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entire area
By offsets to the
baes line
Based on field
measurements
By latitudes
&departures
Area
Based on
measurements
scaled from a
map
By coordinates
Instrumental
method
Usually by a
planimeter
Area of square
Area=a2
Where a is the side of the square.
Area of the trapezium
1
Area= ( a+b ) d
2
Where a and b are the parallel sides and d is the perpendicular distance between them.
2 n d step
The area along the boundaries is calculated as follows.
X1
X22
01 , 02=ordinates
x 1 , x 2=chainages
01+ 02
( x 2x 1 )
2
Total area=d/2*(o1+2o2++2on-1+on)
Total area=common distance/2*(1st ordinate + last ordinate+2[sum of other ordinate]
Add the average of the end offsets to the sum of the intermediate offsets. Multiply the total
sum thus obtained by the common distance between the ordinates to get the required area.
Simpsons rule
In this rule, we assume that the short lengths of boundary between the ordinates are parabolic
arcs. This method is more useful when the boundary line departs considerably from the
straight line.
The area is equal to the sum of the two end ordinates plus four times the sum of the even
intermediate ordinates plus twice the sum of the odd intermediate ordinates, the whole
multiplied by one-third the common interval between them.
Even though this method gives more accurate results out of other three methods, this is only
applicable when the number of divisions is even.
In order to calculate the area by this method, the latitudes and departures of each line of the
traverse are calculated. Then the traverse is balanced.
A reference meridian is then assumed to pass through the most westerly station of the traverse
& the double meridian distances of the lines are computed.
Meridian distances
The meridian distance of any point in a traverse is the distance of that point to the reference
meridian, measured at right angles to the meridian.
The meridian distance of any line is equal to the meridian distance of the preceding line plus
half the departure of the preceding line plus half the departure of the line itself.
Area by coordinates
This method can be applied when the offset intervals are irregular.
The procedure for this method is that from the given distances & offsets, a point is selected as
the origin.
Then the coordinated of all other points are arranged with reference to the origin.
Instrumental method
The instrument used for computation of area from a plotted map is the planimeter. The area
obtained from this instrument is more accurate than other graphical methods.
The two types of planimeter are:
Amsler polar planimeter
Roller planimeter
Procedure of finding the area with a planimeter
The Vernier of the index mark is set to the exact graduation marked on the tracer arm
corresponding to the scale as obtained from the table.
The anchor point is fixed firmly in the paper outside or inside the figure. It should be ensured
that the tracing point is easily able to reach every point on the boundary line.
A good starting point is marked on the boundary line.
By observing the disc, wheel and Vernier the initial reading (IR) is recorded.
The tracing point is moved gently in a clockwise direction along the boundary of the area.
The number of times the zero mark of the dial passes the index mark in a clockwise or
anticlockwise direction should be observed.
Finally, observing the disc, wheel and Vernier the final reading (FR) is recorded.
Then, the area of the figure may be obtained from the following expression.
Are=M (FR-IR+- 10N +C)
M=multiplier given in the table
N=number of times the 0 mark of the dial passes the index mark
C=constant given in the table
Level
section
Two-level
section
From
cross
sections
Side hill
two-level
section
Three level
section
Volume
From spot
levels
Multi-level
section
By cross
sections
From
contours
By equal
depth
contours
By
horizontal
planes
Level section
In this case the ground is level transversely.
The volumes of the prismoids between successive cross-sections are obtained either by
trapezoidal formula or by prismoidal formula.
The prismoidal formula
A prismoid is defined as a solid whose end faces lie in parallel and consist of any two
polygons, not necessarily of the same number of sides, the longitudinal faces being surface
extended between the end planes.
The longitudinal faces take the form of triangles, parallelograms or trapezium.
The total volume of the pyramid can be stated as follows.
Where h is the length of the prismoid measured perpendicular to the two end parallel planes
and.
In order to calculate the volume of earth work between a number of sections having area a1,
a2, a3, , an spaced at a constant distance h apart.
V = d{[( A1 + A2) / 2 ] + A2 + A3 + An-1}
level section
prismoidal
correct
Cp=
two
sections
level
Ds
h1h2 )2
(
6
ion
H=contour interval
V-total volume
V=sigmah/2 (a1+A2) by trapezoidal
V=Sigma h/3(A1+4A2+A3) by prismoidal formula
By horizontal planes
This method consists in determining the volumes of earth to be moved between the horizontal
planes marked by successive contours.
Chainag
e along
the
survey
line
Ordinate
(m)
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
130.0
160.0
190.0
8.4
9.5
7.34
6.23
7.89
7.3
9.81
6.65
4.5
According to the given data above we can plot a graph to determine the enclosed area of the
given survey line.
12
10
9.81
9.5
8.4
8
7.89
7.34
7.3
6.63
6.23
4.5
4
2
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
In this particular survey line there are two distinct Chainage intervals of 20m and 30m.
Therefore when calculating the area it has to be separated into two parts.
The method used to calculate the area is the trapezoidal rule since it is more accurate than the
mid-ordinate rule and average-ordinate rule and Simpsons rule cannot be applied because the
number of divisions is not even in the plotted plan.
Y-Values
12
10
8
Axis Title
Y-Values
6
4
2
0
20
40
60
80
Axis Title
100
130
160
190