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TYPES OF DNA:
Type
Handed
Residues/360 turn
Direction
Location
right
10
Base perpendicular to
helical axis
In chromosomes
right
11
Dehydrated form
of B
left
12
Zigaz manner
In regions of
alternating base
pairs,poly GC
B: Supercoils
Cord twisted in direction of tightening coils,it will wrap on itself producing +ve
S.C
Cord twisted in direction of loosing coils,it will wrap around itself in opposite
direction,-ve S.C
=> solution is Topoisomerases.
TOPOISOMERASE 1
TOPOISOMERASE 2
ATP dependent
DNA gyrase types 2, unusual property of introducing ve S.C into relaxed DNA
using ATP,in bacteria & plants because ve neutralize +ve
Etopside (anticancer) Tropiso 2
DNA gyrase is target of auinoclones,ciprofoloxin(antimicrobial)
E: Chain Elongation
FUNCTION
PROOFREADIN
G
no
Pol alpha
Pol beta
repair
Pol gamma
Replicates mitochondrial
DNA
Yes
Pol delta
Elongates okazaki
fragments
Yes
Pol epsilon
Yes
No
C: Telomeres
-> Complexes of non coding+proteins at ends of linear choromosomes
1.Maintains structure
2.prevent attacks
3.allow repair system to distinguish true end from break
-> Several 1000 tandem sequences of AG 3T2 complementary to Cs & As
-> GT rich is longer than CA
A) Telomeres shortens with successive cell division,in cancer cell,stem cells,germ
cells they dont because of ribonucleoprotein telomerase.
B) Telomerase:
1. A protein acts as reverse transcriptase & short piece of RNA acta s
template
2.extends 3 end of DNA
C) RNA primer is synthesized by primase
D) 3 end of RNA serve as acceptor of DNA poly
E) RNA primer is removed
D. REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASES
Involved in replication of retroviruses (HIV) (transposons)
E.INHIBITION OF DNA SYNTHESIS BY ANALOGS
2,3 dideoxyinosin (diadenosine) /deoxyribose arabinose prevent chain
elongation
Cytosine Arabenoside anticancer
Adenine Arabenoside antiviral
Zidovudine terminates chain elongation
ORGANIZATION OF EUKARYOTIC DNA
Histones basic amino acids +ve charges lysine+arginine 5 types
H1,H2A,H2B,H3,H4
Nucleosome: H2A,H2B,H3,H4
N terminals may be acetylated,phosphorylates,methylated
Linker DNA 50 base pair longH1
Prenatal histones are conserved
DNA REPAIR
U.V rays fuse pyrimidines
High ionizing radiations double strand breaks
A) Mismatch in E.COLI is corrected by MUT proteins
Identification:
GATC sequence once every 100 units is methylated in prenatal
strand
Repair:
Endonuclease mix & exonuclease remove
Shaista Malik
Coordinator @ Med-Com
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