Phonetics Class 001

1 Introduction
2 Phonetics and Phonology

3 Morphology and Syntax
4 Semantics and Pragmatics
5 Conclusion
An Introduction to Linguistics
Whats a Language? Linguistic Subfields
Meagan Louie
M. Louie
Introductory Linguistics
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Q: What is Linguistics?
Linguistics is the study of language
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Taking a scientific approach to studying language:
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
1 Observe some language phenomena
2 Make a hypothesis about the phenomena
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
1 Observe some language phenomena
2 Make a hypothesis about the phenomena
3 Test your hypothesis
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
1
2
3
4
5
Observe some language phenomena

Make a hypothesis about the phenomena
Test your hypothesis
Revise your hypothesis
Test your revised hypothesis
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
1
2
3
4
5
6

Repeat steps 4 and 5
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
1
2
3
4
5
6

Repeat steps 4 and 5
Q: So what is there in a language to study?
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
The Core Subdomains of Linguistics
Language is a complex thing that consists of many different parts
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion

Linguistics likewise, can be broken down into different parts
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion

Linguistics likewise, can be broken down into different parts
Phonetics
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 1
Hypothesis 1b
Q: What is a Language?
Hypothesis 1: A language is a collection of sounds

English = { p, t, k, tS, S, D, T, i,u, ej, ,... }
French = { p, t, k, b, d, g S, i, y, e, ... }
Blackfoot = { p, t, k, i, o, a.. }
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 1
Hypothesis 1b
Core Subdomains: Phonetics
Phonetics is the study of speech sounds

(i) How do you make these sounds?
(ii) What properties do these sounds have?
(iii) etc.
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 1
Hypothesis 1b

But language cant just be an unstructured set of sounds
(1)
a. [pit]
English
b. *[pti]
c. *[ptSD]
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 1
Hypothesis 1b

(1)
a. [pit]
English
b. *[pti]
c. *[ptSD]
Observation: Sounds restricted in how they combine into syllables
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 1
Hypothesis 1b

(1)
a. [pit]
English
b. *[pti]
c. *[ptSD]
Sounds should be categorized, eg. into consonants and vowels
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 1
Hypothesis 1b

(1)
a. [pit]
English
b. *[pti]
c. *[ptSD]
Sounds should be categorized, eg. into consonants and vowels
This should be represented in our model of language
English = { { p, t, k, tS, S, D, T,... }, { i,u, ej, ... }
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 1
Hypothesis 1b
Phonology
Phonology is the study of how speech sounds pattern

(i) What sounds are there?
(ii) What sorts of categories do speech sounds fall into?
(iii) How can these sounds combine?
(iv) etc.
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 1
Hypothesis 1b
Phonology
Phonology is the study of how speech sounds pattern

(i) What sounds are there?
(ii) What sorts of categories do speech sounds fall into?
(iii) How can these sounds combine?
(iv) etc.
Hypothesis 1b: A language is a structured collection of sounds
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 1
Hypothesis 1b
Another Observation
Consider the following sequence:

STAGE 1: I think of something
(Thought 1)
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 1
Hypothesis 1b
Another Observation

(Thought 1)
STAGE 2: You know the content
of Thought 1
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 1
Hypothesis 1b
Another Observation

(Thought 1)
of Thought 1
Question: How do we get from
Stage One to Stage 2?
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 2
Hypothesis 2b
Q: What is Language?
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 2
Hypothesis 2b

Theres more to language than just sounds
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 2
Hypothesis 2b

Theres more to language than just sounds
The sounds of a language combine to form words.
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 2
Hypothesis 2b
Hypothesis 2: A language is a collection of words
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 2
Hypothesis 2b

English = { dog, cat, apple, the, a, run, eat, red, fat, be, on, ... }
French = { chien, chat, pomme, le/la/les, un/une/des, courir,
manger, rouge, gros, tre, sur, ... }
Blackfoot = { imitaa, poos, aapastaaminaam,
amo/omi/oma/omistsi/omiksi, okskasi, ooyi/owatoo/oowat,
maohksinattsi, omaahkapii, ohkit, ... }
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 2
Hypothesis 2b

English = { dog, cat, apple, the, a, run, eat, red, fat, be, on, ... }
French = { chien, chat, pomme, le/la/les, un/une/des, courir,
manger, rouge, gros, tre, sur, ... }
Blackfoot = { imitaa, poos, aapastaaminaam,
amo/omi/oma/omistsi/omiksi, okskasi, ooyi/owatoo/oowat,
maohksinattsi, omaahkapii, ohkit, ... }
But a language cant just be an unstructured set of words:
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 2
Hypothesis 2b
Whats a Language?
Observation: Only some English words can appear in the position
marked in red (i.e., in the frame The ..... dog)
(2)
a. The red dog ran

b. The fat dog ran
c. *The apple dog ran
d. *The eat dog ran
e. *The a dog ran
f.
*The with dog ran
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 2
Hypothesis 2b
Whats a Language?
Observation: Only some English words can appear in the position
marked in red (i.e., in the frame The ..... dog)
(2)
a. The red dog ran

b. The fat dog ran
d. *The eat dog ran
e. *The a dog ran
f.
*The with dog ran
If English was just a set of words, we wouldnt be able to account

for why only some words can occur in this position
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 2
Hypothesis 2b
Whats a Language?
(3)
(4)
a. The red dog ran
(5)
a. The red dog ran
b. The fat dog ran
b. The red dog ate
c. *The red dog cat
d. *The eat dog ran
d. *The red dog a
e. *The a dog ran
e. *The red dog on
a. The red dog ran
(6)
a. The red dog ran
b. A red dog ran
b. The red cat ran
c. *Eat red dog ran
c. *The red eat ran
d. *Cat red dog ran
d. *The red a ran
e. *on red dog ran
e. *The red on ran

M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 2
Hypothesis 2b
Whats a Language?
Observation: Different words have different distributions
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 2
Hypothesis 2b
Whats a Language?

We can account for this if language puts words into different
categories
Nouns
cat, dog,...
Verbs
eat, run,...
Adjectives
red, fat,...
M. Louie
Determiners
the, a,...
Prepositions
under, on,...
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 2
Hypothesis 2b
Whats a Language?

We can account for this if language puts words into different
categories
Nouns
cat, dog,...
Verbs
eat, run,...
Adjectives
red, fat,...
Determiners
the, a,...
Prepositions
under, on,...
Question: Is there any independent evidence for these categories?
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 2
Hypothesis 2b
Whats a Language?
Hypothesis 2b: Language is a collection of words that fall into

specific word-categories, eg., N, V, Adj, Det, P
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 2
Hypothesis 2b
Whats a Language?
Hypothesis 2b: Language is a collection of words that fall into

specific word-categories, eg., N, V, Adj, Det, P
Independent Evidence: Only nouns can be pluralized
N
cat, dog,...
cat-s, dog-s
V
eat, run,...
*eat-s, *run-s
M. Louie
Adj
red, fat,...
*red-s, *fat-s
Det
the, a,...
*the-s, *a-s
P
under, on,...
*under-s,
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 2
Hypothesis 2b
Whats a Language?
Independent Evidence: Only verbs can be past tense

N
cat, dog,...
*cat-ed, *dog-ed
V
smile, walk,...
smile-d, walk-ed
Adj
red, fat,...
*red-ed, *fat-ed
Det
the, a,...
*the-ed, *a-ed
Independent Evidence: Only adjectives can be superlative

N
cat, dog,...
*cat-est, *dog-est
V
smile, walk,...
smile-st, walk-est
M. Louie
Adj
red, fat,...
reddest, fattest
Det
the, a,...
*the-est, *a-est
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 2
Hypothesis 2b
Syntax and Morphology
Observation: The "collection of words" that make up (part of) a

language is structured in terms of
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 2
Hypothesis 2b

(i) The external distribution of words
(eg., where words of a certain category can occur within a phrase or
sentence)
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 2
Hypothesis 2b

(i) The external distribution of words
(eg., where words of a certain category can occur within a phrase or
sentence)
(ii) The internal structure of words
(eg., what things ("morphemes") can be be combined to form words)
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 2
Hypothesis 2b

Syntax is the study of how words combine to form sentences
(i) "word order"
(ii) How to form phrases and sentences
(iii) How to categorize types of phrases, types of sentences
(iv) etc.
Morphology is the study of words
(i) How to categorize words
(ii) How to form words
(iii) etc.
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4
Hypothesis 3: Language consists of:
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4
(i) A structured collection of sounds
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4
Instructions about how to make them
PHONETICS
Rules re: how these sounds combine .
PHONOLOGY
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4
PHONETICS
PHONOLOGY
(ii) A structured collection of words and "morphemes"
M. Louie
LEXICON
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4
PHONETICS
PHONOLOGY

Rules re: how morphemes combine into words
Rules re: how words combine into phrases, sentences
M. Louie
LEXICON
MORPHOLOGY
.
SYNTAX
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4
PHONETICS
PHONOLOGY

LEXICON
MORPHOLOGY
.
But you need more than these in order to know a language!
M. Louie
SYNTAX
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4
Recall the Previous Observation

(Thought 1)
of Thought 1
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4
Recall the Previous Observation

(Thought 1)
of Thought 1
A word is not just a combination of sounds
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4
Observation: Words arent just sounds.

(7)
The butterfly is sitting on the cats back.
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4
Observation: Words arent just sounds.

(7)
The butterfly is sitting on the cats back.
True!
M. Louie
False!
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4
Truth-Conditional Meaning
When you know a language, you know what the world has to look like in
order for a sentence to be true - i.e., you know its truth-conditions.
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4
You have to know
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4
You have to know

(i) The meaning of words - eg., what they refer to, and
(ii) How the meanings of the words combine to form the meanings of
phrases and sentences
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4
Semantics
Semantics is the study of meaning

(i) The meaning of words
.
LEXICAL SEMANTICS
(ii) How the meanings of words combine to form the meaning (i.e.,
truth-conditions) of sentences
.
COMPOSITIONAL SEMANTICS
(iii) etc.
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4
Hypothesis 3b: Language consists of:
1 Where
words and "morphemes" and hsound, meaning i pairs.

M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4
1 Where

M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4
1 Where
PHONETICS
PHONOLOGY

M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4
PHONETICS
PHONOLOGY
(ii) A structured collection of words and "morphemes"1
1 Where

M. Louie
LEXICON
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4
PHONETICS
PHONOLOGY

1 Where

M. Louie
LEXICON
MORPHOLOGY
.
SYNTAX
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4
PHONETICS
PHONOLOGY

LEXICON
MORPHOLOGY
.
SYNTAX
Rules re: how the meaning of words/"morphemes" combine into the

meaning (i.e., truth-conditions) of sentences
.
SEMANTICS
1 Where

M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4
Are we done yet? Another Observation:
(8) CONTEXT: Were watching Raven dance right now.

a. Raven is dancing
True!
b.#Raven was dancing
True!
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4

a. Raven is dancing
True!
True!
When you know a language, you know more than just how to
calculate the truth-conditions of sentences
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4

a. Raven is dancing
True!
True!
When you know a language, you know more than just how to
calculate the truth-conditions of sentences
You also know when using sentence is acceptable (felicitous)
regardless of whether or not its true
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4
Pragmatics
Pragmatics is the study of language in context

(i) The non truth-conditional meanings of words, phrases and sentences
(ii) How these meanings interact with context
(iii) how these meanings interact with truth-conditional meaning
(iv) etc.
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4
2 Where

M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4

2 Where

M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4

2 Where
PHONETICS
PHONOLOGY

M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4

PHONETICS
PHONOLOGY
(ii) A structured collection of words and "morphemes"2 LEXICON
2 Where

M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4

PHONETICS
PHONOLOGY

. MORPHOLOGY
SYNTAX

.
SEMANTICS
2 Where

M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Hypothesis 3
Hypothesis 3b
Hypothesis 4

PHONETICS
PHONOLOGY

. MORPHOLOGY
SYNTAX

.
SEMANTICS
Rules re: how to use words/sentences felicitously
2 Where

M. Louie
. PRAGMATICS
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion
Conclusion: A language consists of
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion

M. Louie
Phonetic Inventory
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion

Phonetic Inventory
(ii) A respository of meaning
Semantic Ontology
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion

Phonetic Inventory
Semantic Ontology
(iii) Rules about how these elements combine (i.e., the "GRAMMAR")
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion

Phonetic Inventory
Semantic Ontology
sounds into complex sounds
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion

Phonetic Inventory
Semantic Ontology
sound and meanings into hsound , meaning i pairs
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion

Phonetic Inventory
Semantic Ontology
morphemes into words
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion

Phonetic Inventory
Semantic Ontology
words into phrases and sentences
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion

Phonetic Inventory
Semantic Ontology
simple morpheme meanings into complex meanings
M. Louie
1 Introduction
5 Conclusion

Phonetic Inventory
Semantic Ontology
simple morpheme meanings into complex meanings
complex meanings with context
M. Louie

Phonetics Class 001

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Phonetics Class 001

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1 Introduction

2 Phonetics and Phonology

Observe some language phenomena

Observe some language phenomena

Observe some language phenomena

Q: So what is there in a language to study?

The Core Subdomains of Linguistics

Language is a complex thing that consists of many different parts

The Core Subdomains of Linguistics

Language is a complex thing that consists of many different parts

The Core Subdomains of Linguistics

Language is a complex thing that consists of many different parts

Hypothesis 1: A language is a collection of sounds

Core Subdomains: Phonetics

Phonetics is the study of speech sounds

Hypothesis 1: A language is a collection of sounds

Hypothesis 1: A language is a collection of sounds

Hypothesis 1: A language is a collection of sounds

Hypothesis 1: A language is a collection of sounds

Phonology is the study of how speech sounds pattern

Phonology is the study of how speech sounds pattern

Consider the following sequence:

Consider the following sequence:

Consider the following sequence:

Hypothesis 1b: A language is a structured collection of sounds

Hypothesis 1b: A language is a structured collection of sounds

Hypothesis 1b: A language is a structured collection of sounds

Hypothesis 2: A language is a collection of words

Hypothesis 2: A language is a collection of words

Hypothesis 2: A language is a collection of words

But a language cant just be an unstructured set of words:

a. The red dog ran

*The with dog ran

a. The red dog ran

*The with dog ran

If English was just a set of words, we wouldnt be able to account

a. The red dog ran

a. The red dog ran

b. The fat dog ran

b. The red dog ate

c. *The apple dog ran

c. *The red dog cat

d. *The eat dog ran

d. *The red dog a

e. *The a dog ran

e. *The red dog on

a. The red dog ran

a. The red dog ran

b. A red dog ran

b. The red cat ran

c. *Eat red dog ran

c. *The red eat ran

d. *Cat red dog ran

d. *The red a ran

e. *on red dog ran

e. *The red on ran

Observation: Different words have different distributions

Observation: Different words have different distributions

Observation: Different words have different distributions

Question: Is there any independent evidence for these categories?

Hypothesis 2b: Language is a collection of words that fall into

Hypothesis 2b: Language is a collection of words that fall into

Independent Evidence: Only verbs can be past tense