74 Mount Auburn Street Energy Audit Report

TABLEOFCONTENTS
1.0
EXECUTIVESUMMARY.............................................................................................3
2.0
BACKGROUND.........................................................................................................5
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
3.0
GENERALINFORMATION.........................................................................................9
3.1
3.2
3.3
4.0
EnergyConservationRecommendationSummary
LowCostEnergyConservationRecommendations
UTILITYANALYSIS...................................................................................................23
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
6.0
AuditTeam
AuditProcess
FinancialAnalysisMethodologiesandAssumptions
ENERGYCONSERVATIONRECOMMENDATIONS....................................................12
4.1
4.2
5.0
SpaceTypes
OccupancyandUseSchedules
RecentBuildingSystemUpgradesandExistingConditions
RenewableEnergyAssessment
EnergyUseIndexandBenchmarks
UtilityRateSchedules
CO2EquivalentsforUtilities
AnnualDegreeDaysFY06FY11
UtilityPerformanceSummarybyFiscalYear
UtilityComponentBreakdown
EndUseComponentEnergyUsageBreakdown
EnergyUseandCostIndicesbyFiscalYear
ElectricalDemand
LEEDFOREXISTINGBUILDINGS:OperationsandMaintenance.............................31
6.1
6.2
6.3
Certification
EPAPortfolioManager
CreditTotals
APPENDICES.....................................................................................................................32
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
MeasuredElectricalData
ASHRAELevelIIReportGuidelines
ECRAssumptionsandCalculations
BuildingEnvelopeThermalImagingReport(UnderSeparateCover)
AerialThermographicImage
LEEDforExistingBuildingsScorecard
LifeCycleCostCalculationsforECRs
1.0
EXECUTIVESUMMARY
At the request of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS), Green Building Services (GBS) and Facilities
Maintenance Operations (FMO) jointly performed a comprehensive energy audit of 74 Mount Auburn
Street (MAS) to identify opportunities to save money and energy, while reducing the Universitys
greenhousegasemissions.WethankthebuildingmanagementteamfromFASforsupportingthisaudit,
and in particular, Ray Traietti for his assistance in providing the operations and maintenance history
alongwithotherinformationhelpfultotheseefforts.
ThisauditmeetsorexceedstheLevelIIrequirementsestablishedbyASHRAE1andadoptedin2009by
theHarvardGreenhouseGas(GHG)WorkingGroupforBuildingEfficiencyandDemandManagementas
thestandardforallcampusenergyaudits.Asaresult,thisreportincludesthefollowing:anhistorical
analysis of all building utility consumption (electricity, district steam, natural gas, and city water);
specific efficiency improvement recommendations for each of the primary building systems (HVAC
equipmentanddistribution,lighting,plugloads,anddomesticwaterheating);andadetailedfinancial
analysis of each recommendation, which includes the Savings to Investment Ratio (SIR) based on life
cyclecostsandusingcontractorprovidedpricingforfullinstallation.Thiscomprehensiveapproachuses
structuredtechniquestoprovideavaluableframeworkforsubstantialandmeasurableutilitiessavings.
In addition, the Audit Team performed a wide range of measurements and calculations that exceed
ASHRAE Level II requirements, including: planned completion of a full infrared thermographic scan of
thebuildingenvelopetoidentifyopportunitiestoreduceleakageoftemperedair;adetailedreviewof
building automation controls and equipment sequence of operations; and calculation of current and
projectedgreenhousegasemissionstosupporteachenergyconservationrecommendation.
KeyAuditFindings:
Infiscalyear2011,MASspent$16,928onallutilities.
Eighteen(18)separatelowcostEnergyConservationRecommendations(ECRs)identified.
Annualizedsavingsforof alllowcost ECRstotals$4,193,a25%reductionat currentenergy

prices.
PotentialtoreducetotalGHGemissionsby14%fromtheFY06baselineand26%fromFY11.
PotentialtoreduceEnergyUseIndex2by25%fromFY11.
Estimatedpaybackperiodfrombuildingbudgetenergysavingsforrecommendedlowcost
ECRsisfortyfive(45)months. (ThetableonPage4summarizesspecificrecommendations
andpaybackperiodswithexpectedutilitysavingsforthebuilding.)
This audit demonstrates the potential for MAS to serve as a model of sustainable building operations
and resource conservation at Harvard. To that end, the Audit Team hopes this report proves to be a
usefuldecisionmakingtoolinconsideringsustainablebuildingoperationstrategies.Wealsobelievethe
value of this report can be further enhanced with a presentation by the Audit Team that encourages
directdialoguewithkeydecisionmakers.Toinitiatethosediscussions,wewillbeincontactduringthe
coming weeks to schedule a meeting with the building management team to review audit findings
and help guide ECR implementation. We strongly believe that with continued collaboration, FAS can
1
American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers

EUI is a measurement value used to compare one buildings energy consumption to another. When making comparisons between buildings, it
is important to ensure their schedule, occupancy, climate, and space types are similar.
make significant progress towards the goal of ensuring a sustainable, healthy, and energyefficient
buildingenvironmentatMAS.
74MountAuburnStreetLowCostEnergyConservationRecommendations
ECR
#
ECRTitle
Reasonfor
Evaluation
Approx.
Annual
Building
Savings
Approx.
Annual
University
Savings
Net
Costs
SIR
Simple
Payback
Years
Replace75wattincandescentlampswithLED
alternative
Inefficient
lighting
$969
$831
$825
22.5
0.9
Replace32wattT8lampswith25wattalternative
Inefficient
lighting
$231
$198
$180
12.1
0.8
Replace17watt2'T8lampswith15watt
alternative
Inefficient
lighting
$1
$1
$3
5.6
2.6
Replaceincandescenttaskandoverheadlamps
withCFLalternative
Inefficient
lighting
$47
$41
$175
4.0
3.7
Installoccupancysensortooperatebathroom
exhaustfanandlights
Inefficient
lightingcontrol
$210
$99
$450
8.1
2.1
InstallEcostripstoshutdownperipheralsduring
unoccupiedperiods
Inefficient
receptacle
control
$28
$24
$180
2.3
6.3
Replacetoiletwithlowflowalternative
Inefficient
flushfixtures
$43
$30
$400
1.7
9.2
Replaceurinalflushometerwith0.5gallonper
flushalternative
Inefficient
flushfixtures
$22
$15
$170
2.0
7.8
Replaceexistingheatinghotwaterpumpswith
automaticspeedcontrolledalternative
Inefficient
HVACcontrol
$283
$243
$2,200
1.9
7.8
10
RepaireconomizerfunctionofstudiospaceAHUs
Inefficient
HVACcontrol
$418
$359
$2,000
3.1
4.8
11
InstallCO2sensorandoccupancysensortocontrol
operationofbasementAHU
Inefficient
HVACcontrol
$1,008
$580
$3,000
5.6
3.0
12
Installvalveforheatinghotwatercoilinbasement
AHUtodecreasesteamconsumptioninbuilding
Inefficient
HVACcontrol
$321
$67
$2,000
3.1
6.2
13
Installprogrammablethermostatstocontrol
operationofFCUs
Inefficient
HVACcontrol
$96
$83
$800
1.8
8.3
14
operationofbaseboardradiation
Inefficient
HVACcontrol
$149
$31
$200
14.2
1.3
15
ProgramoutdoorairtemperatureresetforHHW
system
Inefficient
HVACcontrol
$190
$40
$1,200
3.0
6.3
16
Insulatedomestichotwaterpipinginbasement
mechanicalroom
Uninsulated
piping
$22
$0
$250
0.7
11.3
17
Insulateoutdoorairintakeforopenofficespace
AHU
Compromised
envelope
$1
$0
$10
1.0
19.5
18
Installinteriorstormwindowsforstudiospace
Compromised
envelope
$153
$32
$1,600
1.8
10.4
Total
$4,193
$2,676
$15,643
3.7
2.0
BACKGROUND
74MountAuburnStreet(MAS)housestheOfficefortheArtsatHarvardUniversity.Purchasedbythe
University in 1971, the building is owned and operated by the FAS. The building was originally
constructed in 1916. MAS has a total of fifteen (15) offices, houses the University band and includes
studio space for a number of dance groups. The building has two (2) floors above grade and an
occupiedbasementlevelencompassingatotalof8,438squarefeetofspace.
2.1
SpaceTypes
The two main levels at MAS are used as office and conference space for the Office of the Arts. The
basementlevelhousesthebandequipmentandofficespaceforbandpersonnel.Thebasementlevel
alsohousesthebuildingmechanicalequipment.
74MountAuburnStreetSpaceTypes(Sq.Ft.)
Floor
OfficeSpace
CommonArea
Corridor
Mechanical/
Storage
Total
Basement
300
1,200
400
1,100
3,000
FirstFloor
2,400
300
300
3,000
SecondFloor
1,438
800
200
2,438
Totals
4,138
2,300
900
1,100
8,438
2.2
OccupancyandUseSchedules
TheofficespaceandcommonareasatMASaretypicaloccupiedduringworkhours(8a.m.5p.m.)by
thestaffofthebuilding.Thebasementbandareaistypicallyoccupiedbybandmembersafter5p.m.
andontheweekends.Whilesummerseeslowertotaloccupancyofthebuilding,manyroomsarestill
used by staff. Payback calculations for conservation projects included twentyfour (24) fulltime
occupantsandavisitoraverageofseventy(70)perday.Theseoccupancypatternsareleveragedinthe
energyconservationstrategiesincludedinthisreport.
Thechartbelowrepresentsthetypicaloccupancybyspacetype.
74MountAuburnStreetOccupancySchedules
SpaceType
MondaythroughFriday
Sat
Sun
BandSpace
5p.m.12p.m.
Alltimes
OfficeSpace
8a.m.5p.m.
Closed
2.3
RecentBuildingSystemUpgradesandExistingConditions
In recent years, the MAS building systems have benefited from a variety of resource efficiency
improvements.Tosavewater,manyitsplumbingfixturesandfittingshavebeenreplaced,includingthe
aerators and toilets with low flow alternatives. Additionally, the heating system efficiency has been
improved by fitting the hot water radiators with Braukman control valves and installing local
thermostatsforlimitedcontrolofthefancoilunits.Overall,thebuildingmechanicalequipmentisolder
butstillingoodworkingorder.
Thefollowingdescribestheexistingprimarybuildingsystems.
Heating
MASisservedbytheUniversitysdistrictheatingloopwithsteamproducedfromtheBlackstoneSteam
Plant.Thesteamsupplyentersthebasementonthesouthwestsideofthebuildingfeedingashelland
tubesteamtohotwaterheatexchanger.Heatinghotwateriscirculatedthroughoutbuildingviatwo
(2)pumps,operatinginalead/lagconfiguration.Theenddevicesareamixofhotwaterradiatorsand
fancoilunits.Theradiatorsareeachequippedwithathermostaticcontrolvalvestoallowforindividual
temperaturecontrolofthespaces.Thefancoilunitsareequippedwithalocalthermostattocontrol
fanoperationbutdonothavecontrolvalvestocontroltheflowofhotwatertoindividualunits.The
larger basement social area is heated by a heating and ventilation unit located in the basement
mechanicalroom.Theoperatingscheduleforthatunitiscurrently24/7.
Cooling
MAS is not on the Universitys district chilled water. Some of the basement, first and second floor
spaces are cooled during the summer months with window airconditioning units. Two packaged air
conditioning units located on the roof provide cooling for the dance studio area. These units have
economizer functionality to allow for free cooling when outdoor air temperature and humidity
conditionspermit.
Ventilation
ThebasementandsecondfloorstudiospaceofMAShavecentralizedventilation.However,theTeam
notedthattheoutsideairdampersofthedancestudiopackagedairconditionerunitsdidnotappearto
operatecorrectly.Therefore,itisnotclearthatventilationairisbeingprovidedtothisspace.Inthe
basement,theAHUrunscontinuouslyinordertoventilateandconditionthebasementcommonspace.
Thebathroomslocatedinthebasementandfirstfloorsareequippedwithexhaustfansthatventatthe
roofofthebuilding.Theexhaustfansforthebasementbathroomsarecontrolledwithatimerthatdoes
not appear to be working based on field test conducted in the filed by the Team. The first floor
bathroom exhaust fans are controlled with the wall mounted switch located in each bathroom. The
windowsthroughoutthebuildingareoperablewithscreensandcanbeusedtoprovideoutsideairto
thespaceswhentheclimateallowsfornaturalventilation.
BuildingAutomationControls
MAS has limited building automation controls and is not part of the Siemens DDC building control
network. Heating for the building is controlled with a single thermostat which measures outside air
temperatureandmodulatesthesteamvalvebasedonthereadings.Thethermostatiscurrentlysetto
allowthebuildingtoenteritsheatingmodewhenambienttemperaturesarebelow50F.Thebasement
AHU is equipped with only basic controls used to maintain temperature set points in the basement
commonspace.TheAHUalsohasafaceandbypassarrangementsothatitcancontinuouslyventilate
the basement space regardless of whether the building is calling for heating. This arrangement was
installedbecausetheAHUheatingcoilisnotfittedwithavalvetopreventtheflowofheatinghotwater
throughit.Radiatorsthroughoutthebuildingareallequippedwiththermostaticvalveswhichcontrol
HHWflowtoeachradiator.Thefintuberadiantpipeinthebasementsocialroomiscontrolledwitha
nonprogrammable thermostat. The rooftop packaged units serving the dance studio are controlled
with programmable thermostats located in the studio space and are programmed for unoccupied
setbacks.
Lighting
The lighting throughout the building is primarily provided by T8 linear fluorescent overhead fixtures.
Overheadfixturesintheofficestypicallyusetwo(2)32wattlinearfluorescentlamps.Inafewofthe
conferenceroomsandinthestudiospaceonthesecondfloor,75wattR30lampsareused.Alllighting
throughoutthebuildingismanuallycontrolledbywallmountedswitches.
Plumbing
ThemajorityofthetoiletfixturesinMASaredualflushunitsequippedwitha1.6gallonsperflush(gpf)/
1.1gpfflushometer.Therearealsoafew1.6gpftanktypetoiletsinthebuilding.Thebathroomsinks
arefittedwith0.5gallonperminute(gpm)faucetaerators.
ElectricalMetering
The electrical supply is 120/240 volt single phase threewire service. The building has a single utility
meter.
BuildingEnvelope
MASisatwostorybrickstructureequippedwitholdsinglepane,doublehungoperablewindowsand
newlyinstalledstormwindowsonthefirstfloor.Woodsashesthroughoutfitpoorlyanddonotmakea
tightseal.
The roof is a black rubber membrane with approximately 2 of board insulation. An aerial thermal
image of MAS was taken during the winter months and identified a minimal heat loss from an
abandonedAHUwhichservesthefirstflooropenofficearea.ThisimageisincludedinAppendixE.
The exterior walls are assumed to have the following composition: two layers of brick, vapor barrier,
wood studs, and drywall. A full thermal scan of MAS will be completed during the winter months to
helpidentifyheatlossopportunities.
DomesticHotWater
Domestic hot water (DHW) is supplied by one (1) A.O Smith 40gallon freestanding natural gasfired
water heaters. DHW in the tanks is maintained at 125F and used for bathroom and kitchen sink
faucets.
Safety Concern: There is no combustion air provided for the natural gasfired water heater. Although
there is a louver installed in the door to the entrance of the mechanical room, the heater should be
providedwithadedicatedmakeupairduct.Withoutmakeupair,thereisthepossibilityofallowingthe
trespassofcarbonmonoxideintooccupiedareas.
2.4
RenewableEnergyAssessment
As part of the auditing process the Team examined the possibility of adding renewable energy
technologies at MAS including: solar photovoltaic (PV), solar hot water, small scale wind, and
cogeneration systems. This analysis is meant to provide general information regarding existing
conditionsatMASandisnotmeanttoserveasaguaranteeregardingthefeasibilityofinstallinganyof
thesesystems.
SolarPV:MAScontainsflatroofsectionsthatcouldpossibilitybeusedtoinstallsolarpanels.Theopen
roof will allow for panels to be oriented in the southern directions to maximize the exposure to the
southernsun.SurroundingbuildingsareslightlytallerthanMASandtheycouldshadeportionsofthe
roof,reducingtheamountofusablesunlight.
Solar Hot Water: The flat roof at MAS would make it a possible candidate for a solar hot water
installation. Some shading constraints due to surrounding buildings could potentially limit the usable
roof space. Additionally, the domestic hot water load at MAS is relatively minimal, creating a longer
paybackforthissystem.
Small Scale Wind: Due to the urban location of MAS small scale wind turbines would likely not be
feasibleduetoinconsistentwindflowsandhighpopulationdensity.Thewindturbinesgenerateafair
amountofnoisewhichmaybedisruptivetothepeopleinthearea.Additionally,theflickeringshading
effectcausedbythespinningbladesmayalsobeadisturbancetopeopleinthearea.
Cogeneration: The Team does not see any opportunities for cogeneration at the building due to its
relativelysmallheatload.
2.5
EnergyUseIndexandBenchmarks
Thechartbelowsummarizesthecurrent,aswellasthehistoricalenergyuseindexesandutilitycostsof
MAS.Sincecitywaterisnotconsideredanenergyuse,itisnotincludedinthecalculationoftheEUIand
isnotincludedinthetotalenergycostpersquarefootcalculation.
EnergyUseIndicesfor74MountAuburnStreet
2006
(baseline
usedfor30%
GHG
Reduction
Goal)
CurrentEUI
basedon
FY2011Data
kBtupersq.ft.
47.08
TotalEnergyCostpersq.ft
$1.68
Metric
Annualized
withallECRs
Savings
Potential
from
FY2011
Equivalentto
meet30%
GHG
reduction
goal
65.63
48.67
25%
32.96*
$1.88
$1.39
$0.49
TheUniversitywide30%GHGreductiongoalisnotintendedtobeinterpretedasastrictlyschoolorbuildingbasedtarget
Since the baseline year of 2006, total energy use for MAS increased by 39%. The recommendations
identifiedinthisreporthavethepotentialtoreducetheEUIby25%fromFY11.
ENERGYSTARRating
MASsofficespaceisrecognizedbytheENERGYSTARPortfolioManagerProgram3andthuseligiblefor
anENERGYSTARrating.Aminimumratingof75isnecessarytoreceiveENERGYSTARcertification.The
currentENERGYSTARratingforMASis82,indicatingthebuildingisperforminginthe82thpercentileof
buildings of comparable size and in similar climates. By implementing the recommendations in this
reportitispossibletoachievecertificationwithanevengreaterENERGYSTARrating.
3.0
GENERALINFORMATION
3.1
AuditTeam
The Harvard University Energy Auditing Services is collaboration between Facilities Maintenance
Operations(FMO)andGreenBuildingServices(GBS).TonyRagucci,AssociateDirectorofFMO,served
astheauditprogrammanager.KevinSheehan,FMOSupervisorofTechnicalMaintenanceServices,led
the technical equipment review. Eric Potkin, GBS Project Coordinator and Kevin Bright, GBS Assistant
ProgramManagerperformedECRidentificationanddraftedprimaryfindings.
3.2
AuditProcess
Priortostartingfieldvisits,theAuditTeamcollectedhistoricalenergydataforMAS.
The Team visited MAS in the summer of 2011 and collected detailed information on the mechanical,
lighting, and plumbing systems as well as occupancy, building use patterns, and equipment operating
schedules. Additionally, the building management staff provided valuable information regarding
equipment maintenance. Ultimately, each recommendation was fully priced and energy savings and
paybackestimatescalculated.
The enhanced utility monitoring and greenhouse gas reduction reporting included in this report
exceeds the ASHRAE Level II Energy Audit requirements. More information regarding the data
collectionandanalysisrequirementsofanASHRAELevelIIEnergyAuditcanbefoundinAppendixB.
3.3
FinancialAnalysisMethodologiesandAssumptions
All financial analyses included in this report were derived using the Harvard Life Cycle Cost (LCC)
Calculator.ThecalculatorwascreatedbyOfficeforSustainabilityincollaborationwiththeGreenhouse
GasFinanceWorkingGroup.Inthisaudit,theLCCcalculatorwasusedtoperformananalysisofeach
recommendation. Using the initial project cost, annual savings, life of the equipment, and the
equipments replacement cost, the LLC develops a variety of useful financial, energy savings, and
greenhousegasreductionmetrics.
The LCC calculator uses the following four assumptions to estimate the potential energy conservation
andfinancialsavings:
1. MaintenanceEscalationThisvariablerepresentstheannualincreaseinmaintenancecosts.In
thecalculator,itisassumedthatthesecostswillincreaseby2.2%eachyear.
3
ENERGY STAR is a government program that provides efficiency information to consumers and facility
managers. For more information visit: http://www.energystar.gov/
2. DiscountRateAlsoknownastherateofinterest,thisvariableisusedtoconvertordiscount
future cash flows to a common time. The default value of 8.0% is used for all of Harvards
proposed energy conservation projects in order to ensure results are comparable across the
University.
3. TimePeriodThecalculatorcomputessavingsforeachprojectoveraperiodof20years.
4. Utility Escalation Rate This variable represents the annual increase in utilities cost; in the
calculator,itisassumedthesecostswillincreaseby3.05%eachyear.
5. UtilityRatesTheratesusedintheLLCcalculatorreflecttheaverageUniversityrateforutilities
providedtoallbuildingsoncampus.Thebuildingspecificratesusedthroughoutthisreportonly
reflect the utility rate for the individual building. Therefore, the savings and payback times
reportedintheLLCcalculatormaydifferfromvaluesthroughouttherestofthereport.
The LCC calculator also reports five different metrics to determine the financial effectiveness of each
projectaswellasitspotentialimpactongreenhousegasesemissions.
1. 20YearNetPresentValue(NPV)Currenttotalvalueofallannualsavingsandonetimecosts,
minustheinitialcost.
2. SavingstoInvestmentRatio(SIR)20yearnetpresentvaluedividedbytheinitialinvestment.
ThisisaunitlessmeasureofperformancewhereiftheSIRisgreaterthanone,theprojectiscost
effective.Ifgreaterthanone,thismeansthatforeachextradollarspent,theamountsavedwill
begreater.IftheSIRislessthanone,foreachextradollarspent,theamountsavedwillbeless.
3. 20YearInvestmentCost/20YearMTCDE420yearinvestmentcost5ofeachmeasuredivided
bytheamountofgreenhousegasestheprojectwillmitigate.
4. NetPresentValue/TotalGHGReduction20yearnetpresentvaluedividedbytheamountof
greenhousegasestheprojectwillmitigate.
5. InternalRateofReturnTheannualyieldfromtheprojectoverthe20yearperiod.
The Team has included a copy of the LCC calculations for each identified energy conservation
recommendationinAppendixGofthisreport.ForacopyofHarvardsLifeCycleCostCalculatoranda
copyofitsguide,pleasevisitHarvardsGreenBuildingResource.6
BuildingBudgetSavingsversusNetUniversitySavings
UtilityExpenditures,RecoveryRates,andImpactsfromChangesinConsumption
Harvardsutilityexpendituresincludeaconsumptionvariable(lowerusageresultsinlessmoneyspent)
as well as an otherwise fixed cost for infrastructure (Harvardowned energy plants and distribution
systems.)Itisimportanttorecognizethesedifferencessincethecostofoperatingandmaintainingthe
universityownedinfrastructureisnotsignificantlyimpactedbyincrementalreductionsinusagesuchas
thoseidentifiedinthisreport.AllinfrastructurecostsareallocatedasCareandOperationsexpensesto
thebuildingbudgetsbasedonconsumptionrateofthepreviousyear.
MTCDE (Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent): This unit of measure is used to equate the greenhouse gas
or warming potential of different substances to carbon dioxide.
5
20 year investment cost: Total investment of all costs accrued over the time period.
6
http://green.harvard.edu/theresource/new-construction/life-cycle-costing/
10
While the buildinglevelutility expenseswillsee thefullreductionsidentified inthe ECRs, the bottom

linesavingstotheUniversitywillbenetoftheredistributedfixedcostsforinfrastructure.Forexample,
a building that lowers its annual chilled water bill by $100 (through reduced consumption) saves the
Universityonly$25duetotherelativelyhighfixedcostsofproducingchilledwater.Whereas,thesame
$100reductionappliedtoelectricitysavestheUniversity$85,becauseofthelowerfixedcostofelectric
distribution. This information should be considered when prioritizing ECRs and particularly when
evaluatingbuildingplantalternativestotheexistingdistrictenergysystems.
Thefollowingtablereflectstheapproximateportionoffixedcostsforeachutility.
FixedCostsofUtilitiesSuppliedthroughHarvardE&UInfrastructure
(FY11Rates)
Steam
ChilledWater
Electricity
Water
UnitRate
$29.92per
MMBTU
$10.39perTon
Day
$0.154perkWh
$14.31perCCF
ApproximateInfrastructure
Component
53%
75%
13%
24%
11
4.0
ENERGYCONSERVATIONRECOMMENDATIONS
4.1
EnergyConservationRecommendationSummary
ECRCollective
FacultyofArtsandSciences74Mt.AuburnStreet
ECR
MeasureType
Lighting
Lighting
Lighting
Lighting
LightingControl
Receptacles
WaterConservation
WaterConservation
HVACControl
10
HVACControl
11
HVACControl
12
HVACControl
13
HVACControl
14
HVACControl
15
HVACControl
16
Insulation
17
Insulation
18
Envelope
EnergyConservationRecommendation
Replace75wattincandescentlampswithLED
alternative
Replace32wattT8lampswith25watt
alternative
Replace17watt2'T8lampswith15watt
alternative
Replaceincandescenttaskandoverheadlamps
withCFLalternative
Installoccupancysensortooperatebathroom
exhaustfanandlights
InstallEcostripstoshutdownperipheralsduring
unoccupiedperiods
Replacetoiletwithlowflowalternative
Replaceurinalflushometerwith0.5gallonper
flushalternative
Replaceexistingheatinghotwaterpumpswith
automaticspeedcontrolledalternative
Repaireconomizerfunctionofstudiospace
AHUs
InstallCO2sensorandoccupancysensorto
controloperationofbasementAHU
Installvalveforheatinghotwatercoilin
basementAHUtodecreasesteamconsumption
operationofFCUs
operationofbaseboardradiation
ProgramoutdoorairtemperatureresetforHHW
system
Insulatedomestichotwaterpipinginbasement
mechanicalroom
Insulateoutdoorairintakeforopenofficespace
AHU
Installinteriorstormwindowsforstudiospace
TotalSavingsfromRecommendations
PercentageReductioninUtilityConsumption
TOTALFY11UtilityConsumption
Electricity
Steam
kWh
MMBtu
Natural
Gas
Therms
GHG
Reduction
MTCDE
Water
CCF
Total
Building
Savings
Total
University TotalCosts
Savings
Utility
Rebate
NetCosts
Cost/
MTCDE
Payback
(years)
SIR
6,820
2.7
$969
$831
$2,750
$1,925
$825
$1,034
0.9
22.5
1,624
0.6
$231
$198
$180
$0
$180
$284
0.8
12.1
0.0
$1
$1
$3
$0
$3
$962
2.6
5.6
334
0.1
$47
$41
$175
$0
$175
$1,343
3.7
4.0
591
0.7
$210
$99
$450
$0
$450
$682
2.1
8.1
200
0.1
$28
$24
$180
$0
$180
$2,312
6.3
2.3
0.0
$43
$30
$400
$0
$400
9.2
1.7
0.0
$22
$15
$170
$0
$170
7.8
2.0
1,996
0.8
$283
$243
$2,200
$0
$2,200
$2,828
7.8
1.9
2,945
1.1
$418
$359
$2,000
$0
$2,000
$1,742
4.8
3.1
4,003
22
3.1
$1,008
$580
$3,000
$0
$3,000
$981
3.0
5.6
16
1.1
$321
$67
$2,000
$0
$2,000
$1,827
6.2
3.1
678
0.3
$96
$83
$800
$0
$800
$3,027
8.3
1.8
0.5
$149
$31
$200
$0
$200
$393
1.3
14.2
0.6
$190
$40
$1,200
$0
$1,200
$1,855
6.3
3.0
0.0
$22
$0
$250
$0
$250
$6,523
11.3
0.7
0.0
$1
$0
$10
$0
$10
$5,727
19.5
1.0
0.5
$153
$32
$1,600
$0
$1,600
$3,061
10.4
1.8
19,198
68
12
$4,193
$2,676
$17,568
$1,925
$15,643
$1,280
3.7
29%
22%
7%
6%
26%
25%
65,400
314
99
94
47
$16,928
12
4.2
LowCostEnergyConservationRecommendations
Note:Savingscalculationsreflectsavingsfromindividualmeasuresonlyand donotassumethatother
recommendationshavebeenimplemented.Calculationsandassumptionsusedaresolelybasedonthe
existingequipmentandusageschedules.
Lighting(ECR1ECR5)
ECR1(implementedaspartofthestudentweatherization)
Replace 75-watt incandescent lamps with LED alternative
Annual Utility Savings
Budgetary
Cost
MTCDE
Electricity
Steam
Natural Gas
Water
kWh
MMBtu
Therms
CCF
$2,750
6,820
Annual
Savings
Available
Incentives
Payback
with
Incentives
Payback
without
Incentives
Metric Tons
Years
Years
2.7
$969
$1,925
0.9
2.8
ExistingCondition:InefficientLighting
Lighting in a portion of the offices, conference areas and second floor studio space is provided with
recessed can fixtures fitted with 75 watt R30 lamps. Other lamps can be used to reduce wattage
consumption.
Recommendation:Replacetheexisting75wattR30lampswitha13wattPhilipsR30LEDalternative
to reduce electric consumption. The new lamps will be a direct replacement for the existing
incandescent lamps and will maintain dimming functionality. The replacement LEDs also have a rated
lifespan of 45,000 hours versus 2,000 for the existing incandescent lamps, which will help reduce
maintenancecostsassociatedwithreplacingburnouts.
Implementation:Estimateincludesthecosttofurnishfiftyfive(55)PhillipsBR30LEDlamps.Inorder
to estimate the electric savings assumptions for daily usage were made based on space type. NSTAR
offers a $35 incentive for each of these lamps installed and these incentives are included in the price
calculations.FurtherinformationregardingassumptionsandthecalculationsmadeforthisECRcanbe
foundinAppendixC.
Replace 32-watt T8 lamps with 25-watt alternative
Budgetary
Cost
Electricity
Steam
Natural Gas
Water
kWh
MMBtu
Therms
CCF
$180
1,624
MTCDE
Annual
Savings
Available
Incentives
Payback
with
Incentives
Payback
without
Incentives
Metric Tons
Years
Years
0.6
$231
$0
0.8
0.8
Lighting for the basement and office spaces is provided by 32watt T8 fluorescent fixtures. There are
newerT8lampsavailablewhichprovidecomparablelightingoutputatgreatlyreducedwattages.
Recommendation:ReplacethelampsintheexistingT8fixtureswith25wattT8bulbs.Thenewlamps
willproduceapproximately10%lesslightthanthecurrentlamps;however,mostpeoplecannotnoticea
lightingreductionof10%orless.Additionally,reducingthelightingoutputwillstillmaintainadequate
lighting levels in all spaces. The existing ballasts can remain and will be compatible with the reduced
wattage,helpingtokeepinstallationcostsdown.
13

Implementation: Estimate includes the cost to furnish onehundred and sixteen (116) 25watt T8
lamps. In order to estimate savings yearly runtime estimates were made for each existing T8 fixture.
FurtherinformationregardingassumptionsandcalculationsareincludedinAppendixC.
Replace 17-watt 2' T8 lamps with 15-watt alternative
Budgetary
Cost
MTCDE
Electricity
Steam
Natural Gas
Water
kWh
MMBtu
Therms
CCF
$3
Annual
Savings
Available
Incentives
Payback
with
Incentives
Payback
without
Incentives
Metric Tons
Years
Years
0.0
$1
$0
2.6
2.6
Lighting for the bathrooms located on the first floor is provided by 17watt T8 fluorescent fixtures.
There are newer T8 lamps available that provide comparable lighting output at greatly reduced
wattages.
Recommendation: Replace the lamps in the existing T8 fixtures with 15watt T8 lamps. Lowering the
wattageofthelinearfluorescentlampswillhelpthebuildingreduceitselectricconsumptionthroughout
theyear.Theexistingballastscanremainandwillbecompatiblewiththereducedwattage,helpingto
keepinstallationcostsdown.
Implementation:Estimateincludesthecosttofurnishtwo(2)15wattT8lamps.Inordertoestimate
savingsyearlyruntimeestimatesweremadeforeachexistingT8fixture.Furtherinformationregarding
assumptionsandcalculationsareincludedinAppendixC.
Replace incandescent task and overhead lamps with CFL alternative
Budgetary
Cost
MTCDE
Electricity
Steam
Natural Gas
Water
kWh
MMBtu
Therms
CCF
$175
334
Annual
Savings
Available
Incentives
Payback
with
Incentives
Payback
without
Incentives
Metric Tons
Years
Years
0.1
$47
$0
3.7
3.7
WithintheofficesofMAS,tasklightsandaportionoftheoverheadlightsarefittedwithincandescent
lamps. There are compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) alternatives available which provide comparable
lightingoutputatgreatlyreducedwattages.
Recommendation:Replacetheincandescentlampsinthetasklightsandoverheadfixtureswithreduced
wattage CFL alternatives. Lowering the wattage of the task lights and overhead fixtures will help the
buildingreduceitselectricconsumptionthroughouttheyear.
Implementation:Estimateincludesthecosttofurnisheight(8)CFLlamps.Inordertoestimatesavings
yearly runtime estimates were made for each existing task light and overhead fixture. Further
informationregardingassumptionsandcalculationsareincludedinAppendixC.
14
Install occupancy sensor to operate bathroom exhaust fan and lights
Budgetary
Cost
MTCDE
Electricity
Steam
Natural Gas
Water
kWh
MMBtu
Therms
CCF
$450
591
Annual
Savings
Available
Incentives
Payback
with
Incentives
Payback
without
Incentives
Metric Tons
Years
Years
0.7
$210
$0
2.1
2.1
Annual
Savings
Available
Incentives
Payback
with
Incentives
Payback
without
Incentives
ExistingCondition:InefficientLightingControls
TherearefourbathroomslocatedatMAS.Onthefirstfloortherearetwobathroomsthatcontainlocal
exhaustfansandlightingsimultaneouslycontrolledbyawallswitch.Inonebathroom,asingle32watt
lamp provides lighting, in the other; two (2) 17 watt lamps are used for lighting. The wattage of the
exhaustfansinthefirstfloorbathroomsis50watts.Eachfanexhaustsapproximately50CFMfromthe
bathroom.Inthebasementlevel,therearetwolargerbathroomscontainingthreetoiletfixtureseach.
In these spaces lighting is provided with two (2) 32watt T8 lamps and controlled with a local wall
switch. Each bathroom has its own fan that uses 75 watts of power to exhaust 150 CFM from the
bathroom.Theexhaustfansarecontrolledwithatimeclockthatisnotfunctioningcorrectly.
Recommendation: Replace the manual wall switches in the basement and first floor bathrooms with
occupancysensors.Thesensorsshouldhavetworelayssothattheycanbeusedtooperateboththe
lightsandexhaustfans.Installingthesensorswillsignificantlyreducetheruntimeofthelightsandfans
inallfourlocationsresultinginsignificantlightingandheatingsavings.
Implementation:Theestimateincludesthecosttofurnishandinstallthefouroccupancysensorsinthe
bathrooms. The sensors should be programmed to minimize the length of time between the space
being unoccupied and the lights and fan shutting down. In order to estimate savings yearly runtime
estimatesweremadeforeachbathroom.Furtherinformationregardingassumptionsandcalculations
areincludedinAppendixA.
Receptacles(ECR6)
Install Ecostrips to shut down peripherals during unoccupied periods
Budgetary
Cost
MTCDE
Electricity
Steam
Natural Gas
Water
kWh
MMBtu
Therms
CCF
$180
200
Metric Tons
Years
Years
0.1
$28
$0
6.3
6.3
ExistingCondition:InefficientReceptacleControl
During a walkthrough, the Team noted that six (6) workstations at MAS had a number of peripheral
equipmentincludingspeakersandprintersthatwereleftondespitethecomputerbeingshutdownand
the office unoccupied. Despite being inactive, the speakers and printer consume electricity in their
standbymode.
Recommendation: Install Ecostrip power strips in order to better control the operation of the
peripheralreceptacleequipment.Thepowerstripprovidesaleadplugthatwilloperatetheotherports
ofthestrip.Whentheequipmentpluggedintotheleadportisturnedoff,theotherequipmentusing
thepowerstripwillshutoffautomatically.Inanofficescenario,oncethecomputerisshutdownforthe
evening,thespeakersandprinterwillalsoshutdown.ThiscontrolsequencewillhelpMASreduceits
electricconsumptionthroughouttheyear.
15

Implementation:Theestimateincludesthecost tofurnishandinstallsix(6) Ecostrippowerstripsat
MAS.Inordertoestimatesavings,yearlyruntimeestimatesweremadeforeachworkstation.Further
informationregardingassumptionsandcalculationsareincludedinAppendixA.
WaterConservation(ECR7ECR8)
Replace 1.6 gpf toilet with low flow alternative
MTCDE
Annual
Savings
Available
Incentives
Payback
with
Incentives
Payback
without
Incentives
Metric Tons
Years
Years
Budgetary
Cost
Electricity
Steam
Natural Gas
Water
kWh
MMBtu
Therms
CCF
$400
4
0.0
$43
$0
9.2
9.2
ExistingCondition:InefficientFlushFixtures
Thereisone(1)gravityfedtanktypetoiletlocatedinafirstfloorbathroomatMAS.Thesetoiletsuse
1.6gallonsperflush(gpf)eachtimethefixtureisused.
Recommendation: Replace the existing tank toilet with a low flow WaterSense labeled alternative.
Thelowflowtoiletwilluse1.28gpfwhichwillhelptoreduceoverallwaterconsumptionatthebuilding.
WaterSense labeled toilets are tested to ensure superior flush power and will perform as well if not
betterthantheexisting1.6gpftoilet.
Implementation:Theestimateincludesthecosttofurnishandinstallone(1)lowflowtoiletatMAS.
EstimatesofthenumberofoccupantsandvisitorstoMASwereprovidedbybuildingmanagementstaff.
Assumptions regarding fixture usage were drawn from standards published in the LEEDError!
Bookmark not defined. for Existing Buildings: Operations and Maintenance 2009 reference guide.
Further information regarding assumptions and the calculations made for this ECR are included in
AppendixC.
Replace urinal flushometer with 0.5 gallon per flush alternative

Budgetary
Cost
$
$170
MTCDE
Annual
Savings
Available
Incentives
Payback
with
Incentives
Payback
without
Incentives
Electricity
Steam
Natural Gas
Water
kWh
MMBtu
Therms
CCF
Metric Tons
Years
Years
0.0
$22
$0
7.8
7.8
ExistingCondition:InefficientFlushFixtures
Thereisone(1)1.0gpfurinallocatedinthebasementbathroomofMAS.Thisurinalhasanexcessive
flushrateandcontributestounnecessarywaterconsumptionatMASthroughouttheyear.
Recommendation:Replacetheflushometeroftheurinalinordertoloweritsflushratefrom1.0gpfto
0.5 gpf. By simply replacing the flush valve of the urinal, MAS can reduce its water consumption
considerably.
Implementation: Estimate includes the cost to furnish and install the 0.5 gpf urinal flushometer.
EstimatesofthenumberofoccupantsandvisitorstoMASwereprovidedbybuildingmanagementstaff.
Assumptions regarding fixture usage were drawn from standards published in the LEEDError!
16
Bookmark not defined. for Existing Buildings: Operations and Maintenance 2009 reference guide.
Further information regarding assumptions and the calculations made for this ECR are included in
AppendixC.
HVAC(ECR9ECR16)
ECR9
Replace existing heating hot water pumps with automatic speed controlled alternative
Budgetary
Cost
$
Electricity
Steam
Natural Gas
Water
kWh
MMBtu
Therms
CCF
MTCDE
Annual
Savings
Available
Incentives
Payback
with
Incentives
Payback
without
Incentives
Metric Tons
Years
Years
1,996
$2,200
0.8
$283
$0
7.8
7.8
ExistingCondition:InefficientHVACControl
Therearetwo(2)1HPheatinghotwater(HHW)circulatingpumpslocatedinthebasementmechanical
room of MAS. The pumps operate in a lead/lag configuration and are used to distribute HHW to the
buildings radiators, AHU and fan coil units (FCUs) during the heating season. The pumps currently
operateataconstantspeedregardlessoftheheatingdemandinthebuilding.Sincetheradiatorsare
equipped with thermostatic valves that modulate based on ambient temperature, there are
opportunities to reduce the electric consumption of the hot water pumps by modulating their speed
basedonthebuildingsheatingdemand.
Recommendation:ReplacetheexistingHHWcirculationpumpswithGrundfosMagnavariablespeed
circulation pumps. The recommended pump has builtin controls that automatically control motor
speedinordertopreciselymeetthedemandandmaintainaconsistentheadpressure.Additionally,the
new pump employs a permanent magnet motor that allows for greater efficiencies at reduced motor
loads than AC induction motors. The pump is also self lubricating which reduces wear on its
componentsandprolongingequipmentlifespan.Onlyone(1)ofthepumpsshouldbereplacedandthe
secondpumpshouldbeleftasabackupintheeventthenewpumpfails.
Implementation: Estimate includes the cost to furnish and install the new variable speed pump. In
order to quantify energy savings the Team made an assumption for the current pump runtime and
estimatedthatthenewpumpswouldreducetotalenergyconsumptionby55%(basedonmanufacturer
data).FurtherassumptionsandthecalculationsmadeforthisECRareincludedinAppendixC.
ECR10
Repair economizer function of studio space AHUs

Budgetary
Cost
MTCDE
Electricity
Steam
Natural Gas
Water
kWh
MMBtu
Therms
CCF
$2,000
2,945
Annual
Savings
Available
Incentives
Payback
with
Incentives
Payback
without
Incentives
Metric Tons
Years
Years
1.1
$418
$0
4.8
4.8
ThestudiospacelocatedonthesecondfloorofMASisservedbytwo(2)Carriermixedairunitsusedto
ventilateandconditiontheinteriorspace.TheTeamnotedthattheoutsideairdampersofbothunits
werenotfunctioningproperlyandthereforewerenotadequatelyventilatingtheinteriorstudiospace.
Moreover,thereisanopportunityfortheunitstoactivateaneconomizermodetotakeadvantageof
free cooling opportunities when outside air conditions are favorable. However, in its current
configuration, the units are unable to provide free cooling and therefore are operating their
17
compressorsunnecessarilyduringtheswingseasonmonths.Correctingtheoperationoftheoutsideair
dampersinbothunitswouldallowthefreecoolingfeaturetohelpreduceelectricalconsumption.
Recommendation:RepairtheoutsideairdampersofeachAHUinordertoallowthemtoventilateand
provide free cooling to the studio spaces when outside air conditions are favorable. Repairing the
dampers will decrease the runtime of the cooling compressors in the units and reduce the buildings
electricalconsumptionthroughouttheyear.
Implementation:EstimateincludesthecosttorepairtheAHUoutsideairdampers.TheTeamestimates
thattheeconomizercontroloftheunitswillresultinthereductionofthecompressorsruntimeby934
hours each year based on local weather data. Further information regarding assumptions and the
calculationsmadeforthisECRareincludedinAppendixC.
ECR11
Install CO2 sensor and occupancy sensor to control operation of basement AHU
Budgetary
Cost
MTCDE
Electricity
Steam
Natural Gas
Water
kWh
MMBtu
Therms
CCF
$3,000
4,003
22
Annual
Savings
Available
Incentives
Payback
with
Incentives
Payback
without
Incentives
Metric Tons
Years
Years
3.1
$1,008
$0
3.0
3.0
InthebasementofMAS,thereisamixedairunitlocatedinthebasementmechanicalroomequipped
with a 1.5 HP supply fan that serves the basement common area. The fan currently ventilates and
conditions the space 24/7 regardless of temperature or occupancy. The basement common area is
typicallyonlyusedbyHarvardBandmembersafter5p.m.ThebasementAHUdoeshavesomelevelof
control where its face and bypass arrangement modulates based on space temperature. There are
officeslocatedinthebasementaswell,butventilationtothesespacesisprovidedbyaseparatesystem.
Recommendation:Installacarbondioxidesensorandoccupancysensortobettercontroltheoperation
andventilationofthebasementAHU.Thecarbondioxidesensorwillcommunicatewiththeoutsideair
damper of the system and modulate the volume of outside air to the space based on carbon dioxide
concentrations. This control sequence will allow the unit to reduce its steam consumption by
decreasingthevolumeofoutsideairitneedstoconditionthroughouttheyear.Theoccupancysensor
willbeusedtooperatetheAHUbasedonspaceoccupancy.Thiswillallowtheunittoshutdownduring
the day, when the space is sparsely occupied in order to conserve electricity. In tandem, these two
controlschemeswillallowthebasementAHUtoconserveasignificantamountofsteamandelectricity
throughouttheyear.
Implementation:Thecostestimateincludesthepricetofurnish,installandprogramthecarbondioxide
andoccupancysensor.Itwasassumedthatthebasementunitprovides500CFMofoutsideairtothe
basementspaceandthattheareaistypicallyoccupied10hoursaday.Furtherinformationregarding
assumptionsandthecalculationsmadeforthisECRareincludedinAppendixC.
18
ECR12
Install valve for heating hot water coil in basement AHU to decrease steam consumption in building
Budgetary
Cost
$
MTCDE
Electricity
Steam
Natural Gas
Water
kWh
MMBtu
Therms
CCF
$2,000
Annual
Savings
Available
Incentives
Payback
with
Incentives
Payback
without
Incentives
Metric Tons
Years
Years
1.1
$321
$0
6.2
6.2
MTCDE
Annual
Savings
Available
Incentives
Payback
with
Incentives
Payback
without
Incentives
Metric Tons
Years
Years
16
ExistingCondition:InefficientHVACcontrol
The basement AHU has a heating coil that is fed HHW from the buildings heating hot water heat
exchanger.TheAHUhasafaceandbypassdamperarrangementinordertocontrolthetemperaturein
the basement space. When the thermostat in the basement reaches its set point, the damper
arrangementwiththeAHUdirectsairflowaroundtheheatingcoilratherthanthroughittopreventthe
space from overheating. While this control sequence keeps the space at a comfortable temperature,
there are other means to control the hot water flow through the AHU that would conserve steam
energy.
Recommendation:InstallaheatinghotwatervalvefortheAHUsheatinghotwatercoil.Athermostat
in the space will monitor space temperature and modulate the valve position based on the space
heatingdemand.Thismeasure,inordertoreducesteamconsumption,willpreventtheflowofwater
through the coil. In its current state, HHW is flowing through the coil and transferring energy like a
radiatorwouldregardlessofairflow.Thisrecommendationistargetedtopreventtheflowofwaterand
heattransferunlessthereisaheatingdemandinthespace.Asaresult,asignificantamountofsteam
canbeconservedthroughouttheheatingseason.
Implementation:Theestimateincludesthecosttofurnishandinstalltheheatinghotwatervalveinthe
AHU.Inordertoestimatesteamsavings,theTeamassumedthatthevolumeofheatinghotwaterflow
wouldbereduceddependingonoutsideairconditions.Furtherinformationregardingassumptionsand
thecalculationsmadeforthisECRareincludedinAppendixC.
Install programmable thermostats to control operation of FCUs
Budgetary
Cost
$
Electricity
Steam
Natural Gas
Water
kWh
MMBtu
Therms
CCF
678
$800
0.3
$96
$0
8.3
8.3
There are ten (10) heating only fan coil units (FCUs) installed at MAS. The FCUs are equipped with a
thermostat installed on the side of its cabinet which controls the fan operation. The thermostats are
manuallyoperated dials where the room occupants determine the appropriate temperature set point
forthespace.Asaresult,theFCUsmaintainaparticulartemperaturesetpointinthespaceregardless
oftimeofdayoroccupancy.
Recommendation: Replace the manually operated dial thermostats with programmable thermostats
for the FCUs. With appropriate scheduling, the programmable thermostats will depress the
temperature set points during occupied hours by shutting off the fans, which will save a considerable
amountofelectricityduringtheheatingseason.
19
Implementation:Theestimateincludesthecosttofurnishandinstalltheprogrammablethermostats
fortheten(10)FCUs.Inordertoestimatesavings,theTeamassumedtheprogrammablethermostats
would reduce the runtime of the FCU by varying amounts depending on outside air temperature.
FurtherinformationregardingassumptionsandcalculationsmadeforthisECRareincludedinAppendix
C.
ECR14
Install programmable thermostats to control operation of baseboard radiation
Budgetary
Cost
$
MTCDE
Electricity
Steam
Natural Gas
Water
kWh
MMBtu
Therms
CCF
$200
Annual
Savings
Available
Incentives
Payback
with
Incentives
Payback
without
Incentives
Metric Tons
Years
Years
0.5
$149
$0
1.3
1.3
MTCDE
Annual
Savings
Available
Incentives
Payback
with
Incentives
Payback
without
Incentives
In the basement common area, there is 20 feet of heating hot water baseboard installed. The
baseboardiscontrolledwithalocalmanuallyoperatedthermostat.Theoccupantsofthespaceselecta
temperaturesetpointwhichthebaseboardmaintainsintheroomregardlessofscheduleoroccupancy.
Recommendation: Replace the manually operated dial thermostat with a programmable thermostat.
Withtheappropriatesettings,theprogrammablethermostatwilldepressthetemperaturesetpointin
thespace,allowingMAStoreduceitssteamconsumptionduringthewintermonths.
Implementation:Theestimateincludesthecosttofurnishandinstalltheprogrammablethermostatfor
the baseboard radiation. In order to predict savings, the Team assumed that the programmable
thermostat would prevent the flow of water through the radiator by varying amounts depending on
outsideairtemperatures.FurtherinformationregardingassumptionsandcalculationsforthisECRare
includedinAppendixC.
ECR15
Program outdoor air temperature reset for HHW system
Budgetary
Cost
$
$1,200
Electricity
Steam
Natural Gas
Water
kWh
MMBtu
Therms
CCF
Metric Tons
Years
Years
0.6
$190
$0
6.3
6.3
The heating hot water system at MAS is supplied from the Universitys central steam distribution
system. The steam is converted to heating hot water (HHW) in the basement of MAS via a shell and
tubesteamtohotwaterheatexchanger.Heatinghotwateriscreatedat170Fanddistributedtothe
buildingsAHU,radiators,andFCUs.ThetemperaturesetpointoftheHHWremainsstaticregardlessof
outsideairtemperatureorheatingdemandwithinthebuilding.Energyislostasaresultofheatingthe
waterto170Fduetopipedistributionlossesandoverheatinginteriorspaces.
Recommendation:Installanoutsideairtemperaturesensorthatwillmodulatethetemperatureofthe
heating hot water system throughout the year. By modulating the temperature of the heating hot
water based on outside air temperature, MAS can avoid heating losses through the hot water pipe
distribution system and overheating its interior spaces. Over the course of the year, the outside air
temperatureresetwillallowthebuildingtoreduceitssteamconsumption.
20
Implementation:Theestimateincludesthecosttoimplementthenecessarycontrolsforanoutsideair
resetfortheheatinghotwatersystem.Anexistingoutsideairtemperaturesensorisalreadyinplace
andshouldbeusedaspartofthecontrolsscheme.Itwasestimatedthatthismeasurewouldsave3%of
the total steam consumption at the building. Further information regarding the assumptions and
calculationsforthisECRcanbefoundinAppendixC.
Insulation(ECR16ECR17)
Insulate domestic hot water piping in basement mechanical room
Budgetary
Cost
$
MTCDE
Electricity
Steam
Natural Gas
Water
kWh
MMBtu
Therms
CCF
$250
Annual
Savings
Available
Incentives
Payback
with
Incentives
Payback
without
Incentives
Metric Tons
Years
Years
0.0
$22
$0
11.3
11.3
MTCDE
Annual
Savings
Available
Incentives
Payback
with
Incentives
Payback
without
Incentives
ExistingCondition:Uninsulatedpiping
MAShassomeuninsulateddomestichotwaterpipinglocatedinthebasementmechanicalroom.The
uninsulated pipes allow heat to radiate from the pipes before reaching its final destination as well as
resultinbasementareasoverheating.Uninsulatedpipingincludes:
3feetof1pipe;
10feetof0.75pipe;
15feetof0.5pipe.
Recommendation: Insulate the exposed pipes throughout the basement. Insulating the pipe will
conservenaturalgas(usedtofirethewaterheater)byallowinglessheattoradiatefromthepipeasthe
domestichotwaterisdistributedthroughoutMAS.
Implementation: The estimate includes the price to furnish and install the insulation for the pipes. In
order to calculate heat loss from the uninsulated piping the Team assumed the average temperature
differentialbetweenthepipeandthesurroundairis40F.Furtherinformationregardingassumptions
andthecalculationsmadeforthisECRareincludedinAppendixC.
Envelope(ECR1718)
ECR17
Insulate outdoor air intake for open office space AHU
Budgetary
Cost
$
$10
Electricity
Steam
Natural Gas
Water
kWh
MMBtu
Therms
CCF
0.03
Metric Tons
Years
Years
0.0
$1
$0
19.5
19.5
ExistingCondition:UninsulatedDuctwork
Anabandonedrooftopunit(RTU)wasusedtoventilateandconditionthefirstflooropenofficespaceof
MAS.Overtime,FCUswereinstalledinthespacetoprovideconditioning;however,theductworkand
roofpenetrationsremained.Whilethepenetrationshavebeencoveredtheyarenotinsulatedandasa
resultheatfromtheinteriorspaceisbeingtransferredtotheexterioraddingtotheheatingloadofthe
space.
21
Recommendation:InsulatetheoutsideairductoftheabandonedRTUinordertopreventthetransfer
of heat from the office space to the exterior. Reducing the heat transfer will decrease the heating
demandofthespace,andallowMAStoreduceitssteamconsumption.
Implementation:Estimateincludesthecosttoinsulatetheoutsideairductopeningoftheabandoned
RTU.Inordertocalculatethesteamsavings,theTeammeasuredtheductopeningandestimatedits
currentUvalue.FurtherinformationregardingthecalculationsandassumptionsmadeforthisECRare
includedinAppendixC.
ECR18
Install interior storm windows for studio space
Budgetary
Cost
$
$1,600
MTCDE
Electricity
Steam
Natural Gas
Water
kWh
MMBtu
Therms
CCF
Annual
Savings
Available
Incentives
Payback
with
Incentives
Payback
without
Incentives
Metric Tons
Years
Years
0.5
$153
$0
10.4
10.4
ExistingCondition:PoorWindowInsulation
studiospaceonthesecondfloorofMAShasasubstantialamountofsinglepaneglazing.Asaresult,the
spacesinsulativevalueislowwhichincreasestheheatingandcoolingdemandofthespacethroughout
theyear.
Recommendation:Increasetheinsulativevalueoftheglazingbyinstallinginteriorstormwindows.The
storm windows will essentially add another pane of glass to the window arrangement which will help
thespaceretainconditionedairforalongerperiodoftime.Byaddingthisadditionalpaneofglassthe
heatingdemandofthespacewilldecrease,reducingthebuildingssteamconsumption.
Implementation: Estimate includes the cost to furnish and install the storm windows for the second
floor studio space. In order to estimate savings, the Team measured the area of the single pane
windowsandcalculatedtheheatinglossesbasedonlocalclimatedata.Furtherinformationregarding
thecalculationsandassumptionsmadeforthisECRareincludedinAppendixC.
22
5.0
UTILITYANALYSIS
5.1
UtilityRateSchedules
UtilityRateScheduleFY11
(July2010throughJune2011)
Utility
Unit
Rate
kWh
$0.14
NaturalGas
Therms
$3.07
DistrictSteam
MMBtu
$20.15
CCF
$11.21
Electricity
Water
5.2
CO2EquivalentsforUtilities
Thetablebelowliststhemetrictonofcarbondioxideequivalents(MTCDE)foreachutilityconsumedby
MAS. The conversion factors were calculated by the Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Measurement
Working Group. These factors were used to estimate the greenhouse gas reductions for each energy
conservationrecommendationatMAS.
CarbonDioxideEquivalentsbyUtilityType
DistrictSteam
NaturalGas
Electricity
(MTCDE/MMBtu)
(MTCDE/therm)
(MTCDE/kWh)
0.068680
0.005318
0.000390
23
5.3
AnnualDegreeDaysFY06FY11
The graphs below provide the number of heating and cooling degreedays for Cambridge,
Massachusettsforthepastsixfiscalyears.
A heating degreeday (HDD) is the number of degrees that a day's average outside air temperature is
below65Fandabuildingsinterioristypicallyheated.Acoolingdegreeday(CDD)isthenumberof
degreesthataday'saverageoutsideairtemperatureisabove65Fandairconditioningistypicallyused
tocoolabuildingsinteriorspaces.
FY06 FY11HeatingDegreeDays
HeatingDegreeDays(#)
6,000
5,000
5,388
5,345
5,369
5,656
5,565
5,106
FY06
4,000
FY07
FY08
3,000
FY09
2,000
FY10
FY11
1,000
0
FiscalYear
FY06 FY11CoolingDegreeDays
1,200
CoolingDegreeDays(#)
1,000
800
1,016
889
856
FY06
886
771
600
658
FY07
FY08
FY09
400
FY10
FY11
200
0
FiscalYear
24
5.4
UtilityPerformanceSummarybyFiscalYear
Examining the historical utility data of the building is a requirement of an ASHRAE Level II audit. The
tablebelowshowstheenergyperformanceofMASfromfiscalyears(FY)2006through2011.Thegraph
belowvisuallyrepresentsthetrendinenergyconsumptionovertheseyears.
Total energy consumption at MAS has increased between FY06 and FY11 with the most noticeable
increaseoccurringinthepasttwofiscalyears.TotalusagedroppedfromFY07toFY08thenremained
fairlyconstantthroughFY09beforeincreasinginFY10.Asdisplayedbythegraphbelow,theincreasein
total building energy consumption between FY09 and FY11 is fueled by the increase in steam
consumption.Overall,totalutilityconsumptionatMAShasincreasedby26%betweenFY06andFY11.
700,000
74MountAuburnStreet
FY06 FY11EnergyConsumption
kBtus
Steam
600,000
Electricity
500,000
NaturalGas
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
0
FY06
FY07
FY08
FY09
FY10
FY11
FiscalYear
25
EnergyPerformanceSummarybyFiscalYear
Year
FY11
MetricTons
ofCO2
Equivalent
Total
Annual
Use
Conversion
Multiplier
Thousand
BTU(kBtu)
Electricity(kWh)
25
65,400
3.41
223,145
$9,288
NaturalGas(Therms)
83
100
8,300
$255
Steam(MMBtu)
22
314
1,000
313,910
$6,325
94
$1,059
Totals
47
545,355
$16,928
Electricity(kWh)
26
66,160
3.41
225,738
$8,956
NaturalGas(Therms)
99
100
9,900
$262
Steam(MMBtu)
41
591
1,000
590,530
$12,582
87
Totals
67
826,168
$22,722
Electricity(kWh)
27
71,120
3.41
242,661
$10,654
NaturalGas(Therms)
122
100
12,200
$343
Steam(MMBtu)
12
147
1,000
147,320
$3,880
85
Totals
39
402,181
$15,725
Electricity(kWh)
28
75,160
3.41
256,446
$11,321
NaturalGas(Therms)
119
100
11,900
$326
Steam(MMBtu)
10
117
1,000
116,930
$2,835
96
Totals
38
385,276
$15,406
Electricity(kWh)
29
75,120
3.41
256,309
$12,259
NaturalGas(Therms)
109
100
10,900
$333
Steam(MMBtu)
16
187
1,000
186,590
$4,317
101
Totals
45
453,799
$17,882
Electricity(kWh)
26
71,440
3.41
243,753
$10,741
NaturalGas(Therms)
99
100
9,900
$318
Steam(MMBtu)
14
144
1,000
143,640
$3,107
101
41
397,293
EnergyType
Water(CCF)
FY10
Water(CCF)
FY09
Water(CCF)
FY08
Water(CCF)
FY07
Water(CCF)
FY06
Water(CCF)
Totals
Total
Annual
Cost
$923
$848
$924
$973
$912
$15,078
26
5.5
UtilityComponentBreakdown
In FY11, MAS used a total of 545,355 kBtus of energy including electricity, natural gas, and district
steam. The chart below proportionally illustrates energy use breakdown by utility category. Steam
represents 58% of the total energy consumption while electricity represents 41%. Natural gas
represents1%ofthetotalenergyconsumptionatMAS.
Electricity(kWh)
41%
NaturalGas(therms)
58%
Steam(MMBtu)
1%
InFY11,MASspentatotalof$16,928onallutilitiesincludingelectricity,naturalgas,districtsteam,and
citywater.Thechartbelowproportionallyillustratesthecostbreakdownbyutilitycategory.55%of
the total utility cost was comprised of electricity while 37% of the total cost was steam. City water
accountedfor6%ofallutilitycostandnaturalgasaccountedforonly2%.Thischartisinconsistentwith
theenergyusebreakdownandshowsthatwhilesteamrepresentedthehighestconsumptionelectricity
representedthehighestpercentageoftotalcost.
74MountAuburnStreet
FY11EnergyUseBreakdown
74MountAuburnStreet
FY11UtilityCostBreakdown
6%
Electricity(kWh)
NaturalGas(therms)
37%
55%
Steam(MMBtu)
Water(CCF)
2%
27
5.6
EndUseComponentEnergyUsageBreakdown
ThetablebelowprovidesenergyconsumptionendusebreakdownsforMASbasedonFY11data.Since
there are no sub meters to continuously measure electrical loads within MAS, the Team used some
assumptions in order to estimate and then extrapolate annual distribution loads. The lighting load is
basedonacountofallthelightingfixturesandestimatesyearlyruntimeperfixture.Thespacecooling
loadisbasedontheratingsofthewindowairconditioningunitsandthetworooftopunitatMASand
estimates of annual runtime. The other equipment load is equal to the total electrical consumption
minusthatusedforlighting.Thespaceheatingconsumptionisequaltothesteamconsumptionatthe
building.Thedomestichotwaterconsumptionisequaltothenaturalgasconsumptionatthebuilding.
City water was not included in this analysis since it is strictly a utility cost and is not considered a
componentofenergyconsumptionbythebuilding.
Spaceheatingconsumesthemostenergyandcomprises58%ofMASsannualenergybudgetand40%
ofthebuildingsannualenergycost.Domestichotwaterconsumes2%oftotaluseandequals2%ofthe
buildingsannualenergycost.Lightingaccountsfor7%ofthetotalenergybudgetandcomprises11%of
thetotalenergycost.Otherequipmentconsumes28%ofMASsannualenergybudgetandrepresents
40%ofthetotalannualcost.
AnnualEnergyConsumptionbyEndUseComponentsFY2011
Electricity
Natural
Gas
Steam
Total
kWh
Therms
MMBtu
kBtu
314
EndUse
%of
Total
Use
TotalCost
($)
%of
Total
Cost
314,000
58%
$6,327
40%
SpaceHeating
SpaceCooling
8,430
28,700
5%
$1,197
8%
DomesticHot
Water
83
8,300
2%
$255
2%
Lights
11,791
40,243
7%
$1,675
11%
Other
Equipment*
45,179
154,198
28%
$6,416
40%
Total
65,400
314
545,540
100%
$15,870
100%
83
*Includes:Plugloads,fanmotors,condensatepumps,exteriorlights,AHUs,andmiscellaneousequipment.
28
5.7
Calculating historical energy usage on a square footage basis is a requirement of an ASHRAE Level II
audit. The EUI information can be helpful in comparing energy intensity in buildings of similar space
typesinsimilargeographicallocationsonapersquarefootagebasis.Additionally,thecostindexcanbe
helpfulincomparingonebuildingsoperationcoststothatofsimilarbuildings.
Thetablebelowdisplaystheenergyperformancedatainconsumptionandcostpersquarefoot.The
annualutilitycostindicesforMAS,indollarspersquarefoot,arehighlightedinred.
Year
FY11
FY10
FY09
FY08
FY07
FY06
Metric
UtilityData
EnergyUtilizationIndex(kBtu/ft2/year)
64.63
EnergyCostIndex($/ft2/year)
$1.88
UtilityCostIndex(IncludingCityWater)($/ft2/year)
$2.01
97.91
$2.58
$2.69
47.66
$1.76
$1.86
45.66
$1.72
$1.83
53.78
$2.00
$2.12
47.08
$1.68
$1.79
29
5.8
ElectricalDemand
Review of electrical demand data is a requirement of an ASHRAE Level II audit. The table below
illustratesthemaximumelectricaldemandaswellasdemandpersquarefoot.
Demand has remained fairly constant over the past five years. The maximum demand for FY11 was
slightlyhigherthanpreviousyearspossiblyduetooccupantbehavioralchangesandincreasedbuilding
usage. Demand remains fairly constant throughout the year indicating that seasonal changes in
equipmentusagedonotsignificantlyaffecttheelectricitydemand.
ElectricalDemandFY06throughFY11
Years
Metric
MaximumDemand(kW)
ElectricalData
29.2
FY11
MaximumDemand(watts/ft2)
MaximumDemand(kW)
3.5
26.8
FY10
MaximumDemand(kW)
3.2
25.0
FY09
MaximumDemand(kW)
3.0
25.0
FY08
MaximumDemand(kW)
3.0
25.0
FY07
MaximumDemand(kW)
3.0
24.0
FY06
2.8
30
6.0
LEEDFOREXISTINGBUILDINGS:OperationsandMaintenance
6.1
Certification
This U.S Green Building Council (USGBC) rating system recognizes buildings that meet their green
operationsandmaintenancestandards.SimilartotheprogramsforNewConstructionorCommercial
Interiors,LEEDEBOMprovidescreditstobuildingswhomeettheirstandardsinthefollowingcategories:
Sustainable Sites, Water Efficiency, Energy and Atmosphere, Materials and Resources, Indoor
EnvironmentalQuality,andInnovationinOperations.
6.2
EPAPortfolioManager
As part of the energy audit process, the Team created an EPA Portfolio Manager account for AC,
approximated the buildings current credit total, and estimated its certification level. After compiling
utilitybills,squarefootages,andotherbasicbuildinginformation,theTeamconcludedthatACwouldbe
a good candidate for achieving certification under the LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations and
Maintenanceratingsystem(EBOM).
EPAPortfolioManagerisadatabaseorganizedbyENERGYSTARtoallowbuildingstobenchmarktheir
energy performance against similar buildings across the United States. In order to achieve EBOM
certification the building needs to meet a minimum energy performance threshold defined by LEED
andcalculatedusingPortfolioManager.Thespecificperformancerequirements,reportedinthousands
ofBtuspersquarefoot,varybasedonthetypeofspacesandfunctionsofthebuilding.
Tomeettheprerequisitesforminimumenergyperformance,MASneedstodemonstrateareductionin
itscurrentenergyusageofapproximately19%whencomparedtoitshistoricalenergyusebaseline.The
TeamchoseabaselineperiodofJuly2011.
AsofJuly2011,MAShasaEUIof64.63kBtupersquarefoot.ThegoalfortheEUIprerequisiteis52.4
kBtu/sf. Instituting all of the energy conservation recommendations identified by the Team would
reducetheEUIto48.67kBtu/sf,a25%reduction.
6.3
CreditTotals
InordertosatisfyotherprerequisitesforLEED EBOMcertification,MASwouldneedtomeetMinimum
Energy Performance levels, and verify that the buildings ventilation systems meet ASHRAE 62.12007
Guidelines. The current credit total, estimated by the Team is 48. (A minimum of 40 credits are
required for certification.) There are 31 additional credits identified as maybes and depend on
decisions made by the operations staff and management. The credit template prepared by GBS is
includedinAppendixF.Assumingallprerequisitesaremet,theTeamisconfidentthatwithrelatively
minor adjustments to the operations and maintenance procedures, a rating of Gold is achievable for
MAS.
31
APPENDICES
A.
MeasuredElectricalData
B.
ASHRAELevelIIReportGuidelines
Source:ProceduresforCommercialBuildingEnergyAudits,(2004).AmericanSocietyofHeating,Refrigerating,
andAirConditioningEngineers,Inc.www.ashrae.org.
A.General
B.Deliverables
ThedeliverablesfromtheLevelIIauditshouldincludeawrittenreportdetailing
thefindingsfromtheanalysis.
ConsistentwiththeASHRAEProceduresforCommercialBuildingEnergyAudits,
the Level II Energy Survey and Engineering Analysis will include but not be
limitedtothefollowingcriteria:
1. Review mechanical and electrical system design, installed condition,

maintenancepractices,andoperatingmethods.
2. Review existing operating and maintenance problems. Determine planned
buildingchanges.
3. Measure key operating parameters and compare to design levels, for
example, operating schedules, heating/cooling water temperature, supply
air temperature, space temperature and humidity, ventilation quantities,
and light level at the task. Such measurements may be taken on a spot
basis, or logged, manually or electronically. Determine the sufficiency of
ventilation as required by ASHRAE 62.1 and thermal comfort bandwidth
basedonASHRAE55.Thereshouldbeasurveyoftenantcomfort.
4. Prepare a breakdown of the total annual energy use into enduse
components, including plug loads, as illustrated in the 2007 ASHRAE
HandbookApplications, Chapter 34. Baseline loads should be broken out
separately.
5. Listallpossiblemodificationstoequipmentandoperationsthatwouldsave
energy and reduce GHG emissions. List preliminary cost and savings
estimates.
6. Review the list of practical modifications with the owner/operator and
selectthosethatwillbeanalyzedfurther.Prioritizethemodificationsinthe
anticipatedorderofimplementation.
7. For each practical measure, estimate the potential savings in energy cost,
GHG offset and its energy index. To account for interaction between
modifications, assume that modifications with the highest operational
priorityand/orbestreturnoninvestmentwillbeimplementedfirst.
8. Estimate the cost of each practical measure. Identify factors that may
significantlyaffectthecostestimate.
9. Estimate the impact of each practical measure on building operations,
maintenancecosts,andnonenergyoperatingcosts.
32
10. Following submission of the report of the Level II analysis, meet with the
ownertodiscussprioritiesandtohelpselectmeasuresforimplementation
orfurtheranalysis
11. A summary of energy use and cost associated with each enduse. Show
calculationsperformedorquotethenameandversionofsoftwareusedand
includesbothinputandoutputpages.Provideinterpretationofdifferences
between actual total energy uses and calculated or simulated enduse
totals.
12. Adescriptionofthebuilding,includingtypicalfloorplansandinventoriesof
majorenergyusingequipment.
13. A list of measures considered including those with longer paybacks,
renewablesandthosecurrentlyimpracticalwithbriefreasonsforrejecting
each.
14. Foreachpracticalmeasure,provide:
A discussion of the existing situation and why it is using excess
energy.
Anoutlineofthemeasure,includingitsimpactonoccupanthealth,
comfort,andsafety.
A description of repairs which are required for a measure to be
effective.
Theimpactonoccupantservicecapabilities,suchasventilationfor
lateoccupancyoryearroundcooling.
An outline of the impact on operating procedures, maintenance
procedures,andcosts.
Expected life of new equipment and the impact on the life of
existingequipment.
Anoutlineofanynewskillsrequiredinoperatingstaffandtraining
orhiringrecommendations.
Calculations performed or provide the name and versions of
softwareusedandincludebothinputandoutputdata.
15. Atablelistingtheestimatedcostsforallpracticalmeasures,thesavings,the
GHG offset and financial performance indicator. For the cost of each
measure,showtheestimatedaccuracyofthevaluequoted.
16. Overallprojecteconomicevaluation.
17. Recommended measurement and verification method(s) that will be
required to determine the actual effectiveness of the recommended
measures.
18. DiscussionoffeasiblecapitalintensivemeasuresthatmayrequireaLevelIII
analysis.
19. Ifapplicable,electronicfilesofanyenergymodelingperformed
20. Biddocumentsandspecificationsarenotrequiredatthislevelofaudit.
33
C.
ECRAssumptionsandCalculations
ECR1Replace75wattincandescentlampswithLEDalternative
Assumptions
Number of 75w R30 lamps
R30 replacement lamp wattage
Hours per day (overhead lights)
Days per year
55
13
8
250
Equation
((55*(75-13)*8*250)/1000
Electricity Savings
6,820 kWh
ECR2Replace32wattT8lampswith25wattalternative
Assumptions
Number of T8 lamps
Existing lamp wattage
Proposed lamp wattage
Days per year
116
32
25
8
250
Equation
((116*(32-25)*8*250)/1000 Electricity Savings
1,624 kWh
ECR3Replace17watt2'T8lampswith15wattalternative
Assumptions
Number of T8 lamps
Existing lamp wattage
Proposed lamp wattage
Days per year
2
17
15
8
250
Equation
(2*(17-15)*8*250)/1000 Electric Savings
8 kWh
34
ECR4ReplaceincandescenttaskandoverheadlampswithCFLalternative
Assumptions
Number of 75w lamps (task lights)
Number of 75w lamps (overhead lights)
Task light replacement wattage
Overhead light replacement wattage
Hours per day (task lights)
Days per year
2
2
1
3
12
23
8
1
250
Equation
(((2*(75-12))+(2*(90-12))+(1*(100-12))*1*250)+(3*(75-23)*8*250))/1000 Electricity Savings
334 kWh
ECR5Installoccupancysensortooperatebathroomexhaustfanandlights
Assumptions
Four bathrooms need modifications
Wattage of lamps in first floor bathroom
Wattage of exhaust fan in first floor bathrooms
Air volume from first floor exhaust fan (cfm)
Wattage of lamps in basement bathrooms
Wattage of exhaust fans for basement bathrooms
Air volume from basement exhaust fans (cfm)
Reduction in lighting and fan operation (hours)
Days saved per day
Heating degree hours between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m.
66
100
100
128
150
300
6
250
19,315
Electric Savings Equation

((66+50+128+150)*6*250)/1000
Electric Savings
591 kWh
Steam Savings Equation

((1.08*(100+300)*19315*(6/8))/1000000 Steam savings
6 MMBtu
35
ECR6InstallEcostripstoshutdownperipheralsduringunoccupiedperiods
Assumptions
Number of computers with computer and peripherals that need an Ecostrip left on (assumed)
Wattage of speakers in standby
Wattage of printer in standby
Peripherals are left on 2 nights per week, year-round, for 16 hours per night
6
10
10
-
Equation
(6*(10+10)*16*2*52)/1000
Electricity Savings
200 kWh
ECR7Replacetoiletwithlowflowalternative
Existing Case
Toilet Replacem ent
Group
All
Daily Uses
per
Em ployee
Daily Uses
per Visitor
Total Daily Flush Rate

Uses
(GPF)
36
1.6
Total uses by all occupants
Daily Sew age

Generation
(gal)
58
36
Total Daily Volum e (gal)
58
Annual Work Days
250
Existing - Total Annual Volum e (gal)
14,400
Design Case
Toilet Replacem ent
Group
All
Daily Uses
per
Em ployee
Daily Uses
per Visitor
Total Daily Flush Rate

Uses
(GPF)
36
1.28
Total uses by all occupants
46
36
Total Daily Volum e (gal)
46
Annual Work Days
250
Design Case - Total Annual Volum e (gal)
Daily Sew age

Generation
(gal)
11,520
36
ECR8Replaceurinalflushometerwith0.5gallonperflushalternative
Existing
Urinal
Group
Males
Daily Uses
per
Em ployee
0
Sew age
Daily Uses
Total Daily Flush Rate Generatio
per
Uses
(GPF)
n
Visitor**
(gal)
0.33
12
1
12
Annual Usage Days
250
Existing - Total Annual Volum e (gal)
2,888
Design Case
Urinal Replacem ent
Group
Males
Daily Uses
per
Em ployee
0
Sew age
Daily Uses Total Daily Flush Rate Generatio
per Visitor
Uses
(GPF)
n
(gal)
0.33
12
0.5
6
Annual Usage Days
250
Design Case - Total Annual Volum e (gal)
1,444
ECR9Replaceexistingheatinghotwaterpumpswithautomaticspeedcontrolledalternative
Assumptions
1. There are currently 2 circulating pumps that are both 1 HP operating in lead lag configuration
2. Savings by using Grunfos auto calibrating pumps
3. Approx hrs per year pumps currently operate
55%
4,864
Equation
(1*.746*4864*.55)
Electricity Savings
1,996 kWh
ECR10RepaireconomizerfunctionofstudiospaceAHUs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Assumptions
There are two (2) units with compressors rated at 208V, 17.3A, 3 phase
Currently, dance space is being cooled when outside air temperatures range between 45-60 deg F
Enable outside air economizer during these periods
Room is cooled for 10 hours per day
Possible reduction in compressor run-time (5 hrs per day when temps are between 45-60)
473
Equation
(208*17.3*1.73*473)/1000
Electricity Savings
2,945 kWh
37
ECR11InstallCO2sensorandoccupancysensortocontroloperationofbasementAHU
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Assumptions
OA volume (cfm)
Unit runs continuously 24/7
Optimize OA volume based on CO2
Operate AHU only when room is occupied
Supply fan motor is 1.5 HP, 5.5A, 208 V
Occupancy sensor will reduce unit run-time by 14 hours per day
Heating Degree Hours reduction
AHU SF motor is 70% loaded
500
40,355
Electricity Savings Equation

(1.5*0.746*14*365*0.7)
Electricity Savings
4,003 kWh
Heating Savings Equation

(1.08*500*40355)/1000000 Steam Savings
22 MMBtu
ECR12InstallvalveforheatinghotwatercoilinbasementAHUtodecreasesteamconsumptionin
building
1.
2.
3.
4,
6.
Assumptions
HHW system operates when temperatures are below 55 deg F
2.4 gpm of HHW is directed to AHU coil at all times
In current operation, HHW decrease in temperature by 15 deg F
Current time HHW goes through AHU coil (hours below 55 deg F)
Proposed valve open time:
4,864
40 - 55 Deg F operating 10% of time
Total Hours
885
Heating Savings Equation

(2.4*60*15*8.337*885)/1000000
Steam Savings
16 MMBtu
38
ECR13InstallprogrammablethermostatstocontroloperationofFCUs
Assumptions
Heating only FCUs installed throughout building (10)
Program space temperature setpoints to 60 deg F during unoccupied hours
Thermostats currently set to maintain 75 deg F at all times
FCU fans consume 75 watts each
5. During nighttime hours, current operation: 20 - 40 Deg F operating 75% of time
6. Proposed operation:
7. Thermostats only control fan operation
8. Nighttime Hours (40-55 deg F)
1,350
9. Nighttime Hours (20 - 40 deg F)
751
10. Nighttime Hours (0 - 20 deg F)
87
11. Total run-time reduction
904
1.
2.
3.
4.
Electricity Savings Equation

(10*75*904)/1000
Electricity Savings
678 kWh
ECR14Installprogrammablethermostatstocontroloperationofbaseboardradiation
Assumptions
1. Baseboard heat output (Btu/hr/ft)
2. In the band room there is 20' of baseboard
3. During nighttime hours, current operation:
4. Proposed operation:
580
639
5. Baseboard run-time savings (hours)

6. Baseboard attempting to heat to 75 deg F at all times
7. Programmable thermostat will reset temperature set point to 60 deg F during unoccupied periods
Equation
(580*20*639)/1000000 Steam Savings
7 MMBtu
39
ECR15ProgramoutdoorairtemperatureresetforHHWsystem
1.
2.
3.
4.
Assumptions
HHW delivered to building at 170 deg F regardless of OA temperature
Integrate HHW reset so that temperature of water modulates with OA temperature
HHW reset typically reduces energy consumption by 3%
In FY11, building consumed 314 MMBtu of steam
Equation
314*0.03
Steam Savings
9 MMBtu
ECR16Insulatedomestichotwaterpipinginbasementmechanicalroom
Assumptions
1. Insulation is 1.0" thick
2. DHW Pipe tube is 40F difference between pipe and air
3. System is running approximately 1,000 hours per year
4. Boiler is 82% efficient
http://tierling.home.texas.net/PipeHeatLossShell.htm
Pipe Size (in)
Equation
(591*1000)/(100000*.82)
DHW Pipes
Uninsulated
Insulated heat
Length (ft) heat loss
Savings (BTU/hr)
loss (BTU/hr.ft)
(BTU/hr.ft)
0.5
15
22
4.3
266
0.75
10
29
5.5
235
1
3
36
6.1
90
591
Gas Savings
7 Therms
ECR17InsulateoutdoorairintakeforopenofficespaceAHU
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Assumptions
Duct is 10" by 6" in size (sqft)
Damper is closed but heat transfer through conduction of sheet metal
Insulate with 2" of rigid insulation
R-value uninsulated
R-value with 2" of insulation
Heating Degree Hours
0.42
1
8
69,180
Equation
((.42*(1/1)*69180)-(.42*(1/8)*69180))/1000000 Steam Savings
0.03 MMBtu
40
ECR18Installinteriorstormwindowsforstudiospace
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Assumptions
Windows are single pane and do not have storms installed
Total window area
U value of windows without storms*
U value of windows with storms**
HDH
200
1
0.45
69,180
Area
200
Total hrs*total delta T

U value
69,180
1
Total BTUs (area*total hours*delta T*U valve) 13,836,000
Area
200
Total hrs*total delta T

U value
69,180
0.45
Total BTUs (area*total hours*delta T*U valve)
Saved BTUs
Equation
7,609,800/1,000,000
6,226,200
7,609,800
Steam Savings
8 MMBtu
41
D.
BuildingEnvelopeThermalImagingReport(UnderSeparateCover)
42
E.
AerialThermographicImage
The above aerial thermographic image, taken during the winter months, shows MAS circled in red.
Whitespotsontheimagearehotareaswhereheatisbeinglostthroughthetopofthestructures.
Theroofappearstobewellinsulated.Asmallamountofheat losscanbeseenfromtheabandoned
AHUovertheopenofficespaceonthefirstfloor.
43
F.
LEEDforExistingBuildingsScorecard
74 Mount Auburn Street LEED EB v.2009

Points
Y
?+
?-
17
SUSTAINABLE SITES
SSc1 LEED Certified Design and Construction

SSc2 Building Exterior and Hardscape Mgmt Plan*
SSc3 Integrated Pest Mgmt, Erosion Control, and Landscape
SSc4.1 Alternative Commuting Transportation 10%
SSc5 Reduced Site Disturbance - Protect or Restore Open Space
SSc6 Stormwater Quality Control*
SSc7.1 Heat Island Reduction: Nonroof
SSc7.2 Heat Island Reduction : Roof
SSc8 Light Pollution Reduction
1
1
3
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
5
Y
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
20
Y
Y
Y
1
17
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
WATER EFFICIENCY
WEp1 Min Indoor Plumbing Fixture and Fitting Efficiency
WEc1.1 Water Performance Measurement: Whole Building Metering
WEc1.2 Water Performance Measurement: Submetering
WEc2 Additional Indoor Plumbing Fixture and Fitting Efficiency 10%
WEc3 Water Efficient Landscaping - Reduce Potable Water Use 50%
WEc3 Water Efficient Landscaping - Reduce Potable Water Use 62.5%
WEc3 Water Efficient Landscaping - Reduce Potable Water Use 87.5%
WEc4.1 Cooling Tower Water Management - Chemical Management
WEc4.2 Cooling Tower Water Management - Non-potable Water Source Use
ENERGY & ATMOSPHERE

EAp1 Energy Efficiency Best Mgmt Practices
EAp2 Minimum Energy Efficiency Performance - ENERGY STAR Rating of 69
EAp3 Refrigerant Mgmt - Ozone Protection
EAc1 Optimize Energy Efficiency Performance
EAc2.1 Existing Building Commissioning - Investigation and Analysis
EAc2.2 Existing Building Commissioning - Implementation
EAc2.3 Existing Building Commissioning - Ongoing Commissioning
EAc3.1 Performance Measurement - Building Automation System
EAc3.2 Performance Measurement - System-Level Metering 40%
EAc3.3 Performance Measurement - System-Level Metering 80%
EAc4 Renewable Energy - On-Site 3% / Off-Site 25% *
EAc4 Renewable Energy - On-Site 4.5% / Off-Site 37.5%
EAc4 Renewable Energy - On-Site 6% / Off-Site 50%
EAc4 Renewable Energy - On-Site 7.5% / Off-Site 62.5%
EAc5 Refrigerant Mgmt
EAc6 Emissions Reduction Reporting
26 Points
4
1
1
3
7
11
15
1
1
1
1
1
14 Points
Required
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
35 Points
Required
Required
Required
18
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
44
Y
Y
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
Y
Y
Y
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
1
1
1
32
10
20
Required
Required
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
15 Points
EQp1 Outdoor Air Introduction and Exhaust Systems

EQp2 ETS Control
EQp3 Green Cleaning Policy
EQc1.1 IAQ Best Mgmt Practices - IAQ Mgmt Program
EQc1.2 IAQ Best Mgmt Practices - Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring
EQc1.3 IAQ Best Mgmt Practices - Increased Ventilation
EQc1.4 IAQ Best Mgmt Practices - Reduce Particulates in Air Distribution*
EQc1.5 IAQ Best Mgmt Practices - IAQ Mgmt During Construction
EQc2.1 Occupant Comfort - Occupant Survey
EQc2.2 Controllability of Systems: Lighting
EQc2.3 Occupant Comfort - Thermal Comfort Monitoring
EQc2.4 Occupant Comfort - Daylight and Views, 50% Daylight / 45% Views
EQc3.1 Green Cleaning - High Performance Cleaning Program
EQc3.2 Custodial Effectiveness Assessment, <3
EQc3.3 Green Cleaning - Sustainable Cleaning Products, 30%
EQc3.4 Green Cleaning - Sustainable Cleaning Equipment
EQc3.5 Green Cleaning - Indoor Chemical and Pollutant Source Control
EQc3.6 Green Cleaning - Indoor Integrated Pest Management
Required
Required
Required
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
INNOVATION AND DESIGN PROCESS
6 Points
Regional Priority Credits
1
1
1
1
1
1
4 Points
RPc1.1: Regional Priority Credit

48
10 Points
IDc1.1: Innovation in Operations

IDc2 LEED AP
IDc3 Documenting Sustainable Building Cost Impacts
MATERIALS & RESOURCES

MRp1 Sustainable Purchasing Policy
MRp2 Solid Waste Mgmt Policy
MRc1.1 Sustainable Purchasing - Ongoing Consumables 40%
MRc2.1 Sustainable Purchasing - Durable Goods, electric
MRc2.2 Sustainable Purchasing - Durable Goods, furniture
MRc3 Sustainable Purchasing - Facility Alterations and Additions
MRc4.1 Sustainable Purchasing - Reduced Mercury in Lamps, 90 pg/lumen-hour
MRc5 Sustainable Purchasing - Food*
MRc6 Solid Waste Mgmt - Waste Stream Audit
MRc7.1 Solid Waste Mgmt - Ongoing Consumables, 50% *
MRc8 Solid Waste Mgmt - Durable Goods
MRc9 Solid Waste Mgmt - Facility Alterations and Additions
1
1
1
1
TOTAL (pre-certification estimates)
Certified 40-49 points
Silver 50-59 points
Gold 60-79 points
Platinum 80+ points
45
G.
LifeCycleCostCalculationsforECRs
74 Mount Auburn Street LCC Summary
$0.00
School
FAS
FAS
FAS
FAS
FAS
FAS
FAS
FAS
FAS
FAS
FAS
Building Name
74 Mount
74 Mount
74 Mount
74 Mount
74 Mount
74 Mount
74 Mount
74 Mount
74 Mount
74 Mount
74 Mount
Building
Type
Auburn Street
Auburn Street
Auburn Street
Auburn Street
Auburn Street
Auburn Street
Auburn Street
Auburn Street
Auburn Street
Auburn Street
Auburn Street
Office
Office
Office
Office
Office
Office
Office
Office
Office
Office
Office
FAS 74 Mount Auburn Street

FAS 74 Mount Auburn Street
Office
Office
FAS
FAS
FAS
FAS
FAS
Office
Office
Office
Office
Office
74 Mount
74 Mount
74 Mount
74 Mount
74 Mount
Auburn Street
Auburn Street
Auburn Street
Auburn Street
Auburn Street
Energy Conservation Measure
ECM Category
Replace 75-w att incandescent lamps w ith LED alternative
Lighting
Replace 32-w att T8 lamps w ith 25-w att alternative
Lighting
Replace 17-w att 2' T8 lamps w ith 15-w att alternative
Lighting
Replace incandescent task and overhead lamps w ith CFL alternative
Lighting
Install occupancy sensor to operate bathroom exhaust fan and lights
Lighting Control
Install Ecostrips to shut dow n peripherals during unoccupied periods
Receptacles
Replace toilet w ith low flow alternative
Water Conservation
Replace urinal flushometer w ith 0.5 gallon per flush alternative

Replace existing heating hot w ater pumps w ith automatic speed
Water Conservation
Repair economizer function of studio space AHUs

Install CO2 sensor and occupancy sensor to control operation of
HVAC Control
Install valve for heating hot w ater coil in basement AHU to decrease
steam consumption in building
Install programmable thermostats to control operation of FCUs
Install programmable thermostats to control operation of baseboard
radiation
Program outdoor air temperature reset for HHW system
HVAC Control
HVAC Control
HVAC Control
HVAC Control
HVAC Control
HVAC Control
Insulate domestic hot w ater piping in basement mechanical room
Insulation
Insulate outdoor air intake for open office space AHU
Insulation
Install interior storm w indow s for studio space
Envelope
Total Cost
($)
Rebate ($)
Net Cost
($)
Cambridge
Electricity
(kWh)
Cambridge
Steam
(MMBtu)
Cambridge Cambridge
Water (Ccf) Gas (Therms)
$2,750
$180
$3
$175
$450
$180
$400
$170
$2,200
$2,000
$3,000
1925.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
$825
$180
$3
$175
$450
$180
$400
$170
$2,200
$2,000
$3,000
6,820
1,624
8
334
591
200
0
0
1,996
2,945
4,003
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
22
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
$2,000
$800
0.00
0.00
$2,000
$800
16
678
$200
$1,200
$250
$10
$1,600
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
$200
$1,200
$250
$10
$1,600
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
20 Yr NPV
$0.00
20 Yr Cost
/ 20 Yr
MTCDE
$0.00
NPV / Total
GHG Red.
#DIV/0!
SIR
$13,791.11
$3,153.68
$13.93
$532.47
$3,200.34
$242.60
$270.93
$166.34
$2,023.67
$4,231.77
$13,826.86
$12.09
$22.38
$48.10
$67.14
$34.08
$115.61
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
$141.38
$87.11
$49.07
$259.35
$249.06
$223.34
$204.29
$242.37
$155.82
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
$130.05
$184.32
$226.14
22.46
12.13
5.64
4.04
8.11
2.35
1.68
1.98
1.92
3.12
5.61
$4,110.79
$634.91
$91.36
$151.33
$187.78
$120.10
3.06
1.79
$2,642.16
$2,411.95
-$83.37
-$0.25
$1,317.85
$19.64
$92.74
$326.10
$286.35
$153.07
$259.50
$186.40
-$108.75
-$7.21
$126.08
14.21
3.01
0.67
0.97
1.82
#DIV/0!
Simple
Payback
(years)
IRR
0.73 145.32%
0.67 158.48%
2.27
48.91%
3.17
35.79%
1.58
69.01%
5.45
21.42%
7.60
15.23%
6.44
18.08%
6.66
17.54%
4.11
28.06%
2.28
48.63%
4.20
7.13
27.55%
16.35%
0.90 118.61%
4.26
27.16%
19.38
3.55%
13.16
7.69%
7.03
16.63%
46

74 Mount Auburn Street Energy Audit Report

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74 Mount Auburn Street Energy Audit Report

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TABLEOFCONTENTS

Annualizedsavingsforof alllowcost ECRstotals$4,193,a25%reductionat currentenergy

American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers

While the buildinglevelutility expenseswillsee thefullreductionsidentified inthe ECRs, the bottom

Annual Utility Savings

Replace urinal flushometer with 0.5 gallon per flush alternative

Repair economizer function of studio space AHUs

1. Review mechanical and electrical system design, installed condition,

Electric Savings Equation

Steam Savings Equation

Total Daily Flush Rate

Daily Sew age

Total Daily Volum e (gal)

Annual Work Days

Existing - Total Annual Volum e (gal)

Total Daily Flush Rate

Total Daily Volum e (gal)

Annual Work Days

Design Case - Total Annual Volum e (gal)

Daily Sew age

Design Case - Total Annual Volum e (gal)

Electricity Savings Equation

Heating Savings Equation

Heating Savings Equation

Electricity Savings Equation

5. Baseboard run-time savings (hours)

Pipe Size (in)

Total hrs*total delta T

Total hrs*total delta T

74 Mount Auburn Street LEED EB v.2009

SSc1 LEED Certified Design and Construction

ENERGY & ATMOSPHERE

INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

EQp1 Outdoor Air Introduction and Exhaust Systems

INNOVATION AND DESIGN PROCESS

Regional Priority Credits

RPc1.1: Regional Priority Credit

IDc1.1: Innovation in Operations

MATERIALS & RESOURCES

TOTAL (pre-certification estimates)

Certified 40-49 points

Silver 50-59 points

Gold 60-79 points

Platinum 80+ points

FAS 74 Mount Auburn Street

Energy Conservation Measure

Replace 75-w att incandescent lamps w ith LED alternative

Replace 32-w att T8 lamps w ith 25-w att alternative

Replace 17-w att 2' T8 lamps w ith 15-w att alternative

Replace incandescent task and overhead lamps w ith CFL alternative

Install occupancy sensor to operate bathroom exhaust fan and lights

Install Ecostrips to shut dow n peripherals during unoccupied periods

Replace toilet w ith low flow alternative

Replace urinal flushometer w ith 0.5 gallon per flush alternative

Repair economizer function of studio space AHUs

Insulate domestic hot w ater piping in basement mechanical room

Insulate outdoor air intake for open office space AHU

Install interior storm w indow s for studio space

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