INTRODUCTION TO RC DESIGN

DR. SUSHANTA CHAKRABORTY

NATIONAL MISSION ON EDUCATION THROUGH ICT

(MHRD, GOVT OF INDIA)

I N D I A N I N ST I T U T E O F T EC H N O LO GY
K H A R AG P U R 7 2 1 3 0 2 I N D I A

CONCRETE - Building Material for over 150 years

Advantage

Durability, specially resistance against water

Easy to cast in various size and shape
Excellent compressive bearing
Economic to use

Disadvantage
Remarkably weak in tension (1/10th of compressive
strength)

Basic Considerations in RC Design of Structures

Strength & Integrity
Ability to resist stresses due to environmental loading,
fire etc.
Stability
Against overturning, sliding and buckling
Serviceability

Adequate stiffness to counteract deflection, vibration

response, crack width etc.
Economics
Aesthetics

Goal of RC Design

To ensure ductile failure, instead of the sudden brittle failure

of plain concrete

concrete is embedded with steel bars (cuts across principal

tensile planes, i.e. across the potential tensile cracks), as if
stitching the (to be) separated concrete parts

Role of Structural Analysis in Design

Analysis problem
The geometric entities and material properties of a structure is
defined. It is desired to find out the stresses, deformations and
allowable load onto that member. The solutions are usually
unique.

Design problem
Explore the various combinations of geometric and material
properties which may fulfill the purpose in hand, e.g. to carry a
defined loading. There may be multiple or even infinite
possibilities.

Importance of Specifications and Standards

Actual construction practice needs supports from real
experimental or observational evidences, past records of
performances of similar structures.
Various Codes of Practices across the countries try to lay down
guidelines, for design and construct structures, supported by
empirical laws, collective observational records of experts.
These codes are updated periodically with respect to new
findings.

Importance of Specifications and Standards

The main functions of these codes are to bring valuable and
sophisticated information in the form of simple formulae and
charts, readable by nominally trained practicing engineers.
Apart from complying with any such code, the engineer must
ensure adequate technical supervision to ensure quality of
material used and appropriate construction techniques with
proper sequences.

The students must be introduced properly with the existence of

such professional ethics right at this moment

Code of Practise for Design

IS 456: 2000
Plain and Reinforced Concrete- Code of Practice

IS 875: 1987
Loading (other than earthquake)

IS 1893: 2002
Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures

IS 13920: 1993
Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to
Seismic Forces

SP16: 1980
Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS 456: 1978

SP34: 1987
Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing

Actual Stress Strain Behaviour of Concrete

Design Stress Strain Behaviour of Concrete in

Flexural Compression

Discussion of Design Stress Strain Curve

c= partial safety factor for concrete=1.5
The graph consists of an initial parabolic portion up to a
strain of 0.002 and a straight line up to the an ultimate strain
of 0.0035
Under uniform compression (not from flexure) the ultimate
strain is limited to 0.002 only.
For a combination of axial compression and flexure, the
ultimate strain is limited to a value between 0.002 and 0.0035
depending upon the location of neutral axis.

Actual Stress Strain Behaviour of Reinforcing Steel

Characteristic and Design Stress Strain Behaviour

of Reinforcing Steel
s= partial safety factor for steel=1.15

y 0.87

y
0.002
E

Discussion of Design Stress Strain Curve

s= partial safety factor for steel=1.15
For cold-worked type of steels (FE415 or Fe500) there is no
specific yield point.
Full design yield strength is assumed to be 0.87fy correspond
to the proof strain of 0.002

The design yield strain is to be taken as

y
y 0.87
0.002
E

Difference in Implementing Stress-strain Relation Of

The Concrete And Steel
The partial safety factor s for steel is applicable in inelastic
region only because,
the Modulus of elasticity is independent of yield strength.
Whereas,
The partial safety factor c for concrete is applicable in all the
stresses because,
the stress strain curve behaviour depends on the
characteristic strength of concrete.

DIFFERENT METHODS OF RC DESIGN

WORKING STRESS METHOD (WSM)

ULTIMATE LOAD METHOD (ULM)
LIMIT STATE METHOD (LSM)

Working Stress Method (WSM)

Linear elastic behaviour is assumed.
Permissible stresses are kept well below the material strength.

WSM is based on service load alone

Factor of Safety
= (Strength of the material)/(Permissible stresses)
Factor of safety remains same for all kind of loading.
The method is unable to depict the uncertainties associated
with different types of loading.

Ultimate Load Method (ULM)

Non-linear elastic behaviour may be assumed.
Permissible stresses are kept well below the material strength.

ULM is based on ultimate load alone

Load factor
= (Ultimate Load)/(Working Load)
Factor of safety is different for different kind of loading.
The method fails to fulfill serviceability condition.

LIMIT STATE METHOD (LSM)

Limit State Method (LSM) is to provide safety against ultimate
load and serviceability at working load.
Variations in loading, material properties, geometric entities
having varying degrees of uncertainties are incorporated using
Multiple Safety Factor format.
Partial factor of
safety for Material

Partial factor of
safety for load

The methodology actually is based on the probability of

failure in statistical terms and expressed as probability
density function of failure.

Probability Density

Probability Density Function of Failure

S = Load Effect

R = Resistance

Load or Resistance

Design Load & Design Strength

THE END