Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
VOL XXXI
1110. 19
..
.~~
cro~
Tuberculosis is no morc a
dreaded disease it was; it
i~fully curable. now.
Rural
health
Being perfect in health is the precondition of any nation set on road to the task of development.
It is partlcular,'y sO In case of rural areas where both the nature and the requirements of life and
avocat/on require reasonab 'e standard of health on the part of the people. That Is why, health care
has been an Important part ~four development plans, It has been given an Important place In
the new 20-polnt programme. Be/llg committed to achieve the goal of Health for All by 2000 A.D.,
act/ve cO?t1nuingparticipation of the 'community would p'ay a significant role ill its achievement.
l
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Vol. XXXI ~
No. ~I9
July I, 1983 ~
Editoria
Asadha
10,, 1905
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Kuruksll:llra
CONTENTS
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6ii~,of' the
Anuva Saikia
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':lIDn:oR
, .,: (M~S'YRATN.AJUNEJA
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: ';~C'N';
SHARMA
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. SuB"EDITOR .'
.(MR~.i..PARA~JEET ,.G.'SING~
",':'
. :. COVER
~st pq~sible';;'aYi to help the ~al women.to b~lfle ~s JJS.c<tu.1 a pa,rt ,of .sOj:i~ty ~~ ,!!:teir
. men is .t4t:o~ .vollPliip'y 'll!lso~ijl~i~nslike the M!Wil.a
Man,dajs. 'f:hus"as itha~ 'il1!'ea~dybeen.pt!'~.~t,
,a
. llumber ,of .places 'in the 'country, 'they can play an
hllp'ortant role
changing .the outl~k of rUral women,., to make'
them
aware . of'th~
problems. of
.. .. ,.'
, 'life
around ,thell1 and to solv~ thes!, throiJ,gh volunt;u"Y
,1lli\s~effort.to thl\'heI!!'!i~Qf fue ,P'=Qp!e!,f~rt!f!ll
"reas ,at; !l\fge. TJ.1c' ~~ijnent
,qfMahill;! !'~~
,naS':.alnply dell101lsll'atecLthatthese can' he .. USIld as
:p6Werful :change-agenis:and, ,can set .in ,a chain-re<'action',that 'Will proourefar-reaching
changes at
~verylevel of. tiie,ritti,(
s,,!,iety. rv)abga .~
,Q~:,to, he .give!! .all'..~!!~Qur~gel!1ellt.in.their .fo.~'
.,t\Oy: ;gcidance 'hI ,day.to,qay ;fjlnct!<mi,ng. and 'I\eces~SlIlY:Jinancial :help ,to ,diversify :their activities.
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in
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, . :M;:~;L'i>ARMAIt
.' If! : this' Jissue',we giye. ,a' study :of. 'Mahila .,Man5\a1S
P.ilirte*Uo~-uiVisio., , 'whichrhave' dOfic';a';ci'OOitablejob 'in Karnatakaby ~
Patiala House, New,:Delhi-1IOOOI
'iJili,sirig amOiig;'th~:rur~"women an awareness of th~
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'" Tel::
.- ~87983
,
c,pot.el1tial th~y :~ess,to,bring.,in
.change and how"they
,-::"
~~p..,pjay th~.:~ghtMli'~le
in the.sqciety .theY livein.
KrIsbi <lJhaviui; New 001hi.ll0001
'I;eleph";; :3!l4&8il .~ 3il~6
.'1t is: 40~.cth8.t ;~ :stilClywi)l ,prov.~ of !Il!mense use
" \EdIt~'Itcs\d~';":);~5'9iO . toreaders.~:: ,"\'-::~';
'.Ed;torIul OlIiee,:
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i\geucl ok.;
SUBSCRlPneN
our
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A Karnataka study
Mahila. mandals
and
.
the rural women
I',
,rural population and in' 1953, the Central Social Welfare, Bo~id was' established to promote activities for
women and children in both rural and urban areas. In
1957, these welfare organisations began their activities
in community development blocks with coordination
committees and were ,called as welfare extension projects. In 1961-62 the, activities were handed over to
'the rural organisations called mahila' mandals.'
THE,' available
1Dformation there
were 58,300 'mahila mandals working at the end
of 1975-76 with 'an 'average membership of 364
per block.' In Kamataka, mahila mandals are register~.
, ed under the Societies Registration Act. 'The growth
and development of mahila mandals depend Oil th~ extent ,of active participation of gram sevikas. It is the
gram sevika, who has to initiate the 'rural women to
enrol as members of mahila mandals. The day-t<H1ay
work of a mahila maIidal are looked after \Jy its officebearers, who are elected or nominated among themselves to look after the functioning of mahila 'niandals.,
Regular visits of officials, (both gram sevik~s and
mukhya sevika:~), attendance of -(eachen; (both to the
mahiJa samaj and balwadi) and interest of the mem=
hers of the 'mahila mandal. in taking lip maximum
number of programmes are some of the essential requirements for the successful flinctioning of these
organisations.
CCpRDlNG'TO
KURUKSHETRA
July 1, 1983
,-
OR ORGANISING
KUROKSHETRA
JUly I, 1983
mahilamandals.
With regard' to ,the composition -of
the age of the committee meipbers, 15 per Cent of ~hem
, 'belonged to the 'age-group of below .30 years, 65 per
cent of them were in the age-group of 30 to 50 years
and 20 per cent of them were in the age-group of above
50 years.'
More than 75 per ceu't of ,the presidents of mahila
,mandals were the wives of the village headmen or
,chairmen or ,patels (gowda). Remaining 25 per cent
were others; who were interested in the welfare activities ,of the 'cOmmunity. An example, of this is that 'one
of the secretaries of 'a :mahila mandai has been 'serving
in her organization idr the last 25 years, with sense
of dedication.
'
Number 01
Numbd
,01Mohila,!JP.rogrtJmfllS
Item
Mdn a s
A'verage
'atten--
2. Public lectures
3. Public functions
4.. Filmshows
S. Entertainment.
6. Saraswathi Pooja
7. ,IridependenoeDay
8. RepublicDay
, 9. Special programmes: film
shows for the benefit of
farmen; .
'dance
2
1. Training in -craft's
17
IW,
135
. 138
155
2. Tailoring
12
31
15
56
' 209
II,
.1. SkiJl{orrnoJion
3. Adultiiteraci
programme.
4c Usiog of pesticides
i, ,Kitchen
gardening
193
36
'63
273
12
50
224
31
.~ 341
328
10
J: Keeping
24
52
36
197
8
10'
' 21
36
166
214
310
10'
'
. 3. Sanitation programmes, - .
s.
well clean
Speci~ Prog;amme~ for
schoo'! dropoo1i1s .
(a)15
(b)1I
14li
A special mentiOJi can: be I1llidehere abOut the popularity of typewriting training 'programme organised by
one mahila mandaI. in the, village Hesarghatla (Bangalore North TaIuk).
ThiS particillar mahThi mandaI
conductedfiv~ typewriting training programmes and
,trained 125 members between 1978 and 1982. Other
mahila mandaIs can think of orgapising such pro-,
gramrnes.
programme
10
us
Ii
'6
35'
72
426,
24
16
24
93
146
183
Balwadi programme
4. Drama .
.$: Field activities{Sports)
'4
Table 2:ExteiJt
Year 1-3
st. No. .Programme
No.,
1. Training in 'crafts
2. Tailoring
3. MUlt literacy
4. Family plaooiDg .
'
s. HbUSe Keeping .
6. {)bildcare
7. Kitchen gardening
'8. Improved methods of cooking
9. Cultural programmes
'to. Sports.
628
24'
,
191
iJ
/7
mme
5. Cbild care programmes.
50
334
2120
1908
1221
173
'319
292
, '8
3. Imprgved methods of
cooking.
4. 'P~Irii{y :planniiig'progta ..
13
II
6
68
39'
49
30
52'
79
79
54
13
8
12
6 .
. '
5.8 '
62
12
26
29
22
,33
37
33
.19
'%
73
78
15
33
36
29
41
46'
41
24
4'
Total
non~response.
& above
-No. ,.
No.
%.
15
14
.2
4
6
I
7
10
3
3
19
18
3
5
8
I
9
13
,4
4
7.
4
66
50
45
54
4()
33
54 '
58
, 8
4
,82
62
56
70
50
41
55
72
No.
80
.80
80
'80
80
80
80
80
80
SQ,
%
100
100
100
100 .
100
100
,100
100
100
100
/'
Source,: As in Tabie L
KURUKSlIETRA
,6
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lilly 1, 1983
'One notable fentureof the mahilamimdals that we
sludiedwas the interest ..that the members evihced in
arranging excursions to various' tourist and piligrimage
centres both inside and outside Karnataka (Table 3).
Though the highest number of women-members visited
places like Bangalore aud Mysore, the response to
Table 3 : Excursions arranged by the Mahila Mandals to different places ofinterestJor women Rnd children.
st.
ilace.; of visit
No, of M ohiia
No.
I. Bannerghatta
2. Hebbal
3. Bangalore
\ 4. Mysore
S. Haleheedu
6. Yalahanka
7, Tirupafhi
8. Belur .
9,-Mandya
10.Dharmasfhala
2
6
7
6
2,
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
I
,I
11. Rameshwaram
12'. Kanya Kumari
"
13. Nandi,
14. Shivagange
15. Somanathapura
Source:
:rabl,e 4 : PrograD1lnesproposedto
7
6
2
2
2
2
2
1
I
2
2
t"l
I:
1
~Programmes
.'
1. -Typewriting
2. Improvement in tailoring
3. Conducting of beauty classes
4. Providing library facilities
5. Garment~making
6. Powder.~aking'
7. "Kitchen. gardening
8. Improvement in handicrafts.
9. Papad-making
..
10. Pickle-making,
II". 'Soap-making
12. Poultry
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. Percentage
"
"
3
9
5
5
2
1
1
10
3
1
I,
2
12
15
45
25
25
10~
5
~
.;-
5
SO
15
5
5
10
60
As in Table 1.
WOMENPARTICIPANTS
felt that the mahila
mandaI. are doing positively' good service to the
ural women, As there is some improvement o1n the
ocio-economic life of rural women, all, the partici:
ants of the mahila mandals whole-heartedly suggested
or its continuation in their villages. They felt mahila
andals helped 'them to improve their general
HE
Nl!. of Mahihi
M andols Plann!ng
, No.
T"'
32
95
205
175
55
30
'70
55
18
30
20
70
67
52
60
Source:
No. of participants
As in Table 1.
W. '
st. .
No. of Pragrammes
M andals arranged
'koo;.,-
URUKSHETRA
July 1; 1983
"
:
DAMOPAR SUM and S. K. PA!'o~A
Indi:p1 Institute.of TeocImology,Kharagpur (W. Bengal)
,
the formal educa-
.. , is )ikel),' to yield,grea;ter return than investtnent in huIrujn re~oUIc.es,of which the most iplportant component
is .education. For this, ,the imni.ediate objective of
education is to relate it to life needs, goals, aspiraeducational paradigm to cater to the needs and aspirations 'and' employment potential 'of rural people and
tions of the vast segment of the population. The need
there):>y,make it a powerful instrunIent of the social,
, for shifting educational parameters is due to the limitaeconomic and cultnral
transformation.
Extending
tions impOsed upon the formal eduCation, i.
full-time'
. classroom attendance, linear graded system geared to
this premise, Kothari Commission related education
certificates and other fomiaI credentials, age ~pecificato productivity, national integration,
modernisation
tions, rigid language pattern, inflexible design, highly
aM to'social, moral and spiritual'values.
The Comtheoretical approach, upper-class orientation and inmission ,has also recopuuended that for ihe purpose
ability to cope with increasing occupational and funcof increasing productivity,' education should. comprise
tional problems. Along with this, its high eost and . , of social education, work experience, relevant techstandardised norms irrespective of context and needs
'nology, industrialisation and, finally, vocationalisation.
, are the main features of its inadequacy. Particularly,
The formal schools 'are only equipped to take c~e
as far as formal education is concerned the rnral priof only a part of the essential learning I\eeds of rnral
mary and secondary schools are in deep trouble. They
people; mainly literacy and numeracy. So it is left to
suffer from heavy drop-but "rates, non-participatiop,
the informal anti nou-formal education to meet the
'erosion or quality, low achievement of students and
other essential learning neros. But informal education
low enrolment' of females. The system of education
is acquired through 'daily experience and inte~action
is also hierarchical and its very nature is elitist, . indiwith the socio':':U1tural environment. This filters from
vidualistic and 'anti-manualist.
The consequences
the older to the younger through traditional apprenticeof such an education are seen in rising unemployment
ship and is a 'life-long education'. So apart from being
and a sense of failure arid despair among the youths,
a 'panacea,the non-formal education is also a viable
whose futility is too ubiquitous' to be'missed. So the
alternative to promote rural develqpment and to brin
present system of education needs a radical reconsabout ,social change. These are organised or semi-orgatruction with a view to improving sociQ-.ecO!;101mc,
ruse<!educational activities operating outside the regular
and coltural spheres of the country and rearrsiilg the
structure and routine of the formal system, aimed at
ideals of a socialist society.
, serving a variety of learning needs of different targe
groups and generally concerned with achievin
practical objectives. Some of the non-formal pr'
, Iinportance of non-fortnal
education
,
granniIes cater,to the same needs as ;he schools. Bu
URS IS,
country wloere rural population is about
bcith the forms are not strictly contradictory to eac
80 percent and nearly half of, the population are
othe!,but
are, ,inutiI::illy reinforcing partners, e.g.
l}ving below the poverty line. 'It 'need ,not be stressed
Cuba's 'sehoul in the countryside' Kenya'. 'villa
that for rural development and progress, no investment.
polytechnics' 'Upper Volta's rural learning ,centre
N MANY DEVELoPING' COUNTRIES,
-KURUKSHETRA
July 1; 198
"and Thailand's
.'N
'.
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NFEP
grammes:
HE
will' include
3
, ne ru~al skilled-persons should also be given
.skilled training regarding S<lme' non-agricultural
activities like' repair of physical infra-structure,
work in cottage and other small scale industries,)
This will help them t.o earn on part -time basis as
well ,as a supplement to the high seasonal underemployment. A progr~I1le in one devel.oping
country which trained local' blacksmiths to repair
agricultural implements and others,' gradually I
to repair bicycles, and mot.or- cycles (Lele, 1975).
Upgrading the traditional skills' through trainin
has, the' advantage of familiarity, sequential
arrangement and improvement over time compared
to a foreign skill.'
I}
1!
10
.J)
r,!"
,5
",
the
.'
. U.
.1
.KURUKSHET-RAJulyl,
19
force,
)'@t
their participation
in agricultural
-.
train-
Conclusions
HE NFEP should be g;ven a high degree of auto. nomy and freedom of choice in introducing a particular course, .because it .is context and need dependent
for different targeCgroups in rur,u "",eas, where possibly
a strict bureaucratic
imposition
Will
stifle
creative
1-
REF'ERESCES
1. Ahmed. M:, Coomba. H. P: Education for Rural Developmcl1t; USA, 1977. p. xxix.
2. A Strategy for Basic Services, UNICEF,-New York, 1976.
3. B~owmJck,P ..K, Education .ofunderprivileged: A suggesfion; Man and Life, Vol. 3, 1977.
4. Bogaart. V. D. M. Non-formaled~cat!on,conscientization
5. Cerni, M. H. In Tab-za,nia
a textbook revolution.
~n.dvillage action.
,6. Kurien. J. Non-formal Education for R9ral Drop-outs: A critique.of the Bhumidhlr. Model.
Work, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, No.4.
1979.
.
,
11
RAStJ
essence of n1onitorin
,
Director ~S~~),
.
W
that U]1plementation is the real bottleneck in the achievellle~i "of ~biectives ~fan oiherwise' well fo~m;UatCd
plan; tile role of monitoring is' being be!ter 'appreciated
at present. This is particularly so in the context of
rural ~evelop!"ent programmes in general and IRDP
(Integrated Rural Developmeut Programme) in particular... .
\
,.
ITH THE
INCREASING
REALISATION
",
What is RASU?
of 'inputs' into. 'initial results' has
1'1
CONVERSION
s:
BI\.LAKRISHN
Nati01~al
~tu~te of R.ural De"elopm~t,H~eraba
bridge this gap'. In short, all our five year plans and
Industrial Policy state!"ents have stressed the need to
dev~lop the village ,and small iri<!!Jstries
to create largescale employment opportuTlities,promote i1ecentralisa:
tion and dispersal of industries, achieve diffusion of
owners!liP and prevent conc~ntration of economic
power; promote entrepreneurship, develop agro-based
and ancillary industries, improve the skills . of rural
artisan; and promote village handicrafts, reduce the
role of subsidies aI)d set up the production of 'essential
articles aI)d also develop e~port potential.
THE
VARIOUS
VILLAGE
tp
aultiil
Tll.:~i~~#f'~~t~:gOO~,s,
<.:lilh2fiP~!sl,BJfJll~dPw~I.H?lf~dJcient
tAnotlier
vll,age.lev""l.is~theJ&c1r
of.
p'lIrchasinu
..nnW~L
of l'_H'
;,the
-[!~~ ...
iO
JIII.ll
I) b f1'rH_o-J1:Jl'"('> ..... :J7;J;.~::-H,.I.;H'.,
villagers,
Therefore fthe vjllilge .artisans have. to.,in~nl
::UC:Jl:)fn. In:..ur~~1 qnJ:)- ,,':J1-.,JU:[-(:'J"" ,)r.,,-._oi ..t,.:l1
'lQ
Jy~ri~~I:l
:.4fiPfiH2 ~9;~eo~o~~.,
~~~~rs;~nq)
o!l!~!~~)iJ~;-
~~;W.W~Rtf9~~)~~~t~
~ternally as ~ell as externally..
GompaJ'e'd /0 life need and
the vast potential,
the
nuinber
of
mar1}eting
outlets
is far too
small.
research, for the
IstiIdyJpf{ [lmarkeLtrends
in relation
to demand and.
-supplYJil:ili1Jspite,o 'enjoying various forms of support
-ft!oill Ihe,iKMIC,,'theCentral
and State Governments
,durihgJrtherllato<iouple
of decades, it. is 'a pity that
'Dlitrkming' ;of', Jkhildi 'still depends
on .rebates
and
~benffonms ~f',supporl; .
10 t":,Olqoi"ob
Suggestions
a,h,
~~r'{i~~~~1:?~l\i~fiT.
COVERAGE
by using: profes:t:. .~tl)ltUl;~rmsr~hd'.evolving innovative techniques
WYj!~j"fof'
(~iU~::;~n
.fll
\4n~ie,dy'development
iRA croi{ag~[.industries
.in India.
~:JnJ(.lJur;j .'
.
>dI:;:u
and
::iwnrb twl,
'I~JJbiv1i!!~lI\\'iikelilm ~rg:,misation of KVIC
to be
lfiO!@{W!l\!ly qy,yr~!'1Jlea and revamped to enable it to
l:i~Prry.l~ts fM.~,~ons
more dynamically.
-'Ioiam:JOfJ
.'oiviJ:mbOJq
ms
01
')!;J.:-j'.:
July 1, 1983
1
I
1.'
'ONTHwISEVAlUATION'
OF FEMALE.PARTICIPA,
. TIQN.-.Fro~ the monthly distribution pattern
of total and average maridays worked' by females in
farm activities, 'relating to cultivation,' ;'f paddy; as
shown in Table T, it is evident tliat ouring the crop
soasOli,
(a) farm activities
of.' females
spread duringa
.
-'
.
"A
span of 9 moriths; (b) Jnly-Angust arid. December-,
January were thc' busy months forofemale workers and
during these periods utilization of f~male labour was
'15
Months
Marginal
May.
June
July,
August
September.
October
.
.'
,
2.03
5.15
10.70
11.91
4'52,
2'41
7 -07
15 .39
9.76
November.
. . Deee.mber
January
..
, February}
. Marcb
Nil
Small
Medium
All Sizes
2'31
5.12
12.93
14.18
10.60 '
2.29
6.86
19.57
14'51
1.06
, 10 .73
14'86
21.08
9.60
3.10
8.65
24'23
15.29
1.73
7 '15
13 -05
160()4
8.45.
2.58
6.69
19.66
,13'38
Nil
Nil
ApriL
"
Table
Nil,
'.
"
Months
"groups
Marginal
. May
June.
, July.
August:
September
October
,
November.
DeCember
January
February
Marcb
, April
.
}
'.
5.74
.14 '75
95-()8
95 -08
78.69
11'47
19.67
95 -08
95.08
,Nil
1:
Small
All Sizes
Medium
13.38
19 -01
97.89
97.89
88 -03
12.68
28'17
97 .89
97'89
9'02
' 9-02
103'76
103.76
71-43
11.28
34'59
100 -00
100 -00
Nil
Nil,
\,
11.59
14'36
98.99
98 '99
,79'60
11:84
27.71
97-73
97'73
Nil
<
; The rat)ge of seaSonal vanations ill employment, is 'remairi wit!lout gainful ePlployment for loilger periods
Wider for females than. for males as they are engaged
in the crop seasqn. It is highly imperative
evolve \
in farm activities during specific operations. ,The
measures to provide job opportunities for females in
nature' of division of labour in. agricultural activities
rural areas b~th in the farm and non-farm sectors
between male and female members were similar irresin order to bridge the gap between employment and
'pective of ~he size of the farm. Female pa(ticipation
.unemployment in ajp-iculture. Intensification of agriin agriculture is marked by concentration of work
'culture through adoption of double and multiple crop,'
during a few months and sharp ifse and fall in, work,
,intensity during different period in a year.
'
pilig practiceS 'would increase prospects of employ.
,
ment
on ,the farm. Development of small scale and
"
Conclusion
cottage Illdustries and expausion 'of rural .Welfare
'~erviCes would enhance employment opportunities
EASONAL
FLUCTUATION
in employment is higher
for females in the non-farm sector.
in case of females in iural areas and females
to
I.
(conidfrom p. 14)
necessary infrastructure for marKeting of MOUS
goods produced by', the" cottage' and village,
industries.
3'
'The Khadi and Village Industries ,Commission
should undertake market research on'a continuous
basis to asSess and evaluate the chartgiJig trends in
oonsumer tastes within and outside the country and
to develop the local. market as wejl. as the export
potential of the village industries' products.
7
I
8
A general complaint about the c9tlage industries
.is with regarcf to the poor quality 01 the products
and general lack of their acceptability, to the con-.
sumer, particularly the urban cOnsumer. In view of
the rural markets being sman, to make the rural
:industries' products more acCeptable 'in the urban
markets, it is essential to improve their quality, and
consumer appeal by. taking necessary steps.
5,
In order to increase ,local consumption some
kind of "Swadeshi" sentiment must be developed
among the peopfu to build up local market and local
'. support. Besides, a study of the village weekly
markets and shandies should be taken up to find
out the sales potential and 'the marketability of the
village industries' produ:ts.
6
In order to provide a packa~ of f!",ilities to the
village industrIes, necessary measures have to be
initiated to (a) supply raw materials at cheaper
,rates; (b) to arrange credit facilities from institu- '
'tional 'agencies; (c) evolve. uniform procurem~nt
policy atld price policy; (d) identify the, poten!,al
de~and; (e) improve the quality .of the products,
and also its design and packaging; and\ (f) initiate'
training programmes to the village artisans and
develop ,their skills.
~ KURUKSHETRA July
'
9
Rural marketing and service centres '(RMSC)
',covering all trildes in a block is another pattern
introducl'd recently. Such centres should be set up
In ail parts of the country.
17
, 'Restoration of land-and
faith
provides
tectiou to tribal tenants frO)ll exploit[t{on
e~ction by 'landlords; it even protects them
alienation from their iand 'by mortgage 'or
HE
18
CHHOTAHAGPUR'TENANCY
ACT
government agencies.
,T
'tum!i block covers an area of 395.4 sq. km,wvided, into 24 ,panchayats, with a total' population of
83,152. (;)f this, 36,541 are tribals, comprising 43
percent of the total populatio!),., since, the Qverall
population of tribals in the block is below 50 percent,
the tribal sUQ.-plandevelopment programme would not
be applicable in Tundi. 'For areas outside the subplan, where there are pockets of tribal conc~ntration,
each pocket comprising oj a minimum of ,1O,OQO
population of which at least 50 p.\<rc~n!'!Ie trib~, a
special project was taken up in 1980 entitled "M<>9ified Area Development Approach" (MAnA). Two
such pockets' were identified in Tundi Block-Tundi-I,
contaiIJing 102 villages with a population of 21,921;
of which 14,893 (67;94 percent) are tribals; and
Tundi-II, comprising of 88 villages with a population
of-23,;Z90 of which 14,759 (63,37 P!lrcent) are
tribals.
The' most' noteworthy feature 'of this special
programme ~ that it is to be undertaken by the trib$
themselves. The tribals will decide wh",! programme
are suitable, they will decide the priorities and also
execute it themselves. Outside contractors or agencies
are completely forbidden. The importante of this
aspect is tremendous; not ouly does it remove the
usual malpractices of sub-standard performance and
profiteering, but it gives a psychological thros,t to the
tribals enabling them to participate both in conception
and execution, of their development programmes.
Development theorists and critics of the various
projects taken up during the last two decades hav~
emphasised that !he concept. of plannjp.g and impl:mentation from the top' does not yield the desired results. These are innumerable c",ses where development projects have' failed even after cOmpletion be,cause they did, not actually take into account the
iequirements of the people at th~ grassroots. Even
today, for example, housing colonies for the poorer
sections are lying abandoned after completion because
a thorough study of' the needs <J.Ildrequirements of
the beneficiaries Were not given due consideration.
Developme'nt criti"" have pointed out th~ importance
of reversing the trend from top-down to bottom-up;
the need for planning from below, and ,he organisation ,and mobilisation of ,the poorer sections of successful implemenl"ctionof the 'development projects.
D'
RINKING .WATER is a' basic and essential ~equirement whIc1"was nnfulfilled among the trIbals i'n
Tundi. The problem was specially severe during the
pre-monsoon months when rivukts go dry." Apart
from construction of the' large diameter wells used
both for drinking water and irrigation, it was found
that the problem could be solved to a great extent. by
construction of small diameter shallow wells, locally
called 'Dari-C!tua', in low lying areas. The practice
of ,digging up these shallow wells during the lean
nlonths was existing from before; under this programme it was decided to' construct cemented shallow
wells in large numbers so that they would provide
clean and regular drinking water all. the year roul\d.
58 such wells have been completed and 23 are under
, construction.
After drinking water, irrigation to 'facilitate culti.vallon is, the main requireUlent of the tribals of,
Tundi, who are still essentially dependant on single
crop agriculture. The construction and deepening' of
,irrigation wells was taken up , un&r this programme '
and as a result of the awareness generated, asSociat",
,ed programmes like lift irrigation schemes of the
Minor krigatiolJ. Department, irrigation' Projects of,
Bihar Hill Area Lift Irrigation Corporation, and
construction of wells with subsidy' from DRDA were
also taken up as a special drive. ..
'scllenits, and had ako tully realised that they c6uid
ensure beller
, quality at cheaper cost by undertaking
the work themselves. They did not trust the other
departmentsBince many' schemes have' been left
inComplete by these departments due to delay and
escalation of ,costs. Moreover, in the past these departments had conStructed the schemes in their own
'wisdom, often impractical for' the tribals, who felt
, they had no utility for these. _
'
, I
(contd. trom p. 7)
20
t,,:
KURUKSHE~ JUly 1;
1~83
I.
.-
I
!
, ,
Inly 1, 1983
Now, in order to .overcome this difficulty, the heneficiaries themselves.were contacted for their views: All
the officers involved in the execution of this programme'
were oonversant with village life. Counting on the
native common sense of .the villagers, we explained
the vulnerability of a thatched roof to fire and also
the difficulty of.laying a tiled roof within the unit cost
of Rs. 1000, They understood the problem and
assured us that they wonld themselves contrib~te some
money for the tiled roof from their savings. In addi.
tion, they came up with a novel pr0]>OsaI. The pro-
"
:,'
-,'
at
Kupp;reddyglidem
Erappa's new'strength
U on.,EMPPA'of:Myaka1urahally,
,r:,Chitradprga:
District, the year
-.....
.
'.'
',;
Hiriyur 'Taluk,
1982-'83 was the
...
'
'.'
,'
~.
..'
-M. N. SHANKAR
FPO, Chitradurga
(Karnataka)
, ,
--:
22'
J. ': _ ~.'
,-
":'1,
.
",'
".".,
Rural
health
With the objecti"e of providing better primary hea'th care and medical care services to
r"ral areas, triba' areas, and poor people, differelll schemes have been launched to meet the basic
hea:tlz needs of rural areas, to prel'ent and control nutritiolta. deficiencies and to reduce mortalit)'
and morbidity among infalllS and chi dren.
Efforts to eradicate and contra' commun'cab 'e diseases and train'ng of hea.'th workers has
been a part of all hEa th care schemes, The new lO-point programme has laid special emphasis
all improving the hea th !itatus of peop 'e by promoting family
planning on a vo,'untary basis and to
augment primary hea thfaci ities and contra' ,eprosy, T. B. and b indne'S. Besides, programmes
are on for accelerating the wefare of women and chi dren, especia.'ly those in triba', hiil and
backward areas.
I:
---
prepay-
r,',
The main o bjecti v:: of h~a1th car~ p~ogram_"1l'~is to._makeit ~vailable to even the poorest of the poor.
Rural
health
A number of schemes hal'e been )auw;lred 10 extend medical and healtlr facilities
in rural
and tribal areas, such as Community Health Voluntary Schl!me (now kiloHm as Health Guide
Scheme), Multipurpose Workers Scheme, Reorientation of Medic'a! Education Scheme etc.
At
presellt 111
ere are 5,444 primary 1Iea:t1lcentres (PHC) and 51,192 sub-centres catering to tlce Icea'l1I
and medica' lIeeds of t1le vi loges. Eaclc PHC caters on 011 a,'erage 10 80,000 to 1,00,000 pop"'ation
i.e. abolll 80 to 100 l'i/ages.
A sub-centre CO"ers a population of 10,000 i.e. aboul 10 ,'ieages.
Tlce number of docto's alld 1Iospital beds has iltcreased by morel t1lall two-alld-a-haf
limes alld
Ihat o.fnurses by more than six limes sillce the p'an. began.
PUBL15HED
BY
PRINTED
BY THE
BUSINESS MANAGER:
MANAGER,
GOVERNMENT
S. L. JAISWAL
DIVISION,
NEW
DELHhllOOOl,
OF INDIA PRESS,
ASSTT. DIRECToR
AND
FARIDABAD,
(p) : K.
R. KRISHNAN