Personality and Socialization

The meaning of personality

Crapo
Personality is refers to our consistent pattern of behavior, resulting from a more or less
enduring set of inner forces.
Barnouw
Personality - is a more or less enduring organization of forces within the individual, associated
with a complex of fairly consistent attitudes, values, and modes of perception which account, in
part, for the individuals consistency of behavior.
Anthropologists are interested in studying personality in relation to external cultural forces
and social pressures.
> hold that personality is a distinctive way a person thinks, feels, and believes.
> Personality as a product of socialization comes about as result of the interplay of various
forces, which include our biological inheritance or heredity, the cultural environment, social
groups, and social structures, and past experiences.
> Culture defines the nature of the society, ideas, norms, and values by which people can
interact and the kinds of roles one has to play.
> Culture guides the individual along the norms that express societys needs and values.
> The inherited potentials establish the range of socialization but the socio-cultural environment
greatly affects the extent to which the inherited potential can be realized.
FREUDS THEORY OF PERSONALITY
Sigmund Freud was a foremost psychoanalyst who formulated the first comprehensive
theory on personality and left a deep impact on subsequent psychologists.
Personality consisted of three major systems:
1. Id or the biological component - consists of everything psychological, including the
instincts which are inherited.
2. Ego the ego is the executive of personality and is the mediator between the needs of the
organism and the objective world of reality.
3. Superego (the social component) - is the internal representative of the traditional values and
ideals of society as interpreted to the child by its parents.
- is the moral arm of personality and consists of the conscience and ego is ideal.
ODIEPAL STAGE (4 to 5 yrs. Old) the period when the individual is gradually weaned from the
constant company of his or her parents and enters the social world.
GIDDENS Children then learn to repress erotic desires toward their parents.
Freud s theory was criticized mainly for the stress on sex and the childs erotic wishes and
the idea that all human behaviour and all cultural forms originate from the primary biological
sources. It has also been pointed out that many parts of his theory do not have empirical
basis. Nor can it be made to have empirical consequences.
CULTURE AND PERSONALITY
The view that personality development is a result of the interaction between the
individual and his society and culture has been held by a number of anthropologists.
HONINGMAN this accounts for the information of modal personality or a basic personality
structure where members of a society have shared elements of personality characteristics.
LAGMAY investigations of the socialization process focus on the years of infancy and early
childhood, the characteristics of the early emotional relationship between parents and child, late
childhood and adolescence, and the transformation to adulthood.
BEATRICE WHITINGS Study of six culture showed the relationship between child rearing
practices and personality in different settings.

BARNOUW gives evidence to show that mental disorders may be culturally patterned.
Behaviour considered abnormal in one society, like having trances, undergoing visionary
experience, or transvestism, may be considered normal in other cultures.
Lagmay found out that the child- rearing practices had influenced the development of such
values as non aggression, obedience, respect, sociability and achievement orientation.
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
This view expounds on the main phases of the childs development, giving emphasis on
the emergence of the self. It emphasizes the symbolic or communicative aspects of human
behaviour.
Language is crucial in the development of the self.
MED language enables the child to engage in forms of activity and relationships that make
him take the viewpoints of others. He or she can deal with events trough time past, present
and future.
Lindesmith and Strauss; Manis and Meltzer
It is held that that the distinctive characteristics of human intelligence and knowledge depend
upon communication and that human personalities arise with it.
THE PROCESS OF SOCIALIZATION
Socialization is a process whereby one acquires a sense of personal identity and learns what
societys culture believes and how it expects one to believe.
is a life- long process of learning and relearning, beginning at birth and continues until
death.
Enculturation is a partially conscious and partially unconscious learning experience whereby
an individual learns the traditional ways of thinking and behaving.
Socialization and Enculturation are social learning process of conforming to the norms and
values of the group, internalizing them, acquiring a status and performing the corresponding
role.
Basis, Gelles, and Levine through socialization, individuals not only acquire the values,
norms and skills of their culture, but acquire a sense of who they are and where they belong.
Social status refers to ones position or rank in a particular social group at a particular time.
Ascribed status a status may be assigned to a person at birth or at another stage in the life
cycle.
Social role refers to the expected behavior patterns, obligations, and privileges associated
with certain status.
Secord and Backman - various social pressures may subject the members to conformity, but
the members may react differently to them. Hence there can be similarities as well as difference
in behavior.
Wrong the culture may provide certain motives for pulling away from conformity with the
norms, such as desires for material wealth or needs, sensual satisfaction, and striving for power.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL SELF
>The human infant is born helpless, ignorant, and without a sense of self. The self - arises in in
a process of social interaction and social activity. This starts from birth when parents hold their
baby and attend to his needs. Normally, the child becomes the center of love, warmth, affection
and care, and he becomes egocentric or self centered.
Perruci and Knudsen if love are not sufficiently given, emotional deprivation results.
Giddens childrens play evolves from simple imitation to more complicated games where a
child of four or five will act out an adult role.
Mead points out that the self awareness is learned when ones learns to distinguish
between the I and the Me . The I refers to the unsocialized infant who has a number
of spontaneous wants and desires, while the me refers to the social self.

Self- concept- is a process by which we think out our actions to fit them to the actions of other
persons.
Philipchalk state that our self concept then refers to our thoughts or ideas about
ourselves, self as an object, as well as our on- going experience in perceiving, thinking,
remembering, and acting- our self as- doer.
>In our everyday life we express the existence of the self through such phrases as
proud of myself, ashamed of myself , lost control of myself , or hate myself.
THE LOOKING GLASS SELF
When the child has developed the ability to grasp the role and attitudes of other persons and
visualize himself through the eyes of others, he also acquired a social self.
Three elements are involved in this looking glass self:
a) Our imagination of our own appearance to the other person.
b) Our imagination of his judgement of that appearance
c) Some sort of self feeling such as pride and mortification
Kuhn and Mcpartland social emerges in the process of socialization as a result of social
experience, along with other social process, the development of self- preferences
and an awareness of role- playing.
Self- concept comprised of what are sometimes called identity elements or subidentities corresponding to social statues or categories.
Ross interaction includes not only the family but also the school, peers, the church, mass
media and all involvements of daily living.
GOOFMANS IDEA OF THE SELF
The Presentation of the self in everyday life In his book, he tried to show how certain
social process modify the presentation of self and the impact of role expectations on the
behaviour of an individual.
Goffman use concept like mask, performance and font.
Mask represents the concept one has formed of himself which one wears in consciously
playing a role or the role one is to live up to.
Performance refers to all the activities of an individual during a period marked by his
continuous presence before a particular set of observers.
Front- represent expressive equipment of a standard kind intentionally or unconsciously
employed by the individual during the performance like insignia of office, or rank, clothing, and
jewelry, looks, poture, speech patterns, make up. facial expressions, bodily gesture, and the like.
Face work refers to the process by which face is maintained in the roles one has been
assigned to play.
Crapo face work is necessity if one expects to be accepted as fully participating members of
the group.
ENRIQUEZ and SIKLOHIYANG FILIPINO
Using the concept of personality which is rooted in the concept of persona a mask which
can be observed from the outside.
Enriquez asserted that the study of values should be in terms of the Filipino world view,
experience and milieu.
Enriquez held that in the Philippine value system, kapwa
is at the very foundation of human
values.
This core value determines not only on the person s personality but more so his personhood or
pagkatao . One ceases to be Filipino, and to be human, without kapwa.
Agencies of Socialization

Cooley - they are primary in the sense that they are fundamental in forming the social nature
and ideals of the individual.
Examples of these primary groups are the family and the peer group, or ones friendship group,
be it in the community, school or any other formal organization.
THE FAMILY
Family is the main link between the individual and society .
Medina avers that the family acts as the social laboratory which prepares the child for life in
the bigger society, and that it is the family which is the first, the closest, and the most
influencial social group in the childs life.
Porio - she described the socialization process of these as a series of negotiations between
parents and children and further shaped or constrained by the larger contexts of
neighbourhood, peer relation, community, and the larger society.
Disgrasya also a euphemistic term for losing ones virginity through rape or immoral sexual
relations.
Parents prefer the boys to work in the streets and the girls to stay home because the latter
are vulnerable to physical and sexual abuses.
MEDINA the family protects the interest and welfare of the children and provides an
opportunity for them to become socially functioning persons.
THE PEER GROUP
PEER GROUP, GANG , or BARKADA
>This grouping of two or more members of more or less the same age with a loosely organized
structure. Peer group is an important milieu for socialization and has an important impact on
personality.
SHEPARD - he likewise learns to develop self- suffiency as his outlook and perspectives differ
from that of his parents.
LAGMAY - the young boys are warned against joining the barkada because the parents feel
that such kind of intense attachment brings more harm than good them.
GONZALES use of the peer or barkada was effective in tackling adolescent issues like
sexuality, health, and development.
SCHOOLS
>The school is the primary agent for weaning the child from home and introducing him into the
society.
>The kind of schools can have an effect on the fund of knowledge and skills that children
acquire.
>The Philippine Constitution provides that all educational institutions shall aim to inculcate
love of country; teach the duties of citizenship; and develop moral character, personal discipline,
and scientific, technological, and vocational efficiency.
DORONILA on how successful the public elementary school is in developing in students a
sense of national identity, which is one of the objectives of civic education in the Philippines.
The two possible explanations for the failure of the school to effect change are:
(a) little or no modification in the process of knowledge transmission by teachers, regardless of
their personal beliefs or opinions;
(b) the low frequency count to orientation toward national identity in the textbook contents,
which serves to reinforce prevailing orientations of parents and teachers.
As a result, the pupils are socialized into the existing and prevailing neutral attitude towards the
national community.
The Mass Media

Gidden numerous research work have been made trying to analyze the influence of
television programs on peoples behavior, but most of this research are not conclusive in its
implications.
McGee; Shepard - literature reveal that aggressive behavior, and that pro- social behavior is
to some degree relate to the kinds of programs children watch.
Light and Keller it is held that children who spend much of their free time in front of the
television set are likely to become jaded, because, compared to what they see on the television,
real life may seem dull and pass.
Mendez et al. through television, radio , and the movies, the child is exposed to the adult
world of commercial advertisements and soap operas.
Doronila found out that the development of appreciation of cultural products like language,
art, literature is positive influence of television.
Bassis, Gelles, and Levine the television exposes the children to social worlds they might
not experience, like foreign cultures, the arts, nature, and history in the making, as well as to
the world of work and romance and such complex problems as alcoholism, crime, prostitution,
and AIDS.
>Another effect of television is its supplanting of traditional activities, such as playing games of
indulging in some hobbies or listening to mothers tales.
THE CHURCH
>The church is an important agency of socialization.
>The church, through prayers, rituals and ceremonies, develop among people a strong faith in
God.
> Expectations of what would result from doing good, the fear of sin, concept of life after death,
and the concepts of heaven and hell motivate individuals to do what is good in order to be at
peace with their maker.
> People observe rituals and ceremonies connected with the life cycle of birth, baptism,
confirmation, marriage, and death.
THE WORKPLACE
> The employee is socialized in accordance with its role expectations.
> Some place of work provide formal training in the form of apprenticeship, orientation sessions,
and training courses.
> As one, interacts with his co- employees and boss, he is oriented into the organization- its
values and perspective.
SOCIALIZATION FOR SEX ROLE
The process of sex- role socialization usually begins at infancy.
Nanda girls and boys are both discouraged from imitating the behavior patterns considered
appropriate for the opposite sex and rewarded for following the activities considered appropriate
for their own sex.
> There have been questions raised whether these are differences in activities related to sex are
due to biology or to culture.
> For some findings the girls seem to have better verbal activity and boys have better spatial
ability.
> In the Filipino family, parents follow the cultural patterns and beliefs appropriate for a member
of each sex.
> A distinction between the sexes is shown by the color Blue for boys and Pink for girls.
> Baby girls ears are pierced and they are dressed in frills and bedecked with ribbons. Baby
boys born at the hospitals are usually circumcised.

There is also differentiation in the toys:

For girls dolls, pots, and pans;
For boys guns, cars, and archery targets
There is also differentiation in the games:
For girls (sedate games) bahay- bahayan ( playing house), playing school, piko ( hopscotch),
luksong tinik, Barbie dolls, and Polly pocket.
For boys (tumble games) patintero, football, basketball, war games, and those involving the
use of guns, slingshots and arrows.
>Boys help their father in his work, run errands, gather firewood, do the gardening, fetch water,
collect hogfeed from the neighbors and feed the animals, and take care of the livestock. Boys
are encouraged to be assertive, courageous, strong, and aggressive.
>The Girls help mother in cooking, washing, cleaning the house and taking care of the younger
siblings. Girls have to be modest, quiet, gentle, sweet, if not submissive.
Jocano the duties of the girls are to sweep the rooms, and yard and plant flowers.
The boys duties are to pull or cut the grass around the schoolhouse and hoe the garden.
Eviota points out that the education men and women receive reflects sex role biases, and that
despite the large proportion of female students vis- a- vis the male students there is no equality
on account of the concentration of females in certain disciplines.
- Descries that women tend to have a low status and limited access to social options in
exercising social power because of traditional sex roles and social structures.
Layo - wrote, tend to cluster in sales and upper professions.
Castillo also pointed out that there is a greater rate of underemployment among women than
among men and a tendency to earn less in almost every major occupation or industry.
Rasul bill gives women full and equal status as men.
Among their rights are:
Opportunity to borrow money without the consent of the husband
Access to all government and provincial programs granting agricultural credit and nonmaterial assistance.
The success of nation- building programs depends on the equal partnership of men and
women in social, political, economic, religious, and other activities.
DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
Deviance behavior that goes beyond certain limits of what is considered normal and is in
ways radically different from the norms, especially if done consistently.
- May also be defined as behavior that violates significant and widely held social norms and
thereby evaluated and reacted to negatively by members of a society.
- Is thus the result of a judgement by members of a society that an individual is departing
from social norms.
Deviant behavior is one of that is different in terms of the norms and values of a particular
culture and may range from violating relatively trivial norms to actions that run counter to
deeply held beliefs and values.
- May be a label for a violation of rules for which sanctions are applied to an offender.
Anthropologists- are concerned primarily with how members of a society jointly reach
consensus about deviance.
Sociologists- are interested in how deviance comes about and its effects on society.
EXPLANATIONS FOR DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
Biological explanation states that deviant behavior is a result of aberrant trait as in such
cases as homosexuality, criminality , or mental illness.
Phsychological explanation is that deviant behavior is brought about by inner conflicts or by
ones inability to control inner impulses or failure to structure his behavior in an orderly way.

Some Social Scientists - view deviant behavior as a form of aggression against others or
against society because of frustration.
Durkhiem- holds that there is desirable normative structures, but in times of rapid social
change, a state of anomie or normless occurs.
Merton applied the concept of anomie by explaining the relationship between cultural goals
and the institutional means of achieving these goals.
Following typology of deviant behavior :
Conformists are those who accept the culturally approved goals, like having a high
standard of living, but disregard the institutionalized means to achived them.
Criminals- who wish to have more wealth and those who commit graft and corruption to
have a high standard of living fall under this category.
Ritualists are those who give up the cultural goals but follow the generally approved
means to the letter.
Retreatists are those who abandon both the cultural goals and the prescribed means to
achieved them.
Calvert Marxists also feel the law is more vigorously applied against some groups, the working
class or those perceived as a threat.
Becker considers deviance as the application of the rules and sanctions by others to one who
strays away from the norms.
Thio the deviant so- labelled suffers other types of reactions such as humiliation degradation,
harassment, imprisonment, and eventually dehumanization.
DRUG ABUSE AND DRUG ADDICTION
Drug Abuse Board- a drug is any chemical substance that brings out physical, emotional, or
behavioral changes in a person taking it.
Drug abuse when the use of these drugs, lawful or unlawful, results in an individuals
physical, mental, emotional, or social impairment.
- Is also rampant among professionals and other non- youth sectors.
Drug Addiction is a state of physical or psychological need of drugs which results from its
continuous use.
Physical dependence exist only if withdrawal symptoms appear when the person stops using the
drug he vomits or experiences muscular tremors.
>Psychological dependence exist when the effects produced by a drug becomes necessary for
the persons well being . In such state, the person loses his power of self- control so that he
endangers himself and others.
Marijuana one of the favorite drug used in the country.
- Is a drug found in the flowering top and leaves of an Indian hemp plant, Cannabis saliva.
- Smoking marijuana is a social phenomenon and is learned just as any behavior is learned.
- Marijuana goes by such names reefers, joints, stick, or marijuana.
Clinard- contends that a marijuana smoker experiences certain enjoyable sensations. Thus,
they look forward to smoking the next stick of marijuana to experience the
pleasure.
Amphetamines and mandrax the next most widely used. Third was LSD or lysergic acid
derivative. Taking a dose of the drug is commonly known as taking a trip.
Shabu (metamphetamine HCD) ranks second to marijuana .
- It also used by popular personalities in the entertainment and movie world.
- It is synthetic drug which has a stimulating effect on the nervous system and can damage
the brain.
Zarco found certain social and personality variables related to marijuana use:
1.) The regular use of marijuana once a week or oftener was found among the freshmen and
sophomores, while its experimental use once or twice was highest among the juniors. This
seems to show that regular users do not continue schooling into the later years in the university.

2.) Male students have higher participation rate in marijuana use than women. In the data
gathered from the various rehabilitation centers.
3.) Pre marital sex experience is highly associated with marijuana use.
4.) Homosexuality and marijuana use are also closely associated.
5.) Scholastic performance as measured by grades is inversely correlated with marijuana use.
6.) Good parent- child relations and communication are also inversely related to marijuana use.
7.) A slightly higher incidence of marijuana use is found among students who live with their
parents compared with those living in dormitories or with families not their own.
8.) Drug use is highest among members of campus Greek letter fraternities and sororities
compared to other organizations.
The survey gathered from the various rehabilitation centers as reported by Montano:
1.) The drug patients come from all social classes, although the majority come from the middle
class.
2.) The majority are between the ages of 15- 24.
3.) One half of the patients are high school students or graduates.
4.) The frequently used drugs are marijuana, cough, syrup, and tranquilizers.
5.) Majority of the patients claimed that they were drawn to the drug by peer pressure, or the
barkada. About 1/5 said curiosity made them try the drug. About 1/10 said that they had
family or personal problems.
TREATMENT OF DRUG ADDICTS
LIndesmith - is a result of long experience with the drug, a self- concept of one as an addict,
the peer group pressure, and the recognition of the importance of the drug in relation to
withdrawal symptoms.
For treatment and rehabilitation, it is better to take the addict to a rehabilitation, it is better to
take the addict to rehabilitation center or hospital rather than keep the patient at home.
Rehabilitation involves developing to the optimum the remaining capabilities for a healthy
life of the drug dependent his physical, emotional, psychological, spiritual, vocational, and
occupational potentials.
PROSTITUTION
Prostitution is said to be the oldest profession. It is almost universal and, disapproved in most
societies. The patron or customers pays for this relationship.
Clinard prostitution is sexual intercourse on a promiscuous and mercenary basis with
emotional indifference.
Moselina reported that there were 9,056 registered hostesses and other entertainment
workers in the network of 500 clubs, bars, hotels, sauna, baths, massage, clinics, and other
entertainment areas, and an estimate of 8,000 street walkers playing their trade.
- Opine that commercialized prostitution is not the root problem bit is only a symptom of
the basic structural problem in the society.
>These girls are employed in night clubs, disco, or beer joints, pubs, cocktail lounges or
dance halls (cabarets) as hostess, masseurs, attendants, waitress, ago- ago dancers, and stripteasers. There are the so-called call girls who operate from hotels or a central clearing house.
Then there are the street walkers who ply their trade along the streets near theaters or
restaurants; they are not affiliated with any group.
>Prostitute have a low self- image. The job is considered as dangerous to their physical wellbeing as well as their lives, especially when they are dealing with sadistic, drunk, possessive or
jealous customers.
>The job also takes toll on them because of their lack of sleep, smoking, use of drugs, irregular
eating habits, and worry. Their greatest fear is contracting venereal disease.
Some reasons for staying in this kind of work:

The primary reason is economic pressure, poverty, or insufficiency of income.

The desire to earn more easy money.
Were deceived or forced by recruiters.
Some had an unhappy childhood or came from broken homes.
The traumatic or unpleasant experiences such as rape, abandonment by husband, or
having an unhappy marriage or an illegitimate child pushed others into prostitution.
>Some have banded to form STOP the trafficking of prostitutes. This is a movement aimed at
preventing the exploitation of minors. They provide livelihood opportunities and develop a
sisters keeper attitude towards the girls, counselling, spiritual motivation and follow up cases
of identified prostitutes.
>For the control of prostitution, employment has to be regulated and young ones should be
trained in skills to be able to have a stable livelihood. Its solution will depend on national policies
of income distribution and promoting a more equitable development between the rural and
urban communities.

Prepared by:
Jenny Rose Bacay
BEED - IV
Prepared to:
Mam Fe Sangcate