https://www.scribd.

com/doc/82411097/Environmental-Impact-Assessment-Methodologies-2nd-Edition

https://www.scribd.com/doc/210728080/BC-Punmia

1st a) Question
Environment (biophysical), the physical and biological factors along with their chemical interactions that affect
an organism or a group of organisms. Environment (systems), the surroundings of a physical system that may
interact with the system by exchanging mass, energy, or other properties.
Human life is surrounded by environment, which comprises of the basic elements like water, vegetation, climate,
air, soil, etc. For the safe survival of life on earth these natural resources should be protected and preserved.
Elements of environment are as follows:
1. Climate:
Climate is a combination of various dimensions like temperature, rain, humidity, air, etc. Climate, changes with
respect to the place, situation, region and location. In a colder region the climate is generally healthy, but
increase in the humidity offers a favorable condition for the growth of microorganisms and spread of respiratory
problems, and disease related to the bones.
Air pressure, which is 760 mm Hg while going at height, which is above sea level, the air pressure, reduces and
thus oxygen level is also reduced.
With the result, man suffers from mental fatigue, headache, sleeplessness, increased respiration, coagulation of
Hemoglobin, etc. And if we move below the sea level, air-pressure increases and oxygen, nitrogen and carbon
dioxide absorption by the body increases.
Scarce or excessive rainfall also affects environment. When there is an excessive rain, humidity and dampness
increase which becomes a good habitat for the microorganisms, flies, mosquito, etc.
Many diseases producing bacteria and virus may spread communicable diseases like cholera, typhoid and
malaria. Places where the rainfall is scarce desert vegetation and dry environment prevail.
2. Natural Vegetation:
Every state whether it is in cold or hot region, natural vegetation is affected by the climate and temperature of the
region. Thus natural vegetation is the outcome of the local environment. Vegetation provides food to human
beings. It is the combination of sun, water and soil, which produces rich vegetation.
A good forest can and does produce enough material to sustain human habitation. It is of great advantage to
have agricultural fields in the vicinity of a forest. Every vegetation has its own character shaped by its elevation,
climate, terrain, soil and water conditions.

Varieties of essential items are provided by plants and trees like fodder for animals, fuel, compost etc. Vegetative
growth and its protection are necessary for human survival. Hence environmental sanitation has become very
important.
3. Soil:
Soil is the top most layer of land , which is composed of silica granules, water and other matter as impurties. IT
plays a crucial role in the life and water cycle. The chemical composition of the soil gives nutrition to plants and
trees to increase the productivity. Anmls move on land and feed on the these trees. Sandy Soil, rocky and clay
will affect the environment and climate vegetation.
Clay has lot of moisture in it and keeps the water level high in which disease producing bacteria and virus grow.
Sandy soil contains sand particles, which can damage the eyes and spread diseases like Trachoma, intestinal
worms and other disease-producing microorganisms.
4. Water:
Water is the essential ingredient supporting the life on the planet. Present in rivers, ponds, well, spring, lakes,
seas and oceans, water occupies 75% of the earth surface. The drying-up and replenishment of water from all
these sources is a natural process. Underground water in wells, tube well etc. replenish water from the rainwater
seepage.
Water is utilized for a variety of functions by various bodies, such as, household water consumption, industrial
institutions, etc.,

2 a)
Sustainable Development
Sustainable development, as defined in the Act, means development that meets the needs of the
present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Projects should not unduly affect the carrying capacity of the ecosystems (and populations)
with which they interact. Economic decisions need to be predicated on maintenance of
ecological integrity, as healthy ecological systems provide for a healthy economy.
The EIS shall consider these concerns and will incorporate the comments received during
public participation and Aboriginal consultation. The EIS shall also, in considering the Project
(including alternative means of carrying out the project) address the relationships and
interactions among the various components of the ecosystems with the goal of meeting the
needs of present as well as future populations. The Proponent shall include in the EIS the
extent to which the Project contributes to sustainable development by considering the
following:
the extent to which biological diversity may be enhance or affected by the Project;
the capacity of renewable resources that are likely to be affected by the Project to meet
the needs of present and future generations; and
the extent to which the Project will enhance the long-term environmental, social, and
economic viability of the community.