Engineering Mechanics:

Statics in SI Units, 12e

9

Center of Gravity and Centroid

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Chapter Outline
1. Center of Gravity and Center of Mass for a System of
Particles
2. Composite Bodies
3. Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus
4. Resultants of a General Distributed Loading

5. Fluid Pressure

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Chapter Outline
1. Center of Gravity and Center of Mass for a System
of Particles
2. Composite Bodies
3. Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus
4. Resultants of a General Distributed Loading
5. Fluid Pressure

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

9.1 Center of Gravity and Center of Mass

for a System of Particles
Center of Gravity
Consider system of n particles fixed within a region of
space
The weights of the particles can be replaced by a
single (equivalent) resultant weight having defined
point G of application

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9.1 Center of Gravity and Center of Mass

for a System of Particles
Center of Gravity
Resultant weight = total weight of n particles

W dW

Sum of moments of weights of all the particles about x,

y, z axes = moment of resultant weight about these
axes

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9.1 Center of Gravity and Center of Mass

for a System of Particles
Center of Gravity

x W ~x dW
yW ~ydW
z W ~z dW

~x dW

dW
~y dW

y
dW
~z dW

z
dW

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9.1 Center of Gravity and Center of Mass

for a System of Particles
Center Mass
Provided acceleration due to gravity g for every
particle is constant, then W = mg
A rigid body is composed of an infinite number of
particles

~x dm

dm

;y

~ydm

dm

;z

~z dm

dm

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9.1 Center of Gravity and Center of Mass

for a System of Particles
Centroid of a Volume
Consider an object subdivided into volume elements
dV, for location of the centroid,

~x dV

x V

dV

~ydV

;y V

dV

~z dV

;z V

dV

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9.1 Center of Gravity and Center of Mass

for a System of Particles
Centroid of an Area
For centroid for surface area of an object, such as
plate and shell, subdivide the area into differential
elements dA

~x dA

dA
A

~y dA

dA
A

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9.1 Center of Gravity and Center of Mass

for a System of Particles
Centroid of a Line
If the geometry of the object takes the form of a line,
the balance of moments of differential elements dL
about each of the coordinate system yields
~x dL
x

dL
L

~y dL

dL
L

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Example (1)
Locate the centroid of the rod bent into the shape of a
parabolic arc.

~
x dL
L

dL
L

~y dL

dL
L

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Example
For differential length of the element dL
dL

dx 2 dy 2

dx
1 dy
dy

Since x = y2 and then dx/dy = 2y

dL

2 y 2 1 dy

The centroid is located at

~
x x, ~
yy

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Example
Integrations
x

~
x dL
L

dL
L

0
1
0

x = y2

x 4 y 2 1 dy
4 y 2 1 dy

1 2
y
0
1

4 y 2 1 dy
4 y 2 1 dy

0.6063
0.410m
1.479
~
ydL 1 y 4 y 2 1 dy
yL
01
dL 4 y 2 1 dy

0.8484
0.574m
1.479
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Example (2)
Locate the centroid of the area ()

~
x dA
A

dA
A

~y dA

dA
A

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Example
For differential element dA

dA y dx
The centroid is located at

~
xx
~y y
2
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~
xx

Example

~
x dA
A

dA
A

dA y dx

~y y
2

y = x2
1

xy dx

0
1
0

y dx

x dx
0
1

x 3 dx
2

0.250
0.75m
0.333
1 y
~
y
dA
A
0 ( 2 ) y dx
y
1

dA y dx

x2 2
0 ( 2 ) x dx
1
2
x
dx
1

0.100

0.3m
0.333
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Test
Locate the y centroid for the paraboloid of revolution
( y )

~
ydV

yV

dV

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Test
For differential element dV

dV (z ) dy
2

The centroid is located at

~
yy

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Test
~
ydV

yV

dV

V
100

y (z 2 ) dy

100

100

y ( (100 y )) dy

100

(z 2 ) dy

( (100 y )) dy

66.7 mm
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Chapter Outline
1. Center of Gravity and Center of Mass for a System of
Particles
2. Composite Bodies
3. Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus
4. Resultants of a General Distributed Loading
5. Fluid Pressure

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

9.2 Composite Bodies

Consists of a series of connected simpler shaped

bodies, which may be rectangular, triangular or
semicircular
A body can be divided into its composite parts
Accounting for finite number of weights
~
xW
x
W

~
yW
y
W

~
zW
z
W

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9.2 Composite Bodies

Procedure for Analysis
1. Divide the body
2. Determine the coordinates of centroid of each part

3. Summations
~
xW
x
W

~
yW
y
W

~
zW
z
W

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Example
Locate the centroid of the plate area.

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Solution
Plate divided into 3 segments.
Area of small rectangle considered negative.

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Solution

~
xA
x
A

~
yA
y
A

Location of the centroid for each piece is determined and

indicated in the diagram.

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~
xA
x
A

Solution

~
yA
y
A

Summations
~
xA 4
x

0.348mm
A 11.5
~
y A 14
y

1.22mm
A 11.5

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Test
Locate the centroid of the wire ()
~
xL
x
L
~y L
y
L
~z L
z
L

2r

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Test

y

2r

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Test

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Test

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Chapter Outline
1. Center of Gravity and Center of Mass for a System of
Particles
2. Composite Bodies
3. Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus
4. Resultants of a General Distributed Loading
5. Fluid Pressure

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus

The theorems of Pappus and Guldinus (

) are used to find the surfaces area and volume of
any object of revolution () provided the
generating curves and areas do not cross the axis
they are rotated

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9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus

Surface Area
A surface area of revolution is generated by
revolving a plane curve about a non-intersecting
fixed axis in the plane of the curve

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9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus

Area of a surface of revolution = product of length of

the curve and distance traveled by the centroid in
generating the surface area

(A)(L)

A r L
Note:

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Example
Show that the surface area of a sphere is A = 4R2.
( A = 4R2)

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Example -- Solution
Surface Area -Generated by rotating semi-arc about the x axis
For centroid,

r 2R /
For surface area,
A r L
2R
2
A 2
R 4R

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9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus

Volume
A volume of revolution is generated by revolving a
plane area bout a nonintersecting fixed axis in the
plane of area

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9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus

Volume of a body of revolution = product of

generating area and distance traveled by the centroid
in generating the volume

(V)(A)

V r A
Note:

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Example
Show that the volume of a sphere is V = 4/3 R3.
( V = 4/3 R3)

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Example -- Solution
Volume -Generated by rotating semicircular area about the x axis
For centroid,
4R
r
3

For volume,
V rA
4R 1 2 4 3
V 2
R R
3 2
3
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9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus

Composite shapes
The total surface area or volume generated is the
addition of the surface area or volumes generated by
each of the composite parts

A ~
rL
V ~
rA
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Test
Determine the surface area and volume of the full solid.

A ~
rL

V ~
rA

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Test -- Answer
(2)

(3)

(1)

(4)

A ~
rL
A 2 ~
rL

2 [(2.5)(2) (3)( 12 12 ) (3.5)(3) (3)(1)] 143 (m 2 )

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

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Test -- Answer

(1)

(2)

V ~
rA
V 2 ~
rA

1
2 {(3.1667)( 11) (3)(2 1)} 47.6 (m3 )
2
(1)

(2)

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Chapter Outline
1. Center of Gravity and Center of Mass for a System of
Particles
2. Composite Bodies
3. Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus
4. Resultants of a General Distributed Loading
5. Fluid Pressure

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

9.4 Resultant of a General Distributed

Loading
Pressure Distribution over a Surface
The flat plate subjected to the loading function
p = p(x, y) [N/m2] Pa(Pascal)

The force dF acting on the differential area dA m2 of

the plate, located at the differential point (x, y)
dF = p(x, y) [N/m2] dA [m2]
= p(x, y) dA [N]
= dV

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9.4 Resultant of a General Distributed

Loading
Magnitude of resultant force (FR) = total volume under
the distributed loading diagram

FR p( x, y)dA dV V
A

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9.4 Resultant of a General Distributed

Loading
Location of Resultant Force is

xp ( x, y )dA xdV

p( x, y)dA dV
yp ( x, y )dA ydV

p( x, y)dA dV
A

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Chapter Outline
1. Center of Gravity and Center of Mass for a System of
Particles
2. Composite Bodies
3. Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus
4. Resultants of a General Distributed Loading
5. Fluid Pressure

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

9.5 Fluid Pressure

According to Pascals law, a fluid at rest creates a
pressure p at a point that is the same in all directions
Magnitude of p depends on the specific weight or
mass density of the fluid and the depth z of the point
from the fluid surface
p = z = gz
Valid for incompressible fluids
Gas are compressible fluids and the above equation
cannot be used

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9.5 Fluid Pressure

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9.5 Fluid Pressure

Flat Plate of Constant Width
Consider flat rectangular plate of constant width
submerged in a liquid having a specific weight
Plane of the plate makes an angle with the horizontal

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9.5 Fluid Pressure

Flat Plate of Constant Width
As pressure varies linearly with depth, the distribution
of pressure over the plates surface is represented by a
trapezoidal volume having an intensity of p1= z1 at
depth z1 and p2 = z2 at depth z2
Magnitude of the resultant force FR
= volume of this loading diagram

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Example
Determine the magnitude and location of the resultant
hydrostatic force acting on the submerged rectangular
plate AB. The plate has a width of 1.5m; w = 1000kg/m3.
(AB)

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Solution
The water pressures at depth A and B are
(AB)

p A w gz A (1000kg / m3 )(9.81m / s 2 )(2m) 19.62kPa

pB w gz B (1000kg / m3 )(9.81m / s 2 )(5m) 49.05kPa

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Solution
The intensities of the load at A and B
(AB ()3D2D)

wA bp A (1.5m)(19.62kPa) 29.43kN / m
wB bpB (1.5m)(49.05kPa) 73.58kN / m

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Solution
The magnitude of the resultant force FR
FR area of trapezoid
1
(3)(29.4 73.6) 154.5 N
2

This force acts through the centroid

of the area ()

1 2(29.43) 73.58
h
(3) 1.29m
3 29.43 73.58
measured upwards from B
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Test
Determine the magnitude of the hydrostatic force acting
on gate AB, which has a width of 0.5m. The specific
weight of water is = 10 kN/m3. (AB
)

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Solution
The water pressures at depth A and B are
(AB)

p A z A (10)(1.8) 18 kN / m 2
pB z B (10)(1.8 1.2) 30 kN / m 2

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Solution
The intensities of the load at A and B
(AB ()3D2D)

wA bp A (0.5)(18) 9 kN / m
wB bpB (0.5)(30) 15 kN / m

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Solution
The magnitude of the resultant force FR
FR area of trapezoid
1
(9 15)( 1.2 2 0.9 2 )
2
18 KN

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9.5 Fluid Pressure

Flat Plate of Variable Width
Since uniform pressure p = z (force/area) acts on dA,
the magnitude of the differential force dF
dF = p dA = (z) dA
FR dF zdA

zdA zA
FR ( z A)
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Test
Determine the magnitude of the hydrostatic force acting
on gate AB, which has a width of 0.5m. The specific
weight of water is = 10K N/m3. (AB
)

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Solution
The magnitude of the resultant force FR
FR ( z A)
1.2
10 * (1.8 ) * ( 1.2 2 0.9 2 * 0.5)
2
18 kN

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9.5 Fluid Pressure

**Curved Plate of Constant Width
When the submerged plate is curved, the pressure
acting normal to the plate continuously changes
direction
Integration can be used to determine FR and location of
center of centroid C or pressure P

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END OF CHAPTER 9

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