MECHANICAL VIBRATION

AND APPLICATION
IN CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY

Associate Prof. Dr. Nguyen Hong Ngan

Hochiminh City University of Technology

CHAPTER: 1

1. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1.Introduction to vibration
2.Description of vibration motions
3.Familiarization of vibration models
4.Introduction to computational method (MATLAB)

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Chapter 1

2. WHAT IS VIBRATION?

1. Oscillations (repetitive motions) of a body relative to a fixed

reference positions, e.g. pendulum.
2. Mechanical Vibration
3. Interplay between potential energy and kinetic energy

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3. EXAMPLES OF VIBRATION

Good (useful) vibration:

General industries crushers, jackhammer, concrete compactor, etc.
Medical and health electric massage, high frequency vibration
probe for heart disease treatment (www.flowcardia.com)
Music string instruments i.e. guitar etc.

Bad (unwanted) vibration:

Poor ride comfort in vehicle due to road irregularities
Sea sickness when traveling on ships, boats, etc.
Earthquakes
Fatigue failures in machine and structures
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4. CLASSIFYING VIBRATING
SYSTEMS
Lumped parameter models
Describe a vibrating system as a concentrated quantity (i.e.
body mass, stiffness and/or damping).
Solve for the response using Ordinary Differential equations
Rigid body vibration
Distributed parameter models
When mass, stiffness and/or damping cannot be described as
concentrated at a specified point.
Solve using partial differential equations
Elastic body vibration

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5. DESCRIBING MOTIONS OF
VIBRATING SYSTEMS
Periodic motions
Described as sine or cosine functions [sin (t) and cos(t)]
= radian frequency (rad/sec)
= 2f ;
where f is frequency (Hz)
Period = time between two adjacent peaks or valleys; P = 1/f

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5. DESCRIBING MOTIONS OF VIBRATING

SYSTEMS (CONT.)
Simple harmonic motion

yt Asint

Displacement

y t A cost

Velocity

y t A 2 sint

Acceleration

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5. DESCRIBING MOTIONS OF VIBRATING

SYSTEMS (CONT.)

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Chapter 1

5. DESCRIBING MOTIONS OF VIBRATING

SYSTEMS (CONT.)
Periodic motions

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Chapter 1

5. DESCRIBING MOTIONS OF VIBRATING

SYSTEMS (CONT.)
Units

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BASIC CONCEPTS OF VIBRATION

Periodic motion: these displacements of vibratory
motions are repetitive and their repetition is executed at
equal intervals of time with respective to an equilibrium
position, the resulting motion is said periodic.
The time required for th motion to be repeated is called
the period.
The frequency of vibration, f, is defined as the number
of cycles per unit of time:
1

fn

A harmonic motion is characteristically periodic. the

assumption of harmonic motion permits a problem to be
expressed mathematically in term of sine and cosine
function, with greatly simplifies its solution

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BASIC CONCEPTS OF VIBRATION

Degrees op freedom :The degrees of freedom of freely
vibrating body maybe defined by the number of
independent coordinates that required to identify its
displacement configuration during vibration.
Each of these possibilities of free vibration is defined as
a mode of vibration.
Natural frequency is the frequency of the system having
free vibration without friction.
Natural frequency of a freely vibrating body are equal in
number to its degrees of freedom and that there is a mode
shape associated with each frequency.

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BASIC CONCEPTS OF VIBRATION

Harmonic motion

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Chapter I
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Chapter I
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Chapter I
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6. SPRING ELEMENTS
Force-Deflection Relation

L = undeformed length (free length)

x = deflection due to applied load, f
k = slope of force/deflection
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6. SPRING ELEMENTS (CONT.)

Types of Spring Element
Linear spring element (Figure 1.3-1)
Torsional spring element

T = torque and
= twist angle
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6. SPRING ELEMENTS (CONT.)

Obtaining Spring Constants for common
elements

Spring stiffness depends on:

Material properties (E, G, )
Mechanical properties (A, L, d, w, V, h)
Boundary conditions (free ends, fixed end etc)

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6. SPRING ELEMENTS (CONT.)

Equivalent spring constant, Keq for springs in parallel and series

Parallel Arrangement
Assume same deflection, x for both spring elements
During static deflection condition, perform,
For n spring elements;
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k eq k i
i 1

F 0
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6. SPRING ELEMENTS (CONT.)

Series Arrangement

1. During static deflection / equilibrium, the deflection, x of

both springs are not the same unless k1 = k2, but both springs
experience the same force.
2. Therefore we have,

3. For n spring elements;

F
x
k1
k eq

k2

k1 . k 2
k1 k 2

=>

n 1
1

k eq i 1 k i

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EXAMPLE

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EXAMPLE

Chapter I
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EXAMPLE

Chapter I
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7. DAMPING ELEMENTS
Viscous damper

Linear model where damping force is proportional to relative

velocity.
where

Fd c . v

Fd = damping force;
c = damping coefficient;

v = relative velocity across damper

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7. DAMPING ELEMENTS (CONT.)

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7. DAMPING ELEMENTS (CONT.)

Equivalent damping constant, Ceq for dampers in parallel and series

Parallel Arrangement

Force applied such that the velocities across damper are the same
During static deflection condition, perform,
For n spring elements;

F 0
n

ceq ci
i 1

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7. DAMPING ELEMENTS (CONT.)

Series Arrangement
During static deflection / equilibrium, the deflection, both
dampers experience same force but with different relative
velocities across the dampers.
Therefore the velocity difference is given by;
For n spring elements;

c eq

c1 . c 2
c1 c 2

=>

F
c1

F
c2

n 1
1

c eq i 1 c i

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7. DAMPING ELEMENTS (CONT.)

In-class problems:
Determine the equivalent stiffness Keq for the following problems.

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ATIVITIES
S khc v ging nhau gia dao ng tun hon
v iu ha
Mi tng quan gia cc loi hnh tn s.
Th no l bc t do, tn s ring, dng ring, s
tn s ring v dng ring ca h dao ng,
Cc phn t c bn ca mt h dao ng.

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9. INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB / SIMULINK

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