Seminar On Impression

Materials in Prosthodontics
Contents
Introduction
Definition
History of impression materials
Ideal requirements
Classification of Materials
Non elastic Impression materials
Elastic Materials

Review of literature
Conclusion
References

Introduction
Impression materials are used to make an accurate replica of the hard and soft oral
tissues. The area involved may vary from a single tooth to the whole dentition or an
impression may be made of an edentulous mouth. Accurate impressions are necessary for
construction of any dental prosthesis. The relationship between the static and mobile oral
structures must be reproduced accurately for an optimum cast. Materials used without
adequate knowledge of their characteristics may impair a successful outcome.
Defi nition
Impression is defined as a negative likeness or copy in reverse of the
surface of an object; an imprint of the teeth and adjacent structures for
use in dentistry.(GPT8)
Impression material : Any substance or combination of substances used
for making an impression or negative reproduction (GPT8)

History

The earliest impression materials were impression waxes that was

used in 18 and 19th centuries. Bees wax was apparently the material
first used in making impression in the mouth.
In 1840 Charles de loude of London, made one of the earliest
references to impression trays.
In 1842 Montgomery had discovered gutta-percha. It is obtained
from various sapotaceous trees in Malaysia. It was introduced as
impression material in 1848, probably by either Colbum or Blake

In about 1844 plaster of Paris was introduced as an impression

material, wescott, Dwinelle and Dunning have been credited with
this discovery.
Two impression compounds (modeling plastics) had been developed
and introduced. one by Charleys stens of England in 1857 and the
other by S.S.white in 1874.
Sears in 1937 recommended reversible hydrocolloid in fixed
prosthodontics
In 1930 use of zinc oxide eugenol for impression material came from
A.W.Ward and E.B.Kelly even though it was first introduced as
surgical pack
At the end of the last century, a chemist from Scotland noticed that
certain brown seaweed yielded a peculiar mucous exraction.
S.Willum wilding was the first person who advocated this as dental
impression material.
In 1950 the elastomeric impressions materials were introduced.
They were of two chemical type the polysulphide, and the silicone
base. Pearson reported on a new elastic impression material of
polysulphide base
Poly ether was introduced to dental profession in Germany in late
1960s.

Ideal requirements of an impression material

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

v.
vi.

vii.

PLEASANT: should be pleasant in colour/ odour /taste

BIOCOMPATIBLE: they should be free from toxic ingredients and also free
from irritants
SHELF LIFE: should be adequate to store for sufficiently long time
VISCOCITY: should be fluid enough to adapt to oral tissues and capable of
reproducing the surface details, viscous enough to stay in impression tray.
Otherwise there is a chance of material flowing out of the tray and suffocating
the patient.
WORKING/SETTING TIME: adequate working time for proper manipulation,
ideally setting time should be less than 7 min after placing in the patients mouth.
ELASTICITY: set material should have enough elasticity so that it can be
removed from the tissue/bony undercuts without distortion.
DIMENTIONAL STABILITY: The impression made should be stable until the
cast is poured

viii.
ix.

COMPATIBILITY; with die and cast materials, should not affect the setting
reaction as well as strength of the final material.
DISINFECTION; should be possible to disinfect the impression without loss of
accuracy

Classification of impression materials

1. According to elastic properties
Non-elastic or rigid materials
o Impression plaster
o Impression compound
o Zinc oxide eugenol
o Impression waxes

Elastic materials

Synthetic elastomers- polysulfides

silicones
polyethers
Hydrocolloids reversible (agar), irreversible

(alginate)
2. According to setting mechanism
Chemical reaction (irreversible)
o Plaster of paris
o Zinc oxide eugenol
o Alginate hydrocolloid
o Non aqueous elastomers
Polysulfide
Polyether
Condensation silicones
Addition silicones
Thermally induced physical reaction (reversible)
o Impression compound, wax
o Agar hydrocolloid
3. According to chemical composition
Impression compound
Impression waxes
Impression plaster
Zoe impression paste
Reversible hydrocolloids- agar
Irreversible hydrocolloid- alginate

Elastomers
-polysulfide
Condensation type
-silicone
Addition type
Chemically activated
-polyether
Light activated

4. According to the viscosity/tissue displacement

Mucostatic materials
-Impression plaster
-Agar,alginate

Mucocompressive material
-impression compound

Non-elastic impression materials

IMPRESSION PLASTER
It has a composition similar to that of dental plaster. It consists of -calcium sulphate
hemihydrate which when mixed with water forms calcium sulphate dihydrate. It has a
water powder ratio of 0.60.The fluid mix is required to enable fine detail to be recorded i
the impression and to give the material mucostatic properties.
Composition

Function

Calcium sulphate hemihydrate

chief ingredient
Calcium sulphate hemihydrates is in calcined form which
when mixed with water forms calcium sulphate dehydrate

Potassium sulphate

anti expansion agent

Secondary effect of accelerating the setting reaction

Borax

Retarder

Alizarin red

pigment
to make a clear distinction between impression and model
after casting the model

Colloidal material(gelatin)

to aid in controlling viscosity of impression plaster

Starch

makes the impression soluble and thereby facilitates its

separation from the model plaster or stone when immersed in
hot water.

Type

Impressio
n plaster

W/P ratio

0.40-0.75

Setting
time

2hr setting
expansion

1hr compressive
strength

41

Min
0.00

(MPa )
4.0

Max
0.15

( psi)
580

Manipulation and technique

Impression plaster is mixed in a rubber bowl with a stiff wide blade spatula. The powder
is sifted into the water and left undisturbed for 30sec in which time the powder is wetted.
The mass is then spatulated to get a homogeneous mix ,which is usually 30 sec.
Excessive spatulation leads to decreased working time.

Freshly mixed plaster is too fluid to be used in a stock tray and is usually used in a
special tray with a 1-1.5 mm spacer.The tray may be constructed in acrylic or shellac.
Another technique is to record plaster impression as a wash in a preliminary compound
impression. The compound is deliberately moved to create space for the plaster wash.
Advantages
Capable of producing good surface detail
Relatively inexpensive material
Sets rapidly
Exhibits little dimensional change upon setting
Disadvantages
Very brittle material
Discomfort to patient while making the impression due to the fluidity of material
and also due to absorption of water from tissues while setting
Cannot be used in undercut areas
USES
Used to make impressions of flabby ridges.
Two techniques used:
1. Liddlelows two part impression technique: two separate impression materials are
used in a custom tray (using plaster of Paris over the flabby tissues, and zinc
oxide and eugenol over the normal tissues.

2. Watsons window technique

Impression plaster is rarely used anymore for dental impressions as it has been replaced
by less rigid materials like hydrocolloid and elastomers.its primarily restricted to use as a
final impression(wash impression) in the construction of complete dentures.

IMPRESSION COMPOUND
Impression compound, also called modelling plastic, is supplied in the form of sheets and
sticks This compound is softened by heat, inserted in an impression tray, and placed
against tissue before it cools to a rigid mass. Its primary indication for use has been for
making an impression of the edentulous ridge. A somewhat more viscous compound,
called tray compound, can be used to form a tray for construction of dentures. An
impression of soft tissue is obtained with tray compound. This impression is referred to
as the primary impression. It is then used as a tray to support a thin layer of a second
impression material, which is to be placed against the tissues. This impression is known
as the secondary impression. Secondary impressions may also be made with a zinc oxideeugenol paste, hydrocolloid, or a non-aqueous elastomer. The other common application
of compound is for border molding of an acrylic custom tray during fitting of the tray.
Classification
I.
II.

Type I low fusing impression compound

Type II-high fusing tray compound

Composition
Component

Example

Function

Thermoplastic
Material(47%)

Natural or
synthetic resin
and waxes

Characterises the softening

temparature

Filler (50%)

Talc

Lubricant (3%)

Stearic acid

Gives body by increasing viscosity of

the softened material
Reduces thermal contraction
Improves flow properties

Manipulation
The low fusing compound is available in sheet and stick forms.
Sheet material is used for recording impressions of edentulous ridges using stock
trays.
Stick material used for border extension on impression trays or for recording
impressions of single crowns using the copper ring technique.

Diagram showing principle of copper ring technique for obtaining

Impression of crown preparation
Softening by heat is a prerequisite for the use of compounds. A softening temperature in
the range of 55-600C is found to be ideal. Their utilities are dictated by their responses to
the temperature change in the surrounding environment. The fusion temperature of the
compound indicates a definite reduction in elasticity of the material during cooling.
Above this temperature, the softened material remains plastic while the impression is
being made.
Once the impression tray is seated, it should be held gently (passively) in position until
the impression cools below the fusion temperature. Under no circumstances should the
impression be disturbed or removed until it reaches oral temperature. The thermal
conductivity of these materials is very low, indicating the need for extended time to
achieve thorough cooling and heating of the compound. 'lhe material should be uniformly
soft at the time it is placed in the tray and thoroughly cooled in the tray before the
impression is withdrawn from the mouth. Cold water can be sprayed on the tray while it
is in the mouth until the compound is thoroughly hardened prior to removal of the
impression tray from the mouth. Failure to attain a complete hardening of the material
before withdrawing the impression can result in a serious distortion of the impression by
relaxation.
Compound may be softened over a flame or by immersion in a warm water bath when a
large amount is needed. When a direct flame is used, the compound should not be
allowed to boil or ignite so that the constituents are volatilized. Prolonged immersion or
overheating in the water bath is not indicated; the compound may become brittle and
grainy if some of the low molecular weight ingredients leach out of the material.

Softening of the compound in a warm water bath is the method recommended for
separating the cast from a compound impression after the stone sets.
Flow properties
According to ADA specification 3:
Type I material should have a flow of at least 85% at 450C and less than 6% at 370C.
Type II material should have a flow of about 70 % at 450C and less than 2 % at 370C.
Dimensional stability
The compound is fairly rigid and has poor elastic property and thermal conductivity.
They have large values of coefficient of thermal expansion and undergo considerable
shrinkage on removal from the mouth. This can be partially overcome by resoftening the
surface of the impression with a Bunsen burner flame and reseating the impression.
Factors causing internal stresses in the compound are
1. High value of coefficient of thermal expansion
2. Poor thermal conductivity
3. Relatively large temperature drop from softening temperature to room
temperature.
The gradual release of internal stresses will lead to distortion. For most accurate
results the model should be poured as soon as possible.

Indications for use

For muco-compressive technique

As a base for wash impression technique
to obtain maximum peripheral seal
As a first impression for construction of special tray in complete denture

Advantages
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Surfaces can be added / readapted /corrected.

It can be used for compressing tissues when required
impression can be reinserted for evaluation
surface need not have to be treated before pouring cast
material can be easily boxed and beaded for cast pouring
material is convenient and tidy
it can used for any technique which requires close peripheral seal

8. it can be used in combination with other material Eg.ZO-E impression paste

Disadvantages
1. Heating to high temperatures can lead to losing of volatile compounds and low
molecular weight compounds lost during immersion in a water bath.
2. Excessive wet kneading can alter the flow properties.
3. Cannot be used to record undercut areas due to the non elastic nature of material.

ZINC OXIDE- EUGENOL IMPRESSION PASTE

An impression paste is generally used as a corrective in secondary impression tray. The
zinc oxide eugenol impression pastes produce a rigid impression with high degree of
accuracy and good reproduction of surface detail.

TYPES
Impression paste are classified on bases on eugenol content as
A) Eugenol containing impression paste
B) Non eugenol containing impression paste
ADA SPECIFICATION NO 16
HARD AND SOFT
COMPOSITION

The major constituents are zinc oxide and eugenol with additional components that act
as accelerators, plasticizer, filler and strengthener. This impression paste is dispensed as
separate pastes
TUBE-1
zinc oxide

80-87%

fixedveg/ mineral oil 13-15%

TUBE-11
Eugenol
polymerized rosin
Filler
Lanolin
resinous balsam
Accelerators

12-15%
50%
16-20%
3%
10%
4-5%

MANIPULATION

Mix equal length of paste on oil impervious paper or glass slab with flexible stainless
steel spatula until homogeneous colour for 1 min
SETTTING REACTION

Zno +H2O --------------Zn(OH)2

Zn(OH)2 +2HE------------ZnE 2 +2H2O

First zinc oxide hydrolyses and subsequent reaction with eugenol to form chelate. Water
is need ed for reaction and also it is the by product. Hence it also known as auto catalytic.
High humidity and high atmosphere pressure increases the setting reaction. Acetic acid
increases the reaction more than water because it enhances the formation of Zinc
hydroxide.
CONTROL OF SETTING TIME
1. Addition of accelerators; reduces the setting time
2. cooling of mixing spatula or glass slab ;increases the setting time
3. addition of inert oil ;increase the setting time
4. alteration of paste ratio
5. length of mixing time
PROPERTIES

FlowTYPE-1 -----30-50mm
Type11 ------20-45mm

Strength
1000Psi/2Hr

Dimentional stability
Shrinkage is negligible-<0.1%

NON EUGENOL PASTE

One of the chief disadvantage of the zinc oxide-eugenol Paste is the possible
stinging or burning sensation caused by eugenol when it contacts soft tissue.
Patients who wear the zinc oxide-eugenol surgical pack for several weeks may
develop gastric disturbance.
A material similar to zinc oxide-eugenol reaction product can be formed
by a saponification reaction to produce an insoluble soap if the zinc oxide is
reacted with a carboxylic acid. Only a few such acids provide compounds of
dental interest. Orthoethoxybenzoic acid (EBA) is valuable in this regard. This
reaction is generally not affected by temperature or humidity.
Other Dental Applications of Zn0-Eugenol Paste
Surgical Pastes : - After a Gingivoplasty a Zn0-Eugenol Paste is placed over the
wound to aid in healing and in the retention of a medicament. The ingredients of this
paste is generally same as that of impression paste but is generally softer and slow
setting.
Bite Registration Pastes zinc oxide- eugenol pastes are often used as recording
materials in the construction of complete Dentures and fixed or removable partial
dentures. Plasticizers such as petrolatum is used to prevent adhesion to oral tissue.
In contrast with wax, the zinc oxide- eugenol impression paste offers almost no
resistance to closing of the mandible, thus allowing a more accurate inter occlusal
relationship record to be formed. Also the zinc oxide-eugenol inter occlusal record is
more stable than one made of wax.

Advantages
1. excellent flow- good surface detail
2. easy for beading and boxing
3. not washed away by saliva
4. good dimensional stability
Disadvantages
1. it cannot be used if more undercut is present, because of its rigidity.
2. it will not produce satisfactory detail of periphery unless. supprted by accurately
supported special tray.
3. Allergic to some patient-eugenol.
4. Burning sensation-eugenol.
5. Does not absorb secretion in palate if palatal secretion are more.

Indication for use

1. as a final wash impression material when using technique which have produced
closely adopted periphery
2. in cases of pronounced nausea

Elastic Impression Materials

AGAR(REVERSIBLE)HYDROCOLLOIDS
Agar hydrocolloid impression materials are compounded from reversible agar gels. When
heated, they liquefy or go into the sol state, and on cooling they return to the gel state.
This material forms a colloid with water, which liquefies to the sol condition between 71"
and 100" C (called as liquefaction temperature) and sets to a gel ably stiffer at the time
of making the impression again between 30" and 50" C,(called as gelation temperature).

If the gelation temperature is too high, the heat from the sol may injure the oral tissues, or
the sol transformation to a gel will be rapid and develop significant surface irregularities.
Conversely, if the gelation temperature is too far below oral temperature, it will be
difficult or even impossible to chill the material sufficiently to obtain a firm gel adjacent
to the oral tissues. Because this process can be repeated, a gel of this type is described as
reversible incontrast to the irreversible alginate gels. The preparation of agar hydrocolloid
for clinical use requires careful control and moderately expensive apparatus. Many
dentists prefer a metal die for inlay and crown laboratory procedures, and no practical
method has been developed to make a metal die from an agar hydrocolloid or alginate
impression.
Agar hydrocolloid impressions are dimensionally unstable on standing; thus models
should be made as soon as possible after the impression is taken. The registration of the
cervical areas of prepared teeth has presented difficulties when they are below the soft
tissues of the gingiva. However, modern techniques of tissue control have largely
eliminated this problem. Complaints sometimes arise from patients as a result of thermal
shock to the teeth, producing pain and discomfort. This situation can arise from the heat
from the impression material when introduced into the mouth or the comparatively low
temperatures attained during cooling of the impression to obtain a set gel. Provided the
agar hydrocolloid type of impression material is used carefully with an understanding of
its physical properties, it is an excellent, highly accurate elastic impression material and
registers fine detail

CHEMICAL INGREDIENTS
The main active constituent of a reversible hydrocolloid impression product is agar, often
known commercially as agar-agar, which is a sulfuric ester of a galactan complex. Agar is
an organic hydrocolloid extracted from certain types of seaweed. It is present in a
concentration of 8-15%, depending on the desired properties of the material. The
principal ingredient by weight in the set impression is water (80%). A small percentage of
borax is added to strengthen the gel. Since borax is an excellent retarder for the setting
time of gypsum, an accelerator such as potassium sulfate is added to counteract the effect
of borax. Other fillers such as diatomaceous earth, clay, wax, rubber, and similar inert
powders are used to control strength, viscosity and rigidity. Thymol and glycerine may
also be added as a bactericidal agent and plasticizer, respectively. Pigments and flavors
are usually added as well.
The hydrocolloid is usually supplied in two forms: syringe material and tray material.
The only differences between syringe material and tray material are the color and a

greater fluidity of the syringe material because the agar content is reduced in the syringe
type of material.

(Disaccharide units of Agar)

COMPONENT
Agar
Borate
Sulfate
Wax, hard
Thixotropic material
Water

FUNCTION
Brush- heap structure
Strength
Gypsum hardener
Filler
Thickener
Reaction medium

COMPOSITION(%)
13-17
0.2-0.5
1-2
0.5-1
0.3-0.5
Balance

CLINICAL MANIPULATION OF THE SOL-GEL

The temperature lag between the gelation temperature and the liquefaction temperature of
the gel makes it possible to use agar as a dental impression material.
PREPARATION AND CONDITIONING OF THE AGAR MATERIAL
Clinically, the tray type agar can be liquefied conveniently by immersion in boiling water,
usually 8 to 12 minutes, depending on the bulk of material. At high altitudes, the boiling
water of water is too low to liquefy the gel. Propylene glycol can be added to the water to
obtain a liquefaction temperature of 100c. If the material is to be used immediately after
boiling, the tube is immersed in water at 43 to 49 C and manipulated to ensure even
cooling. When the material is liquefied, it can be stored for several hours and kept ready
for use by immersing the container in water at 63 to 66 C.

TEMPERING OF THE MATERIAL

Since 55c is the maximum tolerable temperature, a storage temperature of 65c would be
too hot for the oral tissues, especially for the bulk of the tray material. Therefore, the
material used to fill the tray must be tempered.
The filled tray is tempered at 46 C for a minimum of 2 minutes in water filled tempering
container. This also serves to develop a heavier consistency so that it will not flow out of
the tray. The syringe, loaded with a cylinder, is placed in boiling water for 10 minutes and
then stored at 63 C until needed. The syringe is never tempered since it must be
maintained in a fluid state to enhance adaptation to the tissues. The effect of extruding the
material out the small opening of the syringe lowers the temperature of the syringe
material sufficiently so that it is comfortable for the patient.

MAKING THE AGAR IMPRESSION

Just before the tempering process for the tray material is completed, the syringe material
is taken directly from the storage compartment and applied to the prepared teeth. It is first
applied to the base of the preparation; then the remainder of the prepared tooth is
covered. The water soaked outer layer of tray hydrocolloid is removed from the
container, otherwise the tray material may not firmly bond to the syringe hydrocolloid.
The tray is immediately brought into position and seated with light pressure and held with
very light force. Too much pressure may displace the syringed agar sol on the tooth and
distort the impression. Even when the material has sufficient viscosity to be stabilized in
a tray, it does not offer much resistance to seating. It is very easy for the patient to bite
through the impression material.
With a triple- tray technique, one impression records the oral structures of the maxillary
and mandibular arches as well as the occlusal relationship.
Gelation is accelerated by circulating cool water (approximately 18-21c) through the tray
for 3-5 min. during the gelation process, the tray must be held in the mouth until gelation
has proceeded to a point at which the gel strength is sufficient to resist deformation or
fracture. Waiting an extra minute greatly increases the strength and tear resistance. Also
lower the temperature, the more rapidly gelation occurs and to a certain extent, the
stronger the material will become.
Hydrocolloid materials exhibit viscoelastic behaviour; therefore it is necessary to remove
the impression suddenly, with a snap, rather than to tease it out. Any twisting or torquing
should be avoided.

PROPERTIES OF AGAR HYDROCOLLOID IMPRESSION MATERIALS

PERMANENT DEFORMATION.
The ANSI/ADA Specification requires that the recovery from deformation be greater
than 96.5% (permanent deformation be less than 3.5%) after the material is compressed
20% for 1 second, Most tray types of agar hydrocolloid impression materials readily meet
this requirement with recovery values of about 99%. However, a reasonable thickness of
impression material should be present between the tray and the undercut areas so
compressions higher than 10% do not occur, because higher compression results in higher
permanent deformation. The magnitude of the permanent deformation depends on the
time under compression, and impressions should be removed rapidly.

FLEXIBILITY
The ADA Specification requirement for flexibility allows a range of 4% to 15%; most
agar hydrocolloid impression materials meet this requirement. Materials with low
flexibility can be accommodated in areas of undercuts by providing somewhat more
space for the impression material so it is subjected to a lower percentage of compression
during removal.

STRENGTH
The compressive strength of a typical agar hydrocolloid impression material is 8000
g/cm2. The tear strength of agar hydrocolloid impression materials is about 800 to 900 g/
cm, which is higher than the ANSI/ADA Specification requirement of 765 g/cm:Because
agar hydrocolloid impressions are viscoelastic, the strength properties are time
dependent, and higher compressive and tear strengths occur at higher rates of loading.
These properties again emphasize the importance of removing the impressions with a
snap, because such a procedure minimizes the chances of rupture or tearing of the
impression.

COMPATIBILITY WITH GYPSUM

Not all agar hydrocolloid impression materials are equally compatible with all gypsum
products, and the manufacturer's suggestions should be followed. The ANSI/ADA
specification requires manufacturers to list compatible model materials. Agar
hydrocolloid impression materials are more compatible with gypsum model materials
than alginates. The impression should be washed of saliva and any trace of blood, which
retard the setting of gypsum. After the impression is rinsed with water and disinfected,
the excess liquid should be carefully blown from the impression with an air syringe to
avoid dehydrating the surface of the agar hydrocolloid impression. If the agar
hydrocolloid impression must be stored in a humidor, it should be rinsed with cool water
to remove any exudate formed from syneresis before pouring up the gypsum model.

DIMENSIONAL STABILITY
When stored in air, agar hydrocolloid gels lose water and contract. Agar hydrocolloid
impressions are best stored in 100% relative humidity if the gypsum models cannot be
prepared immediately. Even in 100% humidity they can be stored for only limited times.
The best procedure is to pour up the impression immediately after removing, rinsing,
disinfecting, and superficial drying.

ALGINATE
The word alginate derived from algin mucous extract obtained from brown sea
weed. This was discovered by scientist from Scotland

Chemist S.Willing.Wilding was the first person used algin as a impression

material.
It is linear polymer with numerous carboxyllic acid named as anhydro -d
mannuronic acid(ALGINIC ACID).it reacts with all inorganic salts to form
insoluble salt
TYPES
1 FAST SETTING
2 SOW SETTING
MODE OF SUPPLY
It is supplied as powder that is packed
a) in bulk of tins or in sachets
b) In preweighed individual containers.
A plastic scoop is supplied for dispensing the bulk powder and a plastic cylinder
is supplied for measuring the water required for the bulk or the preweighed
alginate powder.
Uses
a) It is used for impression making

When there are undercuts

In mouth with excessive salivation
For partial dentures with clasps

b) For making preliminary impression for complete denture

c) For making impression for orthodontics and study models
d) Also used to prepare gypsum models of sport people for the preparation of
athletic mouth guards.
e) For duplicating models

MODIFICATIONS OF ALGINATES
Traditionally alginates are supplied as two system components a powder and
water. However other forms are also available
a) In the form of sol, containing the water and a reactor of plaster of Paris

b) As a two paste system; one containing the alginate sol, while the other contains
the calcium reactor. Impression material of this type said to contain silicone and
have superior strength for tearing

Extended pour alginate: alginate impressions should be poured immediately or should be

stored until 12 min in 100 % humidity .now alginates are designed which enables us to
delay the pouring of alginate

Tray adhesives for alginate: Conventional alginates do not show adhesion to trays and we
use perforated trays to achieve retention.A tray adhesive in the form of liquid and spray
containing polyamide or diethylene triamine polymer,ester gum and rosin in isopropyl
alcohol.

Color changing alginate: ph indicators are added to indicate the setting of the material

Infection free alginate:disinfection materials like chlorhexidine ,dideccyl ammonium

chloride,bisguanides etc are added by the manufacturers.

Dust free alginates:agents like glycol glyserine ect are added to the powder to prevent the
rise of silica particles.

COMPOSITION
INGREDIENTS

1)ester salts of
alginic acid
sodium or
potassium alginate

PERCENTAGE

15%

4)potassium
titanium fluoride

Dissolves in water &reacts with

calcium ions

16%

Reacts with potassium alginate

solution and forms insoluble
calcium alginate

4%

Filler

2)calcium
sulphate(reactor)
3) zinc oxide

FUNCTION

3%
Gypsum hardner

5)diatamacious
earth

60%

6)sodium phosphate

2%

Filler

retarder
7)coloring agent

Traces

Setting Reaction
Reaction occurs by a chemical reaction; soluble alginate reacts with calcium sulphate
results in calcium alginate which is insoluble. Practically this reaction should takes place in
the mouth so it must be delayed while the impression material is mixed with water, placed in
the impression tray, and carried to the mouth.
The production of alginate is delayed by the addition of a third soluble salt to the
reaction. With which calcium sulphate reacts preferentially. Thus the reaction is prevented as
long the added salt is left. The added salt is called retarder. Eg. Sodium or potassium
phosphate, oxalate or carbonate.
The calcium sulphate or whatever chemical is used to produce the gel is known as the
reactor. Since it supplies the calcium ions.
When powder is mixed with water two reactions occurs during setting reaction.
1.Na3PO4 +3CaSO4----------------- Ca3(PO4) +3Na2SO4

2. SOD.ALGINATE +CaSo4 +H2O ------Ca Alginate +NA2So4

First sodium phosphate reacts with calcium sulphate to provide adequate working
time.
SHELF LIFE
Alginate impression materials deteriorate rapidly in elevated temperatures. The material
should be stored in cool, dry environment The lid of the bulk package can must be replaced
after every use , so as to minimize moisture contamination.
GEL STRUCURE
The final gel consists of brush heap of calcium alginate fibril network enclosing unreacted
sodium alginate sol, excess water, filler particle, and reaction byproducts/ the fibrils held by
primary bonds than intermolecular bonds.
CONTROL OF GELATION TIME
optimum gelation is at room temperature of 20 0c is between 3-4 minutes. Gelation time is
best controlled by addition of retarders, which depends on the composition and is in the
manufacturers hands.
The dentist can best control the gelation time by altering the temperature of water for mixing
alginate material.
- cold water longer the setting time
- Warmer the water shorter is the setting reaction.
- Even the mixing bowl and spatula can be cooled to prolong the setting reaction.
Properties of alginate hydrocolloid impression material.
The ADA SPECIFICATION NO 18 for alginate impression material is
WORKING TIME
For fast setting material 1.2 to 2 minutes
For regular set material 2 to 4.5 minutes
SETTING TIME
Ranges from 1-5 minutes
For the fast setting 1-2 min
For normal setting material 2-4.5min
FLEXIBILITY
It is about 14% at a stress of 1000gm /cm2. However, some of the hard set materials
have value from 5%to8%. Lower water /powder ratio results in lower flexibility.
ELATICITY AND ELASTIC RECOVERY
Alginate hydrocolloids are highly elastic but less when compared to agar hydrocolloid
and about 97.3% elastic recovery occurs. Obviously the value of permanent deformation
is more In the case of alginate (1.2%) Permanent deformation is less if the impression is
removed in single jerk movement
REPRODUTION OF TISSUE DETAIL

The limit of detail reproduction is also lower when compared to agar. Indicating that
less fine details is obtained. An ADA specification requires the materaial to reproduce a
line that is 0.075mm in width.
STRENGTH.
The compressive strength of the alginate gel range from 5000 to 8000gm /cm2 the tear
strength vary from 35-700gm/cm2
DIMENTIONAL STABILITY
Alginate impression loses the water by evaporation and shrinks on standing in the air.
If it is placed in water it reabsorbs water and swells. Therefore cast should be poured
immediately after making the impression, if the storage is unavoidable, keeping in humid
atmosphere of 100% relative humidity results in the least dimensional change
SHELF LIFE
Alginate impression material has a short shelf life. They deteriorates rapidly when stored
at elevated temperatures.
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Some of the silica materials present in the dust which rises from the can after fluffing
alginate powder, are of size and shape to be possible a health hazard. It is important
avoid breathing the dust.

ADVANTAGES
1. It is easy to manipulate
2. Minimum requirement of equipment.
3. Flexibility of set impression
4. Accuracy if properly handled
5. Low cost
6. comfortable to the patient
7. It is hygienic
8. It gives good surface details even in wet mouth.
DISADVANTAGES
1. It is not possible to prepare metal dies
2. It is not accurate enough for crown and bridge impression
3. It is not used to take mucocompressive impression
4. It cannot be corrected
5. Distortion may occur without it being obvious if the material is not held stationary
in relation to the tissues throughout the impression making
INDICATIONS FOR USE
1. Undercuts severe for plaster
2. Mouth with excessive flow of saliva
3. Primary impression for special tray preparation

ELASTOMERS
Elastomeric impression materials are classified as synthetic rubbers and were developed to
mimic natural rubber during the period of 2nd world war. Initially they were called rubber
impression materials; ADA specification no. 19 identifies these materials as nonaqueous
elastomeric dental impression materials.
An elastomeric material consists of large molecules or polymers that are joined by a
small amount of cross linking. The amount of cross linking determines the stiffness and the
elastic behavior of the material.
The first dental elastomers, poly sulfides, were sometimes referred to
1. By the type of material, such as rubber impression materials
2. By the processing terminology, such as vulcanizing impression materials
3. By the chemistry, such as Mercaptan impression materials
4. By the name of one of the first manufacturers such as Thiokol corporation.
Vulcanization is cross-linking process that involve sulfur Mercaptan groups, the
component that gives polysulfide impression material its characteristic odour.
Chemically there are 4 kinds of elastomers.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Poly sulfides
Condensation polymerizing silicone.
Addition polymerizing silicone.
Polyether.
Recently a fifth class was added that is visible light curable polyether urethane
dimethacrylate. The Current ADA specification recognizes 3 types based on selected elastic
properties and dimensional change of the set materials.
Max permanent Max
flow
Deformation
compression

in Max
Dimensional
change in 2 hrs

Type 1

2.5

0.5

- 0.5

Type II

2.5

0.5

- 1.0

Type III

5.5

2.0

- 0.5

Each type is further divided into four viscosity classes as determined by consistency tests.
Class 1
:
Heavy bodied
Class 2
:
Regular / Medium bodied
Class 3
:
Light bodied
A very heavy consistency: Putty
The choice of a rubber impression material is governed by the particular
characteristics preferred by the operator. In general the silicone and polyether materials have
the advantage of superior colour and little or no odor. They are also cleaner to handle.
Silicones are inferior to the poly sulfides and polyether from the stand par of shelf life.

POLY SULFIDE
Composition:
The basic ingredient of the polymer paste is a poly functional mercaptan or
polysulfide polymer.
This linear polymer contains approx 1 mole% of branches to provide pendant
mercaptan groups as chain cross-linking sites. This polymer is usually cross-linked with an
oxidizing agent such as lead dioxide, which gives poly sulfides its characteristic brown
colour. During the condensation reaction of the lead dioxide with the SH groups of the
polysulfide, two phenomena occur.
1. Chain lengthening from the reaction with the terminal - SH groups.
2. Cross linking from the reaction with the pendant SH groups.
The initial chain lengthening causes the viscosity to increase and the subsequent cross
linking infers elastic properties to the material.
The condensation reaction by-product is water, the loss of which has a significant
effect on the dimensional stability. The polymerization reaction is exothermic; the amount of
heat depends upon the amount of total material and concentration of initiators.
Hot, humid conditions accelerate the setting of poly sulfide impression materials.
Polysulfide impression materials are supplied as two pastes is collapsible tubes.
Base paste
Ingredients

Weight %

Polysulfide polymer

80-85

Titanium dioxide, Zinc sulfate

Copper carbonate or silica

16-18%

Plasticizer (Dibutyl phthalate)

to infer viscosity

Sulfur

0.5% to enhance reaction

Accelerator paste or Catalyst paste

Ingredients

Weight %

Lead dioxide

60-68

Dibutyl a dioctyl phthalate

30-35

Sulfur

Magnesium Stearate & deodorants

In addition same filler as used in base paste along with oleic stearic acid, both
retarders are added to the react a paste to control the rate of setting.
The ingredients and their weight % may vary from one product to another. In general,
the weight % of the filter is the base paste increases from to medium to high consistencies.
The particle size of the filters is about 0.3 mm. Along with lead dioxide some magnesium
oxide may also be present
Modifications
1.

Other oxidizing agents such as hydrated copper oxide Cu (OH) 2, or organic peroxides
such as cumene hydroperoxide or t-butyl hydroperoxide have been used as a substitute
for lead dioxide. The former produces a green mix, and the latter can be any color
desired by the manufacturer. The organic peroxides are volatile
2.
A recently developed polysulfide replaces the lead dioxide by a Zinc carbonate /
organic accelerate system. It is claimed that this is much cleaner to handle.

CONDENSATION SILICONE
The polymer consists of an - hydroxy terminated poly dimethyl siloxane.
CH3

HO

Si

CH3

CH3

Si

CH3

The condensation polymerization of this material shows a reaction with tri functional
and tetrafunctional alkyl silicates, commonly tetraethyl orthosilicate, in the presence of
stannous octoate (Sn [C2 H15COO] 2) to form a 3-D network.

Ethyl alcohol is a byproduct of the condensation reaction. The cross-linking agent can
also be an organo hydrogen siloxane. Hydrogen is produced as a by-product which causes
pitting of a dental stone surface.
Composition:
The condensation silicone impression materials are supplied as a base paste and a low
viscosity liquid or catalyst paste.
The base paste contains a silicone polymer and filler. The reactor paste (or liquid)
contains a cross-linking agent and an activator normally an organo-tin compound such as
dibutyl tin dilaurate. Colloidal silica on micro sized metal oxide is added as filler.
Silicones have a low cohesive energy level and therefore a weaker intermolecular interaction.
The influence of the filler as the strength of a silicone elastomer is much more critical
than any other impression material. The particle size should be is the optimal range of 5-10
m smaller particles tends to aggregate, but larger ones do not contribute to reinforcement.
The particles are often surface treated to provide better compatibility and reinforcement of
silicone rubber.
The putties are highly filled with large concentration of filler particles so that the
properties are influenced by the property of the filler, a phenomenon known as law of
mixtures.

ADDITION SILICONE (Polyvinyl Siloxane or Vinyl Siloxane)

The addition reaction polymer is terminated with vinyl groups and is cross-linked
with hydride groups activated by a platinum salt catalyst.
If the proportions are out of balance or impurities are pressed, these side reactions will
occur. Both moisture and polymeric impurities such as residual silane groups react with the
hydrides of the base polymer and produce hydrogen gas, which will produce pin point voids
in the stone casts. Noble metals such as platinum or palladium are added as a scavenger, or
wait for one hour or more before pouring the impression.
The base paste contains polymethyl hydrogen siloxane, as well as other silicone
prepolymers.
The catalyst paste contains during polymethyl siloxane and other silicone
prepolymers.

If the catalyst paste contains the platinum salt activator, then the paste labeled base
must contain the hydride silicone. Retarders may also be present in the paste that contains
the platinum catalyst. Both pastes contain fillers.
Sulfur contamination from natural latex gloves inhibits the setting of the addition
silicone impression materials. Some vinyl gloves may have the same effect because of the
sulfur containing stabilizer used is the manufacturing process of certain gloves.
To render the surface of the impression hydrophilic, a surfactant is added to the
paste .Such impression materials are

Are more capable of wetting the tooth surface during impression.

When set, are more easily wetted by water containing die materials

POLYETHER
Introduced in Germany in late 1960s.
It is a polyether based polymer that is used by the reaction between aziridine rings,
which are at the end of branched polyether molecules. The main chain is probably a
copolymer of ethylene oxide and tetrahydrofuran. Cross linking and setting is brought about
by an aromatic sulfonate ester by cationic polymerization via the imine end groups. Polyether
was the first elastomer to be developed primarily to function as an impression material.
Composition:
Base:
- An unsaturated polyether with imine end groups.
-

Plasticizers glycol ether phthalate.

Filler silica.
Reactor paste:
- An aromatic sulphonate 2, 5 dichlorobenzene sulphonate
Plasticizer
Filler
A separate tube contains thinner that includes octyl phthalate and about 5% methyl
cellulose as thickening agents. They are supplied as low high viscosity types.
The setting reaction is slightly exothermic than that of other rubber impression
materials, with a temperature rise of about 40.
MANIPULATION
Polysulfide:
Equal lengths of the base and acceleration are extended onto a paper pad. A tapered,
stiff bladed spatula is recommended for mixing. The accelerator is mixed with the base for
5 to 10 seconds is a circular motion with the end of spatula. The mixing is then continued

with a wide sweeping motion until the mix is free from streaks and uniform in color. The
mixing should be accomplished is about 45 seconds.
Medium and heavy-body polysulfide impression pastes are extremely viscous and
sticky. However if sufficient force is applied and spatulation is performed rapidly, the
material will be thinner and easier to handle. This phenomenon is known as pseudo
plasticity.
Condensation Silicone
Supplied as a base paste and a liquid catalyst or reactor. A length of base is dispensed
from the tube into a graduated mixing pad. Then one drop of the liquid catalyst is added for
each unit length of base. They are some what different to mix. The putty material is supplied
as a very thick paste packaged is a jar and a liquid accelerator. Some manufactures have also
formulated two paste putty system. The best mixing technique is to knead the material with
fingers.
Addition Silicone
The light body and medium body poly siloxanes are supplied as two pastes and
the putty is supplied as two jars of high-viscosity base and catalyst materials.
They are suitable for automatic dispensing and mixing device.
With the mechanical device these is greater uniformly in proportioning and mixing,
less air is incorporated in to the mix, and the mixing time is reduced. Also, there are fewer
possibilities for contamination.
The basic automatic mixers sold by various manufactures are interchangeable, but the
double-spiral mixing tip is not. Initially, the putty-wash application of the vinyl poly
siloxanes was extremely popular, but the single viscosity or monophase impression materials
are becoming more popular. The difference is that one mix of the material is used for both
the syringe material and tray material.
Polyether
Originally polyethers were only supplied in one viscosity. Now it is supplied is
several viscosities. Although automatic mixing device is successful, most polyethers are still
mixed by hand supplied as base and catalyst pastes.
HANDLING OF THE TRAY
Polysulfide:
The most accurate polysulfide impressions are made by using a custom acrylic tray.
An impression is obtained of the teeth and adjacent tissues. The important parts of
cast, such as the prepared teeth are covered with one or two thickness of base plate wax and
tin foil to set as spacer. Chemical curing or light curing resin is placed over the tin foil to
form the tray. After curing, the tray is separated and adhesive is applied. The impression
material is placed in the space previously occupied by the wax.

Adhesives employed with the polysulfide include butyl rubber or styrene-acrylonitrile

dissolved in a suitable volatile solvent such as chloroform or a ketone.
Condensation Silicone
Putty wash technique is used for impression. Most clinicians use disposable stock
trays to support the putty. The tray is painted with the adhesive.
For silicone materials, the adhesive may contain polydimethyl siloxane or other
silicone that reacts with the impression material and an ethyl silicate to create a physical bond
with the tray.
Addition Silicone
The primary putty impressions serve as a custom tray for the wash or reline technique.
Polyether
Those in favour of custom trays suggest that a thinner, uniform layer (approx 2mm) of
the very stiff polyether material makes it easier to remove the impression from the mouth.
Those arguing against custom trays do so because the extremely stiff material does not need
the support of a custom tray to avoid distortion. Regardless of the type of tray, adequate
amount of adhesive must be used.
HANDLING TECHNIQUE
Polysulfide:
The method of using both the syringe and the tray material is often referred to as the
multiple mix technique. The tray materials is mixed first and fill the tray with uniform
thickness and set it aside, while a second person begins mixing and filling the syringe. The
material is injected from the filled syringe within and around the prepared teeth. The filled
tray is then seated over the syringe material.
Condensation Silicone
First a preliminary impression is made with the thick putty material in a stock tray.
Space for the light-bodied wash material is provided either by cutting away some of the tray
putty on by using a thin polyethylene sheet as a spacer between the putty and the prepared
teeth. After the spacer is removed a mix of the thin-consistency wash material is placed into
the putty impression, and seated in the mouth to make the final impression. This is referred to
as the two-stage putty wash technique or the reline technique.
An alternative to the two-step procedure is to syringe the wash into place, then seat
the unset putty over it. The higher viscosity putty may displace the more fluid wash material
and the critical areas of preparation may be reproduced in putty, which is too thick to
replicate the required detail.
Addition Silicone
The Putty- wash technique has been popular for the vinyl poly siloxane impression
materials.

The addition silicones are supplied in a wide variety of viscosities, including the
single-phase a monophase viscosity. Even the less dimensionally stable monophase materials
are considerably more accurate and dimensionally stable than the polysulphides or the
condensation silicones.
Polyether
Most clinicians continue to use the monophase or single viscosity material despite the
fact that polyether is supplied is several viscosities and with an automatic mixing device.
With a single-viscosity material, only one mix is made and part of the material is placed is the
tray and another portion is put in the syringe for injecting into the cavity preparation.

WORKING AND SETTING TIMES

Mean Working Time
(in min)

Mean Setting Time

( in min)

At 230C

At 370C

At 230C

At 370C

Polysulfide

4.3

16

12.5

Condensation
Silicone

3.3

2.5

11

8.9

Addition silicone

3.1

1.8

8.9

5.9

Polyether

3.3

2.3

9.0

8.3

An increase in temperature accelerates the curing of all elastomeric impression materials.

Working time of polysulfide impression material can be increased by storing the material at
low temperature on by mixing on a chilled, dry glass slab.
Oleic acid is also an effective retarder for the lead dioxide cured polysulfide. Adding
a drop of water accelerates the curing rate. Altering the base: accelerator ratio may produce
changes is the mechanical properties, is not economical and may not produce a predictable
change is the curing rate.
Condensation Silicone
Chilling the material or mixing on a cool slab and altering the base: catalyst ratio is
effective and practical methods of changing the curing rate.
Addition Silicone
Curing rate is more sensitive to ambient temperature than polysulphides. WT and ST
can be increased by the addition of retarder. It can also be refrigerated before use. The use of
automatic mixers speeds up the preparation step. Fast setting material is also available.

Polyether
Curing rate is less sensitive to temperature change than addition silicone Base:
accelerator ratio can also be changed to increasing the W.T. Use of thinner extends W.T with
a slight increase in S.T, also reduces the viscosity of the unset material, elastic modulus and
stiffness. Permanent deformation or flow is not increased. Retarders can extend W.T without
reducing the elastic properties or increasing polymerization shrinkage.
ELASTICITY
The elastic properties of these rubber impression materials improve with curing time.
Setting times as measured by a rheometer are 1 or 2 min less then those required to produce
an acceptable level of elasticity before removal of the impression.
Polysulphides:
Recovering of elastic deformation after strain is less rapid for the polysulphides than
for other 3 kinds. Polysulphides also exhibit most permanent deformation following strain in
compression. Polysulphides also sustain more distortion when the strain rate is slow.
Condensation Silicone
More ideally elastic than polysulfides. They exhibit minimal permanent deformation
and recover rapidly when strained. Like polysulfides these materials are not very stiff, which
means it is not difficult to remove then from in undercuts without distortion.
Addition Silicone
Most ideally elastic of the currently available materials. Lowest strain in compression
values. The stiffness is proportional to the consistency of the material.
Polyether
Stiffest of the impression materials, excluding the high viscosity putties. Slightly less
elastic than the vinyl polysiloxanes.
RHEOLOGY
Polysulfide:
Polysulfides ranks as one of the least stiff of the elastomers, which allows the set
material to release from undercut areas. Despite the lack of stiffness, the unset material has a
high level of viscosity.
Condensation Silicone
Can respond elastically or as viscous liquid. More likely to respond as an elastic if
strained rapidly, hence impressions must be removed quickly. Prolonging the strain by
removing slowly increases the chance for permanent deformation.
Addition Silicone
One of the most pseudoplastic materials. One mix of the medium viscosity single
phase material can be used for capturing the fine detail and recording the bulk of the oral
structures. When syringed it flows readily and yet holds its shape when placed in an
impression tray.
Polyether
The pseudoplastic characteristic of allowed the original single- viscosity material to
be used as both syringe and tray materials.

TEAR STRENGTH
Polysulfides:
Polysulfides have the highest resistance to tearing. They may distort rather than tear.
Strain rate influence the tear resistance and permanent deformation. To minimise the
negative effects of both, the impression should be strained rapidly for as brief a time as
possible.
Condensation Silicone
The tear resistance is low, but do not tear as easily as alginates or agar hydrocolloids.
They are strain-rate sensitive, hence forces should be applied rapidly.
Addition Silicone
The tear resistance is adequate, similar to condensation silicone. Will tear rather than
stretch. Highly viscoelastic, so a rapid strain rate produces an elastic response.
Polyether
Tear resistance better than condensation silicone and most of the addition silicone.
More prone to tearing than polysulfide. Most radiolucent impression material, hence chances
of leaving fragments is the gingival sulcus.

1.
2.
3.
4.

DIMENSIONAL STABILITY
The stone cast should be poured up immediately. The sources of dimensional change
are:
Most polymers contract slightly during cross-linking
After setting the bye-product (water) is lost, causing shrinkage
The material can absorb fluids if exposed water, disinfectant or high humidity
environment overtime.
After setting there is incomplete recovery of deformation because of viscoelastic
properties.
Elastomers are more stable than hydrocolloids when stored in air.
For maximal accuracy the impression should be poured within 30 min after removal
from mouth. Spherical indentations on the surface caused by the collapse of avoid near the
surface may occur. Probably the result of air-bubbles trapped during mixing and do not
appear for a number of hours.
Condensation Silicone
A Putty-wash technique is able to compensate for the poor-dimensional stability. The
amount of linear constriction is 2-4 times greater than others. Dimensional instability is
caused by large setting shrinkage, and by the loss of ethyl alcohol which is relatively larger
than water. Should be poured immediately after removal.
Addition Silicone
Most dimensionally stable. The primary dimensional change comes from thermal
shrinkage as the material cools from mouth to room temperature. The combination of
excellent dimensional stability and superior elasticity allows multiple casts to be poured with
the same degree of accuracy. The clinically set material is close to being completely cured,
so little residual polymerization for dimensional change.

Polyether
Dimensional change is small. The residual polymerization is for a much shorter
period than for polysulfide. The time interval for pouring is not critical.
Exhibits least amount of distortion from the loads imposed on the set material. Hence
multiple casts can be poured.
They absorb water or fluids and simultaneously leach water-soluble plasticizer.
BIOCOMPATIBILITY
Polysulfide:
Perhaps the most likely elastomer-induced biocompatibility problem occurs when a
piece of the impression material is left is the gingival sulcus. The irritation can range from
minor to severe. The radio-opacity of the lead containing polysulfide is an advantage in these
situation as is the materials resistance to tearing.
Condensation Silicone
Silicone is one of the most biologically inert materials. The one danger is the
possibility of leaving the torn impression material in the gingival sulcus; and since it is not
radio opaque, it can be difficult to detect.
Addition Silicone
Also highly biocompatible. The danger of leaving the piece of impression material
can be avoided by proper handling and thorough inspection.
Polyether
.
Recent studies indicate no cytotoxic effects associated with the imine catalyst.
The set material did produce the highest cell cytotoxicity scores and lowest viable cell
count after multiple exposures.
HANDLING OF THE STONE CAST
Polysulfide:
It is possible to construct successive stone dies on casts from polysulfide impressions.
They are less accurate due to the normal dimensional change. Thus the time interval between
pours should not be longer than 30 min.
Condensation Silicone
The stone die should be constructed shortly after the impression has been removed
from the mouth to prevent distortion. Generally compatible with all gypsum products.
Addition Silicone
The hydrophobic materials have a water contact angle of approx. 95 0, whereas that of
hydrophilic ranges from 30-350.
There are a number of surfactant sprays that reduce the surface tension, so that the
stone wets the surface of the impression.
Also compatible with epoxy resins used for more accurate casts and dies. Multiple
pours can be made.
Polyether
Pouring of the stone cast is much easier than for silicone materials. The stiffness
makes it difficult to remove the cast from impression
SHELF LIFE
Polysulfide:

Does not deteriorate appreciably. The tubes should be kept tightly closed, in a cool
environment. ADA specification requires that after storage for 7 days at 60 20 C (140 3.60
F) must still meet the test for permanent deformation. If the shelf life is exceeded, the
components of the paste may separate.
Condensation Silicone
The alkyl silicates are slightly unstable, if they are mixed with a tin compound to form
a single catalyst liquid. The tin component may oxidize. The degradation of the base or cross
linkage of the base can also cause shelf life failure.
Addition Silicone
Longer shelf life than condensation silicone, approx of 2 years. The tubes or
containers must be tightly closed, and kept in a cool, dry environment. The viscosity is not
affected by temperature, but the curing rate is reduced.
Polyether
Storing in a cool, dry environment prolongs the shelf life. The chilled material
become rigid, and cannot be mixed. It should reach room temperature before using.
DISINFECTION
Polysulphide:
Polysulphides can be disinfected by most of the various antimicrobial solutions.
Many of the disinfectant solutions improve the wettability

Condensation Silicone
Can be immersed in the most of the commercial antimicrobial agents for a short
period of time
Addition Silicone
Can be disinfected by immersing in 10% hypochlorite or 2% glutaraldehyde
solutions. 10 to 15 min is sufficient
Polyether
Prolonged immersion may produce measurable distortion and certain agents may
reduce the surface hardness of the poured gypsum casts. 2% glutaraldehyde is sufficient.

Disinfection of Impression
Disinfection techniques: Once the impression is rinsed and shaken to remove excess
water, it must be disinfected. This may be accomplished by immersing the impression in, or
spraying it with, an acceptable disinfectant.
1) Disinfection of an impression by immersion: It is preferred over spraying. Spraying may
not be effective because constant contact of the disinfectant with all surfaces of the
impression cannot be assured. i) Place rinsed impression into a zippered plastic bag
containing appropriate disinfectant. ii) Leave it immersed in disinfectant for 15 minutes.
Polyether components and hydrocolloids may be adversely affected by disinfectants;
therefore their immersion time is limited to 10 minutes. iii) Remove impression from
disinfectant. iv) Rinse with running water and shake off excess water.

2) Disinfection of an impression by spraying:

i) Spray the cleaned impression and impression tray with an acceptable disinfectant.
ii) Seal the sprayed impression in a zippered plastic bag for 15 minutes.
iii) Remove the impression from the sealed bag.
iv) Rinse the impression with running water and shake off excess water.
v) Pour the impression: Once the impression has been disinfected it may be poured in the
desired stone. Hydrocolloid impressions: A number of investigators have evaluated
disinfection of irreversible hydrocolloid (alginate) sometimes with contradictory results.
Based on these findings, the ADA recommended disinfecting alginates by immersion in
diluted hypochlorite
iodophor or glutaraldehyde with phenolic buffer. Investigators reported significant
adverse effects of specific materials with disinfectants that are non-reactive with other
alginates suggesting that caution should be exercised. Given the hydrophilic nature of the
material, a minimal disinfection time should be used. Limited data are available on
disinfection of reversible hydrocolloid, however research data suggest that there is no effect
on dimensional accuracy of impressions immersed in an iodophor diluted 1:213,
5.25% sodium hypochlorite with a dilution 1:10, 2% acid glutaraldehyde with dilution of
1:4, and glutaraldehyde with phenolic buffer diluted 1:16 immersion in 2% alkaline
glutaraldehyde has significant adverse effects on the impressions and resultant dies.
Rubber base impression materials: They can be disinfected by immersion in iodophor,
diluted chlorine solution, glutaraldehyde or complex phenols for the time required for
tuberculocidal activity.
It is important to review the method of disinfection with the manufacturers to prevent
distortion of the impression or loosening of the adhesive bond between the impression
tray and impression material. These impressions also should be rinsed with water before
pouring. It is important to inform the dental laboratory that the impression has been
disinfected to prevent the laboratory personal from performing more disinfection
procedures that might distort the impression. Studies by a number of investigators have
shown that polysulphides and silicones are relatively stable and can be disinfected
without adverse effects by immersion in most disinfectants approved for use in dentistry.
Although hydrophilic, polyether impressions also can be disinfected by immersion, but
exposure times should be kept to minimum (10 minutes). Disinfectants requiring
exposure times greater than 10 minutes for tuberculocidal disinfection probably should be
avoided with polyethers. Immersion in acid glutaraldehyde actually improves the surface
detail reproduction of elastomeric impressions.
Zinc Oxide Eugenol (ZOE) and compound impressions: Limited data are available
on disinfection of ZOE and compound impressions. Adverse effect have been reported on
ZOE immersed for 16 hours in diluted hypochlorite and on compound by all of the
disinfectants tested (hypochlorite, formaldehyde and 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde

CONCLUSION
It can thus be concluded that a thorough knowledge of the various materials available, their
properties ,manipulation and selection of an appropriate impression technique is very
essential for good clinical results.

REFERENCES

Kenneth Anusavice: Phillips Science of Dental Materials 11 th Ed. W

B Saunders & Co 1998.

Robert Craig: Restorative Dental Materials 10th Ed. Mosby Year

Book Inc 1997.

McCabe:Applied dental materials 9th edition wiley publications

.Impression materials :A comparative review of impression materials most commonly

used in restorative dentistry.
Dent Clin N Am 51(2007)629-642
A review of contemporary impression materials and techniques
Dent Clin N Am 48(2004) 445-470
Accuracy of casts generated from dual arch impressions.
J Prosthet Dent 2000;84:403