ) :
3
A body moves on a straight line according to the equation : S = 4 t + 2 t 2 2 t + 5 , where (s)
is displacement , ( t ) is the time interval , Find out displacement , velocity , and acceleration
when t = 3 sec .
Solution :
3
S = 4 t + 2 t2 2 t + 5
3
2
1- The displacement at t= 3 sec : S = 4 ( 3 ) + 2 ( 3 ) - 2 ( 3 ) + 5 = 125 m

ds
2
= 12 t + 4 t - 2
dt
The velocity when t = 3 sec : V = 12 ( 3 ) 2 + 4 ( 3 ) 2 = 118 m / sec

2- The velocity at any instant : V =

3- The acceleration at any instant :

dv d 2 S
a=
=
dt dt 2

= 24 t + 4

The acceleration when t = 3 sec : a = 24 ( 3 ) + 4 = 76 m / sec

[1]

Example ( 3 ) :
The rectilinear motion of a body is given by the equation ( S = V 2 - 9 ) , When ( S ) is in ( m )
and ( V ) in ( m / sec ) , Determine : the acceleration of the body ?
Solution :
S = V 2 9 .......
V =

dS
dt

ds
dV
= 2 V
0
dt
dt
dV
a =
....... V = 2 V . a
dt

a =

V
1
=
m / sec 2
2V
2

Example ( 4 ) :
The motion of a particle is defined by the relation x= t2 10 t + 30 , where x is expressed in metres
and t in seconds , Determine
a- The time when velocity is zero
b- The position and the total distance traveled when t = 8 seconds
Solution :

x = t 2 10t + 30
dx
v=
= 2t 10
dt
2t 10 = 0 2t = 10 t = 5 sec onds
a-

x = t 2 10t + 30
= 82 10 * 8 + 30 = 14 m
Example ( 5 ) :
A line rotates in a vertical plane according to the law = t 2 t 2 , where ( ) gives the
angular position of the line in radians , (t) is the time in seconds, The line is turning clockwise
when t=1 sec , Determine
A- The angular acceleration when t = 3 sec .
B- The value of (t) when the angular velocity is zero
C- the total angle turned through during the time t=1 sec to t=3 sec.
Solution :
= t3 2t2 2
d
=
= 3 t 2 4t
dt
d
=
= 6 t 4 at any instant
dt
The angular acceleration when t = 3 sec :
3

= 6 (3) 4 = 14 rad/sec 2

= 3t 2 4t
3t 2 4t = 0 t (3t 4) = 0
3t 4 = 0 3t = 4 t = 4 = 1.3 sec
3

1 at t = 1sec

1 = (1)3 2(1)2 2 = 3 rad

2 at t = 1sec
2 = (3)3 2(3)2 2 = 7 rad
Q = 2 1 = 7 ( 3) = 10 rad

[2]

Example ( 6 ) :
The rectilinear motion of the a body is given by the equation ( S = r . sin wt ) , if ( r ) and ( w ) are
constants , Show that the acceleration is equal to ( a = - w 2 . S ) ?
Solution :
S = r . sin wt

a=

V =

ds
= r . cos wt . w = r . w . cos wt
dt

dv
= r . w . ( - sin wt . w ) = - w2 . r . sin wt = - w2 . S
dt

Example ( 7 ) :
2
A circular body rotates according to the equation ( S = 2 t 4 t ) , Find the radius of the body
to give an angular acceleration of ( 4 rad / sec ) ?
Solution :
2
S=2t 4t
V = dS / dt = 4 t 4
a = dV / dt = 4
a=r.
4=r*4
r = 1 m

Falling Objects and Gravitational Acceleration :

Galileo showed that if an object falls toward the earth under the
influence of gravity and all other forces are negligible then
1. The acceleration is the same for all objects.
2. The acceleration has a constant value.
This gravitational acceleration has a value of 9.81 m/sec2 at the
Earths surface.

Motion at constant acceleration :

Equations of motion at constant acceleration :
For motion in the x direction:A particle starts from O with a velocity Vo :
(S = 0 at t = 0 and V = Vo at t = 0 )

S = Vo . t +

1 2
at
2

vacuum

In air

.. ( 1 )

( Vo ) is the initial velocity of the body at

Differentiating (1) with respect to time.

t=0

Vf =

ds
= VO + a t
dt

. ( 2 )

( Vf ) is the final velocity of the body

Rearranging (2) ..

Vf 2 = VO 2 + 2 a S

t=

Vf VO
a

Substituting for ( t ) in (1) we get :

( 3 )
These three are equations of motion at constant acceleration.

Corresponding variation of a) position, b) velocity and c) acceleration with time :

[3]

The following table explain the three equations of motion with constant acceleration according to
the type of a motion :
Vertical motion

Rectilinear motion
( horizontal motion )

Upward motion

S = Vo .t +

Vf

Downward motion

V f = V o gt

V f = V o + at
a t2

h = Vo . t

= Vo 2+ 2 a S

Vf

1
2

Circular motion
( Angular motion )

V f = V o + gt
g t2

h = Vo . t +

= Vo 2 2 g h

Vf

1
2

g t2

= Vo 2 + 2 g h

.t

= o. t + 1 t 2
2

= o 2+ 2

Vf = final velocity ( m / sec ) , Vo = initial velocity ( m / sec ) , a = linear acceleration ( m / sec2 )

S= distance ( displacement )
(m)
,
g = gravitational acceleration
( m / sec2 ) ,
( rad / sec ) ,
o = initial angular velocity ( rad / sec ) ,
f = final angular velocity

angular acceleration

S=r.

V=r .

( rad / sec 2 )

= angular distance ( angular displacement ) ( rad )

, a=r .

Example ( 8 ) :
A body is fall down from ( 5 m ) high , In what time does reach the earth ?
Solution :
Vf 2= Vo 2+ 2 g h = 0 2 * 10 * 5 = 100 = 10 m / sec

V f = V o + gt
10 = 0 + 10 * t .......................
t = 1 sec
Example ( 9 ) :
A stone is thrown vertically into the air from a tower ( 100
m ) high , at the same instant that a second stone is thrown
upward from the ground . The initial velocity of the first
stone is ( 50 m / sec) and that of the second stone is
( 75 m / sec ) , When and Where will the two stones be at
the same height from the ground ?
Solution :

S = Vo .t +

1
2

a t2
2

h 1 = 50 * t - * 10 * t = 50 t - 5 t ( 1 )
2
2
h 2 = 75 * t - * 10 * t = 75 t - 5 t ( 2 )
2

h 1 = - 50 t 5 t
2
h 2 = + 75 t - 5 t
------------------------------- adding
h 2 - h 1 = 25 t
Then , h 2 - h 1 = 100 m

100 = 25 t t = 4 sec
2

h 1 = 50 * 4 5 ( 4 ) = 200 80 = - 120 m
2
h 2 = 75 * 4 5 ( 4 ) = 300 80 = 220 m
[4]

Example ( 10 ) :
A stone is thrown vertically upward returns to the earth during (5 sec) , How high does it go?
Solution :
2
1

h=

. g .t

2
2
2
h 1 = 0.5 * 10 * t1 = 5 t1
2

h 2 = 0.5 * 10 * ( 5 - t1 ) = 5 ( 25 10 t1 + t1 ) = 125 - 50t1 + 5t1

h1=h2
2
5t12 = 125 50 t1 + 5 t1
5t12 125 + 50

t1 - 5t12 = 0

50 t

= 125

= 2.5 sec

h = * 10 * ( 2.5 ) = 31.25 m
Example ( 11 ) :
A vehicle starts motion from rest , then accelerated uniformly until its velocity reaches 20 m/sec
after 30 sec . Find :
a. The acceleration of vehicle
b. The displacement of the vehicle during the period
c. The displacement of the vehicle during the last seconds from its motion
Solution
a-

Vo = 0 ,

Vf = 20 m/ sec

t = 30 sec

Vf = Vo + at
20 = 0 + a* 30
a = 0.6 m/ sec 2
b-

1
1
x = Vo.t + a.t 2 = 0 + * 0.6( 30 )2 = 270 m
2
2
c-

We find the displacement of vehicle during the 29th sec ond

1
1
x = Vo.t + a t 2 = 0 + * 0.6*( 29 )2 = 252.3 m
2
2
x30 x29 = 270 252.3 = 17.7 m
Another solution
1
x 30 = Vo.t + a(2t 1)
2
1
= 0 + * 0.6(2*30 1)
2
= 17.7 m

[5]

Example ( 12 ) :
A body moving according to the relation x = 20 + 4 t2
a- Determine the displacement of the body during the interval t1 = 2 sec and t2 = 5 sec
b- Find average velocity during this interval
c- Find the velocity at t= 2 sec
Solution :
a-

x = 20 + 4t 2
x1 = 20 + 4(2) 2 = 20 + 4 * 4 = 36 m
x2 = 20 + 4(5) 2 = 20 + 100 = 120 m
x = x2 x1 = 120 36 = 84 m
b-

v=
c-

x2 x1 120 36 84
=
=
= 28 m/sec
t 2 t1
52
3

dx d 20 + 4t 2
=
v=
dt
dt
= 0 + 8t
= 0 + 8* 2 = 16 m/ sec
Example ( 13 ) :
A body moving with constant acceleration 4 m/sec2 , the position of the body is x = 5 m at t = 0
with initial velocity 3 m/sec .
a- Determine the position and the velocity after 2 sec
b- Where the body maybe in position when its velocity 5 m/sec
Solution :
a-

1
x = x0 + Vo.t + a.t 2
2
1
2
= 5 + 3 * 2 + * 4 * (2 ) = 19 m
2
Vf = Vo + a.t
= 3 + 4 * 2 = 11 m / sec
b-

Vf 2 = Vo 2 + 2a( x x0 )
52 = 32 + 2 * 4( x 5)
25 = 9 + 8( x 5)
x=

56
=7m
8

[6]

Example ( 14 ) :
A stone is dropped down a well ( ) , and ( 5 sec ) later , the sound of splash is heard , if the
velocity of the sound is ( 332 m / sec ) , what the depth of the well ?
Solution :

V =

h
t

h = v . t = 332 t ( 1 )
. ( ) ( t )

h = Vo . t

1
2

1
* 10 * ( 5 t ) 2
2
+ ( 5 sec )

g t2 = 0 * t +

1
* 10 ( 5 t ) 2 = 5 ( 25 10 t + t 2 ) = 125 50 t + 5 t 2
.. ( 2 )
2
: ( 2 ) ( 1 )
332 t = 125 50 t + 5 t 2
5 t 2 282 t + 125 = 0
:

h=

t=

(282) (282) 2 4 * 5 *125

2 *5

282 227
10

t = 55.95 sec : ( t ) ( + )
( t = 0.44 sec ) ( 5 sec )
h = 332 * 0.44 = 148.3 m
: ( h )
Example ( 15 ) :
A car with ( 90 Km / hr ) velocity is suddenly stopped by breaks , Find the time interval to stop
the car after ( 50 m ) distance ?
Solution :

1000 900
Km
= 90 *
=
= 25 m / sec
60 * 60 36
hr
Vf 2 = Vo 2 + 2as
V = 90

( 25 ) = 0 + 2 * a * 50 .

S = Vo . t +

1
. a . t2
2

50 = 0 * t + * 6.25 t
2

a = 625 / 100 = 6.25

m / sec

50 = 3.125 t ..
t = 16 .
t = 4 sec
Example ( 16 ) :
A sphere weighs ( 49 N ) , Joined with a wire and rotated in a horizontal plane , if the length of
wire is ( 1 m ) with ( 30 r . p . m ) , Find the tension in the wire ?
Solution :

2
= rad / sec
60
W
49
T = * 2 * r = * ( )2 *1 = 48.3N
g
10

= 30 *

[7]

Example ( 17 ) :
The 10 m rod in fig. moves with its ends in contact with
( x ) and ( y ) axes , the rod has an angular velocity of
5 rad / sec clockwise , and an angular acceleration of 8
rad / sec2 counterclockwise . Determine the velocity of
( G ) when the rod is in this position . ( = 60 )
Solution :
X = 6 cos
Y = 4 sin

dx d (6 cos ) 6d cos
d cos
d
d
=
=
=6
= 6( sin )*
= 6 sin
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
= 6.w. sin = 6 * 5 sin 60 = 26 m / sec

Vx =

Vy =

dy d (4 sin )
d sin
d
=
=4
= 4 cos
= 4.w. cos = 4 * 5 * cos 60 = 10 m / sec
dt
dt
dt
dt

V = Vx 2 + Vy 2 =

(26)2 + (10)2

= 27.9 m / sec

Example ( 18 ) :
A point moves along the curve y2 = 16 x ( x and y in metres ) in such a manner that the y
coordinate of its position at any time is y = t2 - 4t , where t is in seconds , Determine the velocity
of the point when t = 5 sec .
Solution :

y 2 = 16 x , y = t 2 4t , 16 x = t 2 4t
,
1
8
16
1
1
x = t4 t3 + t2 = t4 t3 + t2
16
16
16
16
2
dx 1
1
= * 4t 3 * 3t 2 + 2t
V=
dt 16
2
1
3
V = t 3 t 2 + 2t
the velocity at any ins tan t
4
2
Then, the velocity at t = 5 sec
1 3 3 2
V = (5) (5) + 2 * 3 = 78.75 m / sec
4
2

[8]

16 x = t 4 8t 3 + 16t 2

Newtons Laws (Empirical laws governing motion) :

Newtons First Law :
Every body continues in its state of rest or of motion at a constant velocity
unless acted on by an unbalanced force (F ) .
i.e. if F = 0
the a = 0
( Force is something which changes the state of motion of a body )
The total force F can be the sum of several forces

Newtons Second Law :

If an unbalanced force ( F ) acts on a body it produces an acceleration ( a ) where :
F=m.a
F = resultant force , m = mass of the body , a = linear acceleration
Mass : defined by this law is a measure of a
bodys resistance to motion (inertia) and is called
the inertial mass. At a fixed place on the earths
surface: F = W = m . g
( W ) is called the weight of a body and ( g ) is
the gravitational acceleration at the earths
surface.

Newtons Third Law :

To every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction.

FAB = F BA
Example ( 19 ) :
What forces act on a 2 kg tin of chocolates on a
table? If an Engineering student decides to test
the strength of the tin and pushes down on the
lid with a force of 40N, what changes will occur
in the forces acting on the box of chocolates?
Solution :
The reaction force R increases to 138 N , The weight of the box of chocolates remains the same.
Example ( 20 ) :
Determine the weight of the body (A) to give the body (B) of ( 20 N ) weight a downward
acceleration of 0.5 m/sec2 ?
Solution :
For the body (A) : F = m . a

T 1 WA = WA * a1

10
10T 1 10WA = WA * a1 ........ (1)
For the body (B) : F = m . a

20
* a2
10
20 T 2 = 2 * a 2
20 T 2 =

20 T 2 = 2 * 0.5
20 T 2 = 1 20 1 = T 2 T 2 = 19 N
For the pulley :
T2 = 2 T1 19 = 2 T1 T1 = 9.5 N
a2 = 0.5a1 a1=1
Subst. In (1) :
WA = 8.63 N
[9]

Example ( 21 ) :
Determine the acceleration of each block , and the
tension in the cord , if the fixed drum is smooth ?
Solution :
For the first block (10 N ) weight :
F= m.a

10
.a
10
T 10 = a ....... ( 1 )
T 10 =

For the second block ( 40 N ) weight :

F= m.a

40
.a
10
40 T = 4 a ....... ( 2 )
40 T =

Subst. (1) in (2) :

40 T = 4 ( T 10 ) . 40 T = 4 T 40 .. T = 16 N
Subst. In (1) : 16 10 = a a = 6 m / sec2
Example ( 22 ) :
Block ( A) weighs ( 8 N ) , Block ( B) weighs ( 16 N ) , The
horizontal slot is smooth , the length of the slot is ( 7.2 m ) ,
Determine :
a the tension in the cord .
b the acceleration of each block .
c the required time for the block ( B ) to complete its motion
along the slot . ( g = 10 m / sec2 )
Solution :
a For the block ( A ) : F = m . a
T8= 8 .a
10

10 T 80 = 8 . a ------- ( 1 )

For the block ( B ) : F = m . a

4
16
10 - T =
. a
500 40 T = 80 a -------- ( 2 )
5
10

From ( 2 ) :

a=

500 40 T
-------- ( 3 )
80

500 40 T
10 T 80 = 8

80

Subst. ( 3 ) in ( 1 ) :

100 T 800 = 500 40 T

..

a=

b- Subst. In ( 3 ) :

S = Vo . t + 2 a
cS= the length of slot
1

7.2 = 0 * t + ( 1.6 ) t

T = 9.2 N

500 40 * 9.2
= 1.6 m / sec 2
80

t = 3 sec

[10]

Example ( 23 ) :
Determine the weight of the body ( A) to give the block ( 100 N )
an acceleration of ( 0.5 m / sec2 ) , = 0.1 ?
Solution :
For the block ( 100 N ) :
Ff = . N = 0.1 * 100 cos 60 = 5 N
F=m.a
T 100 sin 60 - Ff = ( 100 / 10 ) . a
T 91.6 = 10 . a
T 91.6 = 10 . * 0.5
T = 96.6 N
For the block ( A ) :
F=m.a
T
WA T = (WA / 10 ) . a
WA 96.6 = (WA / 10 ) * 0.5
10 WA - 960.6 = 0.5 * WA
10 WA - 0.5 WA = 960.6
9.5 WA = 960.6
WA = 960.6 / 9.5 = 193.2 N

Example ( 24 ) :
A man wants to slide the homogeneous ( 100 N ) box shown in
fig . across the floor by pushing on it with the force ( P ) , the
coefficient of friction between the box and the floor is ( 0.2 ) .
Determine the force ( P ) to give the box an acceleration of ( 8
m / sec2 ) ?
Solution :

Fy = 0
N 100 = 0
Ff = . N = 0.2 * 100 = 20 N
F=m.a
P - Ff = ( 100 / 10 ) * 8
P 20 = 10 * 8
P = 80 + 20 = 100 N

N = 100

[11]

60

Problems :
1- A particle moves along a plane curve having the parametric equations x = 2t , y = 2t2 4 ,
where the rectangular coordinates x and y are measured in feet and t is the time in seconds.
Determine (a) the displacement of the particle during the time interval from t = 0 to t = 2 sec;
(b) the velocity of the particle when t = 2 sec .
2- A point moves along the curve y2 = 36x ( x and y in feet ) in such a manner that the y
coordinate of its position at any time is y=6t2 . Determine the acceleration of the point when
t =2 sec .
3- The velocity of a point moving in the xy plane is given by the equations Vx = 4t 1 and Vx =2.
If the point is at ( 3 , 4 ) measured in feet , when t =1 sec , Determine the equation of the path in
terms of x and y .
4- Block A in Fig . weighs 20 lb and the
coefficient of friction between A and the
plane is 0.30 . The initial velocity of A is 5.0
fps to the right, and during the next 3 sec the
block is displaced 30 ft to thr right.
Determine the weight of block B.
5- In Fig. , the 2.00-lb A is connected by a cord to the 12.00-lb block B . The coefficient of friction
between A and the plane is 0.20 , and that between B and the plane is 0.30 . The blocks are
moving to the right with an acceleration of 6.00 fps2 to the right . Determine the force P .
6- A man wants to slide the
homogeneous 100-lb box in Fig .
(a) across the floor by pushing on
it with a force P as indicated.
The coefficient of friction
between the box and the floor is
0.20. Can an acceleration of 8.0
fps2 to the right to produced as
indicated without tipping the box
? If so , determine magitude of
the force P .

[12]

WORK , POWER & ENERGY

WORK :
The work done by a constant force ( F ) during a displacement ( S ) of the force is defind as the
product of the magnitude of the force , the magnitude of the displacement , and the cosine of the
angle between the force and the displacement , that is :
W : work done , F : Applied force , S : displacement , W = F . S . cos
POWER :
The rate of work done by the body per time .
P : Power , F : Applied force , S : displacement , V : velocity
W F .S
=
=F .V
t
P= t
ENERGY
The ability to do the work . Divided into two parts :
1 Potential Energy ( P.E ) : The energy which stored in or losed from the body .
P.E = W . h = m . g . h
W : the weight of the body , h : the high of the body
2 Kinetic Energy (K.E ) : The ability of the body to do the work due to its velocity .
K.E = . m . V 2
m= mass of the body , V = velocity
Example ( 1 ) :
A body of ( 50 N ) weight , falls down from ( 500 m ) hight , Show that the potential energy is
changing to kinetic energy ?
Solution :
P.E = m.g.h = 50 X 10 X 500 = 250 000 J
V f 2 = 2 . g . h = 2 X 10 X 50 = 10 000
K.E = . m . V f 2 = X 50 X 10 000 = 250 000 J
YES , the potential energy is changing to kinetic energy .
Example ( 2 ) :
Find the work done by a body of ( 5 N ) weight which is falled down from ( 10 m ) hight ?
Solution :
Work done = P.E = m . g . h = ( 5/10) X 10 X 10 = 50 J
Example ( 3 ) :
Determine the total energy of ( 10 tonnes ) airoplane mass when it is flying with ( 15 m/sec ) and of
( 2500 m ) high?
Solution :
P.E = m . g . h = 10 X 1000 X 10 X 2500 = 250 000 000 J
K.E = . m . V f 2 = X 10 000 X ( 15 ) 2 = 1125000 J
E T = P.E + K.E = 250 000 000 + 1125 000 = 26125 000 J
Problems :
1 - Each of the three balls has a mass mand is welded to rigid angular
frame of negligible mass. The assembly rests on a smooth horizontal
surface. If a force Fis applied to one bar as shown, determine (a) the
acceleration of the point O and the (b) the angular acceleration of the
frame.
2 - The figure shows three forces applied to a 0.46 kg crate that
moves leftward by 3.00 m over a frictionless floor. The forces
magnitudes are F1 =5 N, F2 =4.5 N, and F3 =9 N.
a) Find the work done on the crate by each of the three forces.
b) Find the change in the crates kinetic energy.
c) If the crate is stationary after 3.00 m, find the crates initial
velocity.
[13]