Chapter 10 Airborne Bacterial Diseases

Disease
Strep Throat

Causative Agent
Streptococcus pyogenes,
Group A Strep [GAS]

Signs and Symptoms

Pharyngitis
fever

G+, coccus
Some patients with ST
develop erythrogenic
exotoxins, a rash.

Transmission
Enters Upper
Respiratory tract
through respiratory
droplets.

Treatment
Penicillin

Streptococcus pneumonia

Wash hands, dont share

food/drinks with a sick
individual.

Unique fact
You had it.

Virulence factors: M
protein,
streptokinase
(prevents clotting),
streptolysin (lyses
RBC).

Autoimmune complications re: ST/Scarlet Fever

1. Rheumatic fever: affects joints and heart. Causes permanent heart damage called rheumatic heart disease.
2. Acute glomerulonephritis: rare inflammatory response to M proteins. May lead to renal damage.
Diphtheria
Corynebacterium diphtheria Produces an exotoxin
Respiratory droplet
Antibiotics and
that inhibits translation
antitoxins.
Life threatening disease.
(protein synthesis in
Injection of diphtheria
throat cells). Results in
toxoid
G+, rod
pseudomembrane on
tonsils/pharynx.
DTaP trivalent
vaccine.
easy to diagnose in
Diphtheria, Tetanus,
lab. Chinese lettering
acellular Pertussis.
Bacterial
Neisseria meningitidis
Rash that does not
6 mo 2 years most
antibiotics
Meningitis
fade
at risk.
g- diplococcus
capsule/endotoxin
Only found in
humans.
prevalence 10%
Bacterial
Meningitis

Prevention

Causes pneumococcal
meningitis

@ risk: 1 mo 4
years.

May lead to epiglottitis

as well.

@ risk: 6 mo 4
years.

Toxin paralyzes cilia

cells in the respiratory

Respiratory droplets

the strangler

Vaccine

College students get it.

G+ diploccocus
Bacterial
Meningitis

Prev: 70% healthy carriers

Haemophilus influenza
G-, rod

Pertussis
whooping

Type b is most prevalent

(different types are
compositions of capsules).
Bordetella Pertussis

Type B Vaccine :
Tetramune.
Diphtheria, tetanus,
pertussis, and HiB
conjugate. [DTPHbOC]

Aka Hib, Hflu. -- caused

secondary infection in 19
Flu.

Erythromycin reduces
duration and severity of

3 stages, 1st one is

contagious and only time

cough

tract
3 stages [CPC]:
1) catarrhal cough.
Most contagious.
2) paroxysmal
whoop air passages
constricted.
3) convalescent.

illness if administered
during the catarrhal cough.
DTaP.

erythromycin will help.

Chapter 11 - Foodborne and Waterborne Bacterial Diseases

Disease
Dental Caries

Causative Agent
Streptococcus mutans
[major cause] another
is streptococcus
sobrinus

Signs and Symptoms

Transmission

Treatment

Demineralize enamel.

Prevention
Brush, floss, diet
changes, fluoride.

G+, facultative
anaerobic
Periodontal disease

Supragingival plaque
Mixed infection by
anaerobic bac
G-

Unique fact

Mutans.. mutant ni
breaking teeth.
Sobrinus..su sobrin
helps sometimes.

They hydrolyze suc

and ferment the su
into lactic acid.
Ulcers and bleeding,
degradation of
periodontal ligaments
and bone, loosened or
lost teeth.

Subgingival plaque

Foodborne Intoxications
Staph food poisoning

Staphylococcus aureus.

Causes gastroenteritis
for several hours.

Botulism

Clostridium botulinium
Neurotoxin

Flaccid paralysis and

respiratory arrest.

Toxins in protein rich

foods such as in
meat/fish and dairy
products.

Enterotoxin very he
resistant microwa
wont kill it. Heat
resistant.
Antitoxins and life
support systems like
ventilators.

G+ spore forming rod,

anaerobe.

Cholera

Vibrio cholera
g- spirochete, comma
shaped

Heating foods before

eating them for at least
10 minutes.
Heat sensitive

Causes unrelenting loss

of fluid and electrolytes
through diarrhea

Consumed with raw

oysters and fecal
contamination of water.

Fluid replacement
therapy. Restoration of
water and electrolyte
balance.

Clean water and food.

toxin, choleragaen

Clostridium difficile
G+ anaerobic, spore
forming rod

if untreated, blood
thickens leads to
shock/coma.
Pseudomembranous
colitis inflammation in
the colon. Severe
diarrhea, fever. Colon

Fecal-oral spread

Large infectious do
needed.

Can survive in both

and fresh water. W
its been around.

rice water stools

C.diff

enterotoxins.
Most dangerous
foodborne intoxicat
Floppy baby
Bioweapon

Stop clindamyacin,
start vancomycin.

Healthcare associa
infection. Fecal
transplants. Spores

can rupture.
Listeriosis

Listeria monocytogenes

Fecal contaminated
food, water, and milk.

Primarily aggects
preggos, newborns
old, and IC causing
form of meningitis
dang!

Psychrophilic lov
grow in low
temperatures.

Salmonellosis

Salmonella enteritidis

Unpasteurized milk or
poultry products.

Chicken, turkey.
Found in normal bi

Fecal oral route, live

animals.
Drink water/ eat food
contaminated with
others e.coli.

Travelers diarrhea

Rod, a lot of flagella.

Gastroenteritis
Escherichia coli

Enterotoxigenic E. coli
[ETEC]
g- rod
Enteropathogenic E.coli
[EPEC]
Enterohemorrhagic E.
coli [EHEC]

Campylobacteriosis

Gastric Ulcer disease

Campylobacter jejuni

Helicobacter pylori

gastroenteritis

Diarrhea in infants,
particularly where
sanitation is lacking
Hemorrhagic colitis
bloody diarrhea.
Hemolytic uremic
syndrome e- kidney
failure and worse.
gastroenteritis

Ulcers

Fecal-oral
Cattle feces
undercooked
hamburger.

E. coli O157: H7
Apple cider.

Contaminated poultry
or diary

Most common cau

of bac gastroente

Fecal-oral

Common in college
buy a hotplate.
Can grow in acidic
Virulence factor:
urease. Ammonia
neutralizes acid.

unknown

antibiotics

Chapter 13 Sexually Transmitted and Contact Transmitted Bacterial Diseases

Chapter 12 Soilborne and Arthropodborne Bacterial Diseases
Disease
Gonorrhea

Unique fact
Disease
Anthrax

the clap

Causative Agent
Causative Agent

Neisseria gonorrhoeae,
Bacillus anthracis
known as gonococcus

pili- major
Spore forming aerobic rod
virulence factor
G- diplococcus
Intestinal anthrax
newborns eyes
silver nitrate
ointment.
Cutaneous anthrax
Tetanus
Clostridium tetani
Chlamydial urethritis
Most frequently
Chlamydia trachomatis
reported STD.
G+ anaerobes spore forming
g- rod
Obligate
intracellular
Gas gangrene
parasite. OnlyClostridium perfringens
other one is
Rickettsia. G+ anaerobic spore forming

Syphilis

Signs and Symptoms

Signs and Symptoms
Urethritis (gonoccocal urethritis)

Transmissio
Treatment
Transmission
n
sex

Infants can get gonococcal ophthalmia, eye

infection.

Contaminated/
undercooked meat

Males: tingling of penis, pain when peeing,

Black necrotic sore, an eschar
pus discharge, swollen lymph nodes,
painful testes. Infertility.
Blocks the inhibition of Muscle contractions,
Salpingitis
sex
powerful neurotoxin
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Danger of infertility
Ectopic pregnancies

Chancriod

Common in
tropical
climates.
Patients more

Haemophilus ducreyi
g- rod

bioweapon

Doxycycline,
erythromycin

Penicillin and
Safe sex since
antitoxins.
85-90% of
infected ppl are
asymptomatic.
Debridement
THE
SILENT and
hperbaric
DISEASE. oxygen
chamber to
suppress growth.
antibiotics

sex

Lockjaw jaw muscle

stiffness.

Carried in rodents and

spread by fleas.
Prairie dogs in the
southwest.

Curable in
early stages
by penicillin.

Respiratory droplets
Bite of a small tick

Antibiotics in
early stages.
Long term
therapy.

vision problem

notch teeth
Painful genital bleeding ulcers, soft
chancre.

Direct opposite of botu

floppy baby

Bite

>>Chronic latent stage: 3-30 years.

3 stages:
Tertiary syphilis: gummas
bulls eye rash:offever,
pains, and flu-like.
weakening/bursting
bloodaches,
vessels,
degeneration of spinal cord tissue, brain
If untreated,
to skin,
heart, and nervous
damage
leading to spread
personality
changes,
system
joints.
insanity.
Mostand
destructive
lesions in
heart, nerve, bones.
Late stage, chronic arthritis and swelling in joints.
Congenital syphilis can occur in the fetus of
a preggo after 4th month leading to stillbirth
and birth defects lie Hutchinsons triad
[EVT]
1. ear problems

2.
3.

Endemic zoonotic, gra

animals ingest spores

Spore contaminated
animal products

tissue
(myconecrosis)
blocks blood
flow
Males:Dead
watery
discharge
(versus viscious
in
and
releases
gas
as
muscle
tissue
is
fermented
gonorrhea).
Can cause infertility.

host.

Transmitted
after 1st
trimester.

Safe sex

Unique fact

Inhalation anthrax is le
[woolsorters disease]

Female: pelvic inflammatory disease [PID].

Salpingitis. Ectopic pregnancy.

Bubonic plague
Yersinia pestis
Known as NGU

3 forms of plague
nongonococcal
- bubonic: cells accum in
urethritis.
bloodstream
and localize
in lymphHas three stages.
One of the top
Treponema
palladium
nodes
called
buboes.
5 reported
Primary: lesion, hard chanchre where
- septicemic:
hemorrhaging of skin,
microbial
g-, Spirochete
bacteria entered the body.
black death.
diseases in US.
- pneumonic: inhale it. Highly
Secondary: the great imitator. Fever, skin
Humans onlycontagious
rash, swollen lymph nodes.
Lyme disease
burgdorferi
3 stages and Borrelia
a
spirochete like
Large g- spirochete
lyme.

ceftriaxone
Germinate in your
lungs

Prevention
Treatment

sex

erythromycin

Safe sex

Yolanda Foster

Chapter 15 Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract and Skin

Disease
Common Cold

Unique Fact
Tropism: nares, cooler temp.

Causative Agent

>100 strains

Rhinovirus
+ss RNA, naked
icosahedral

>200 virus strains

looking for common sequences to dev
vaccine.
Protein spikes on capsid for tissue
adhesion.

Adenovirus
DNA

Signs and
Symptoms
Runny nose, etc.

Cough, fever, sore

throat.
Acute febrile
pharyngitis,
conjunctivitis, acute
resp disease.
Laryngitis
Can progress to
viral pneumonia.
Severe respiratory
infections

Transmission
Airborne respiratory
droplets/ contact with
contaminated objects.

Treatment
Ride it out.

Respiratory droplets

EV 68

Has been around for a while, not clear

why it is making people sicker this time
around.

enterovirus

Fecal oral

No vaccine or specific treatment.

Influenza A

Strikes every year, causes

epidemics/pandemics

Has 2 types of
spikes.
Hemagglutinin (H)
and neuraminidase
(N)
H: helps attach and
penetrate host cells

Vaccine only protects us against

A/B. 2 most common type A
subtypes, 1 most common B
subtype.

N: helps release
virions from the
host cell

Antigenic drift: change in H/N

antigens due to mutations of RNA in
virus.

RNA, single -, 8
segments of diff
RNA.

Antigenic shift: major change, whole

reassortment. A segment may be
completely replaced by a bird/pig.
Vaccine

@ risk: asthma.

Segmented genome
Reservoir: humans, pigs, birds
Matrix protein: b/w env and the capsule
determines if it A,B,C.

Influenza B

Influenza C

Strikes every year but less common

than type A.
Reservoir: humans
Causes respiratory illness but not
epidemics.
Reservoir: humans

Inactivated virus. Flumist attenuated

virus.

Complications of the flu

Pneumonia or other secondary bacterial infections in infants, elderly, IC people.
Guillain-Barre syndrome occurs when the body damages iits own peripheral nerve cells.
Reye syndrome occurs in children who take aspirin to treat pain and fever. Nausea, vomiting, can progress mental problems, and fatty liver.
Antiviral therapies
Amantidine prevent uncoating
Rimantadine cannot replicate.
Tamiflu inhibits neurominadase activity. They stay trapped inside cells. Reduces longevity of infection.
Respiratory Syncytial
Causes cells to fuse together into
Infects bronchioles
Virus
syncytia.
and alveoli

Herpesviruses: primary, latent, recurrent. DNA, large envelope. All cause these stages.
Herpes simplex virus
[HSV] 1

Cold sores, above waistline

Remain latent in trigeminal nerve

Herpes simplex virus

[HSV] 2
Varicella Zoster virus
[VZV]

Infection of eye, herpes keratitis. HIV

ppl are prone.
Genital herpes, below waistline.
Neonatal herpes passed from infected
mothers to newborns during childbirth.
Chicken pox
Lesions occur at different stages! Unlike
smallpox.

Human herpervirus 6
[HHV6]
Epstein-Barr virus
[EBV]
Kaposis
sarcoma0like virus
[HHV8]

Mild infection

Shingles in adults.
VZV can remain in
nerve cells. Can
cause facial
paralysis and
severe ice pick
pains. Postherpetic
neuralgia,
persistence of
shingle pain for
years

Itching and
throbbing in the
genital area.
Blisters.
Red, itchy rash
spreads across the
entire body and
turns into fluid-filled
vesicles.

Roseola in infacts,
high fever, red rash

Primarily in infancy
Mono
EBV + HHV8 are oncogenic.
Cancer in people, seen in IC, AIDS/HIV.
Forming dark, purple skin lesions.

Tumor of blood
vessel walls.

Antivirals acyclovir can shorten an

decrease the number of outbreaks.
Skin contact and
respiratory droplets.

Neonatal C section.
Attenuated vaccine, 1995.
Zostavax vaccine

Contact with respiratory

secretions or saliva.

Before aids, it was endemic to ppl in

Europe region.
Human
papillomavirus
infections [HPV]

Warts
Cancer: type 16, 18
Warts: type 6, 11

Common warts:
benign skin
growths
Genital warts,
condylomata,
associated with
cervical cancer.

Measles (Rubeola)

Koplik spots near molars.

Mumps

Infectious parotitis. In males, swelling

damage in testes [orchitis].

Rubella (German
measles)

Acute, mildly infectious disease.

Affected person,
contaminated object.
Sexual contact
Transmitted to newborns
during delivery.

Respiratory droplet
Enlarged jaw
tissues caused by
swollen salivary
glands.
Fever, pale-pink
macupapular rash.

Vaccine, Gardasil.

MMR vaccine.

Respiratory droplets or
contact with contaminated
objects.
Respiratory droplets or
contact

Danger: congenital rubella occurs when

the fetus is infected through the
placenta. Born with problems in the eye,
ear, heart.
Gene Tierney story. Most dangerous
when GM is in the 1st trimester when it
can cross the placenta.

Smallpox (variola)

Only occurs in humans.

Vaccine; just like the MMR, one

serial type.

Bioweapon

Severe acute
respiratory syndrome
[SARS]

Lesions all the same.

Brick shape, no symmetrical.
From the coronaviridae family.
Bats may be reservoir.

Severe respiratory
illness and
pneumonia

Person to person contact or

contaminated object.

Chapter 16 Viral Infections of the Blood: Lymphatic, Gastrointestinal, and Nervous Systems
Disease
Infectious
mononucleosis

Unique Fact
Mono kissing disease
Affects b cells in the lymph nodes
and spleen. Can cause jaundice.
Like other herpesviruses, goes
through a latent stage, happens in
our b-cells.

Causative Agent

Signs and Symptoms

Epstein Barr virus [EBV] a

herpes virus.

Complications: heart
defects, facial paralysis,
rupture of spleen, jaundice
[hepatitis]

Large virus, DNA. Has

envelope, helical symmetry.

Transmission
Virus shed in the saliva.

Treatme

Detected by
monospot:
heterophile
antibody tes

The AB of E
reacts with R
and agglutin

Elevated lymphocytes.

Cytomegalovirus
disease [CMV]

Associated with nasopharyngeal

carcinoma china, burkitts
lymphoma Uganda.
Cytomegalic inclusion disease CID.
General infection of infants

No vaccine
drugs.
Cytomegalovirus

Severe congenital
anomalies. Fever, malaise,
swollen glands.

Contact with the body fluid of an

infection person

IC, AIDS patients.

Cells fuse to form giant
cells.
Severe gastroenteritis and
blindness.
Bloodborne infections
Hepatitis B [HBV]

surface antigen HBsAg component

used in the Hep B vaccine.
only hepatitis virus that has a DNA
genome.

Icosahedral symmetry.
Envelope, double stranded
DNA incomplete.

Incomplete DNA strand.

Infects liver. Jaundice

occurs after primary
symptoms fever, nausea,
anorexia.
Persistent infections,
cirrhosis, or liver cancer
occur rarely.

Direct or indirect contact with a

bodily fluid.

Often mild infection,

subclinical. A symptomless
chronic infection involving
cirrhosis.

Blood, injection drug abusers (60%).

Not efficiently transmitted sexually
15%.

interferon

Tattoo, dialysis equipment,

vaccination, dental practices, drug
needles, body piercing.

Carriers rate about 5%

Hepatitis C [HCV]

HBsAg surface antigen

HBeAg best indicator of
transmissibility. Tests to see if you
are contagious.
Most common chronic bloodborne
infection in USA.
Carriers 80-90%
Damage accelerated by alcoholism

Hep c virus

Combination
interferon an
ribavirin in
replication o
Nauseated
patients.

and drug use.

HIV - AIDS

Gp 120 protein main antigen.

Used to attach to our cells, mainly tcells.
Gp41 fusion protein embedded in
the envelope.

Retrovirus, icosahedral.
RNA genome, + strand. Has
2 strands of + polarity RNA.
Not said to be double
stranded. The strands are
identical, not complimentary
strands.

Low t cell count.

Hepatitis A virus [HAV]

Nausea, vomiting, low

grade.

Reverse transcriptase why its so

hard to eradicate.
Hepatitis A

Acute inflammatory liver disease.

HAART therapy, consists of 3 drugs.

Highly active antiretroviral therapy.
2 nucleoside RT inhibitors chain
terminators inhibit the RT so DNA
replication stops.
1 protease inhibitor prevents
chopping into segments.
Integration inhibitor- inhibits
integration of DNA into the
chromosome. Integrase enzyme.
Food or water contaminated by the
feces. FOr

Pretty common

Hepatitis E
West Nile Fever

Foodborne infection
Mild hepatitis.
Can infect birds, mosquitoes,
humans, and some other mammals.
NYC crows.

Hepatitis e virus

Deadly infection in children

500,000 deaths WW/YR

Morphology has two

shells, looks like a wheel,
rota round wheel.

Raw shellfish [also responsible for

cholera]. Enlargement of liver and
jaundice.
Indirectly through water
Asymptomatic, ill for a few
days, mild fever, aches,
fatigue.

Mosquito bites.

diarrhea

Ingestion of contaminated food or

water.

High standa
personal an
hygiene.

No effective
treatment
No vaccine
specific trea

Viral gastroenteritis
Rotavirus

Fecal oral route

Noravirus

Common cause of nonbacterial

gastroenteritis in adults.

dehydration

Fecal oral route

Direct person to person contact
Infected surfaces.

Fever, headache, and

increased muscle tension.

Skin wound contaminated with a

bodily fluid from an infected animal.

Patient become alert and

aggressive followed by

Depends on the location of entry and

the amount of virus entering the

Cruise ship!
Viral diseases of the nervous system
Rabies

Most lethal virus

Bullet shaped morphology.
Incubation form 6 days to 1 year.

Oral rehydra
therapy, two
vaccines av
one taken
market since
10,000 child
suffer seriou
bowel proble

Death from respiratory paralysis.

paralysis and brain

degeneration.

Post exposure immunization can be

done immediately.
Polio

Inhalation. Spelunker.

Hydrophobia, fear of water.

Sabin - attenuated
Salk inactivated

Infects gray matter of the

spinal cord and brain.

Virus replicated in tonsils, lymph

tissue, GI tract.
Postpolio syndrome occurs in ind
who had the disease decades ago.
Viral hemorrhagic fever
[VHF]
chikungunya

All RNA viruses and are all

enveloped.
Newly emerging hemorrhagic
fever

body.

Ebola, lassa, Marburg.

Damages endothelial cells

causing massive internal
bleeding and
hemorrhaging.

Enters the body through

contaminated food and water.

Chapter 18 Eukaryotic microorganisms: the parasites

Disease
Malaria

Unique Fact
p.vivax and p.falciparum are
plasmodium species primarily that
cause malaria.

Causative Agent
Tertian 3 days, 48 hr
cycle
Quartan 4 day, 72 hr
cycle.

Human: intermediate host

Mosquito: definitive host

Toxoplasmosis

One of the most common infectious

diseases.

Toxoplasma gondii

Signs and Symptoms

Fever and chills,headache,
bodywide pain, nausea,
and vomiting. Due to the
RBC lysing and toxins are
released.
Death due to rbc
destruction, clots in brain
and other organs. RBC
clump in our vessels,
disrupt blood flow = organ
failure.
Intestinal lining and blood

Transmission

Treatment

mosquito

Quinine, tree
extract.
Primaquine.

Soil, animals, humans through

contaminated meat, cats
feces.

Diagnosis
identification in
blood, body fluids.

Risk in person with AIDS.

Sulfonamides.

Grazing animals
Universal parasite

Leishmaniasis

Congenital risk TORCH, cross the

placenta, retina infection.
Soldiers in Iraq

sandfly

Visceral disease blood, black fever

Trichonomonas
vaginalis
Cryptosporidiosis

Cutaneous disease skin sores.

An STD for women vaginitis.
No insect vector.
Highly infectious
Intracellular, small intestine.
Farm animals are reservoirs.

Pinworm disease
babesiosis

Dysuria, pruritis, yellow and

frothy discharge
Cryptosporidium parvum
roundworm

Malaria like disease

Emerging infection in NE USA.

Babesia microti

Metronidazole
Treat patient and
partner.

In healthy: mild diarrhea.

Persons with AIDS: serious
gastroenteritis.
Anal itching.

Fecal oral route

Invade RBCs causing

anemia, headache,
ocassionally meningitis.

ticks