Exchange force model of nuclear physics

Exchange force model come from the molecular

and atomic physics. The exchange is just as some
electrons are share during the covalent bonding. If
all valances are filled then it can not affect the
presence of the third nuclei there.
In nuclear exchange model the incident particle
change its characteristics. An incident proton
change into neutron whiles the backward neutron
change into proton. The something is exchanged
between the nucleons. And this something
saturates this nuclear force.
According to the analytical result of theoretical
physics, the important term field introducation.
Like gravitational and electromagnetic.
If particle produce the field then presence of
external body intract with field directly not to the
first object directly.
According to the QFT the first object does not set
up a classical field throughout the space but
instead emits field quanta.
The second object can then absorb those field
quanta and remit back to the first object. The two

object are thus related by there exchange of the

field quanta exchange.
Nucleons are spin half particles. It is clear that only
integer spin can exchange 0 or 1 and must carry
electric change.
The exchange particle violate the rule of
conservation of energy and momentum (p). This
type of particle called virtual particle. Virtual
particle can not be detected at this instant. But
only force can be experience due to this particle.
Exchange paritlces that carry the nuclear force are
called mesons. Mesons came from greek Meso
meaning middle. Because the predicted mass was
between the massed of the electron and nuclean.
The pi mesons is simple exchange paricle in
nuclear potential.
GeigerNuttall law
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In nuclear physics, the GeigerNuttall law or GeigerNuttall
rule relates the decay constant of a radioactive isotope with the
energy of the alpha particles emitted. Roughly speaking, it states
that short-lived isotopes emit more energetic alpha particles than
long-lived ones.

The relationship also shows that half-lives are exponentially

dependent on decay energy, so that very large changes in halflife make comparatively small differences in decay energy, and
thus alpha particle energy. In practice, this means that alpha
particles from all alpha-emitting isotopes across many orders of
magnitude of difference in half-life, all nevertheless have about
the same decay energy.
Formulated in 1911 by Hans Geiger and John Mitchell Nuttall,[1]
in its modern form the GeigerNuttall law is

where is the decay constant ( = ln2/half-life), Z the atomic

number, E the total kinetic energy (of the alpha particle and the
daughter nucleus), and a1 and a2 are constants. The law works
best for nuclei with even atomic number and even atomic mass.
The trend is still there for even-odd, odd-even, and odd-odd
nuclei but not as pronounced.
Cluster decays
The Geiger-Nuttall law has even been extended to describe
cluster decays , decays where atomic nuclei larger than helium
are released, e.g. silicon and carbon.
Derivation
A simple way to derive this law is to consider an alpha particle
in the atomic nucleus as a particle in a box. The particle is in a
bound state because of the presence of the strong interaction
potential. It will constantly bounce from one side to the other,

and due to the possibility of quantum tunneling by the wave

though the potential barrier, each time it bounces, there will be a
small likelihood for it to escape.
A knowledge of this quantum mechanical effect enables one to
obtain this law, including coefficients, via direct calculation.
This calculation was first performed by physicist George
Gamow in 1928.