Manganese boron iron copper selenium aluminium

TRACE ELEMENTS ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER IN SOME

PARTS OF APOMU SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgment
Abstract

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 WATER POLLUTION
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY
1.4 LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY
1.5 RELIEF AND DRAINAGE
1.6 CLIMATE AND VEGETATION

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1GEOLOGICAL SETTING
2.2REGIONAL GEOLOGY
2.3 STRATIGRAPHY
2.4LOCAL GEOLOGY
2.5 HYDROGEOLOGY

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 FIELD METHOD
3.2 FIELD INSTRUMENTS

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT PRESENTATION
4.1 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
4.2 ANIONIC COMPOSITION
4.3 CATIONIC COMPOSITION

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION
5.1 RECOMENDATION
REFERENCE

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Water is a very important component of the earthly environment.

Throughout the history of man, water has always been sustaining
life and serving communities. The importance of the quality of
available water cannot, however, be over-emphasized. As far as
Nigeria is concerned, there is abundant of surface and
groundwater resources, particularly in the South-Western region
which is entirely within the tropical rainforest zone (Obatoyinbo
and Oyedotun, 2011). Rijswijk (1981) estimated the groundwater
resources at 0 50m depth in Nigeria to be 6 x 106 km3 (6 x 106
m3). However, from the eight mega regional aquifers in Nigeria
which Akujieze et al., (2003) estimated, the deposit of the total
groundwater yields additional groundwater resources of 7.2 times
Rijswijks figure, the total of which is estimated to be 50 million
trillion l/year (Akujieze et al., 2003). Earlier, Hanidu (1990) has
estimated the surface water resources in Nigeria to be 224 trillion
l/year. Hence, with the available surface water resources of 224
trillion litre per year (l/year) and about 50 million trillion l/year as
groundwater resources, there is an assured water abundance in
Nigeria. Any shortfall in meeting the rising population needs is
principally due to harnessing, distribution, delivery and quality
(Hanidu, 1990; Akujieze et al., 2003).
Through the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation
Decade (1980 1990), the NPC (2006) recommended and
proposed water for all by the year 2000. For this to be achieved,
Nigeria launched a National Borehole Programme, which included
760 boreholes with only 228 (30%) being productive (Akujieze et
al., 2003). The failure of this project may be due to poor
knowledge of groundwater disposition in Nigeria, the bureaucratic
nature of government projects or the attitude of new political
government officials to discard their predecessors initiated
projects, resulting in those ventures to be white-elephant projects.
With the view and understanding that groundwater is much more
of high quality than surface water (which are exposed to all sorts
of pollution), individuals have been embarking on digging wells in

their neighbourhood and apartments to meet their growing water

needs for their multifarious purposes.
However, the quality of groundwater depends upon several
factors such as lithology and conditions prevailing within
formation, quantum of water available in the aquifer and its rate
of circulation. Apart from these factors, the activities of
microorganisms, temperature and pressure are also responsible
for the chemical characteristic of groundwater
(Ramanathan,2004). Therefore, groundwater is not entirely pure
water because it usually contains dissolved mineral ions
(Okagbue, 1988). The type and concentration of these dissolved
minerals can affect the usefulness of groundwater for different
purposes (Boyle, 1988). If certain mineral constituent are present
in excessive amounts, some type of treatment may be necessary
to either change or remove the dissolved mineral before the
water can be used for the intended purpose. The major cations
found in groundwater include calcium (Ca2+), magnesium
(Mg2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and anions such as
bicarbonate (HCO3-), sulphates (SO42-), chloride (Cl-) with nonionic constituents like oxides, phenols, synthetic detergents,
dissolved gases e.g. oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) (Tijani,
1994). These constituents result in the good quality of
groundwater when they are present in optimum concentrations.

1.2

AIM AND OBJECTIVES

This project is aimed at:

Investigating the quality of groundwater in the study area
Knowing the level of pollution in the study area
Proffering, if possible a remediation process and design of
proper and efficient management that will be
environmentally safe
To access and determine the nature of groundwater
contamination in the study area.
To contribute to the knowledge on groundwater generally for
future use by other researchers.
To compare the quality of water samples collected from the
study area with the Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS),
approved by standard Organisation of Nigeria (SON) drinking
water standards and world Health Organization (WHO).

1.3

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Samples were taken at different locations in Apomu area in Osun

state. Physical parameters of ground water were carries out on
the samples to determine its ph, electrical conductivity and total
dissolved solids (TDS). The geochemical analyses of the samples
in order to its portability were also undertaken. This study will be
relevant to researchers because the results would provide
necessary informations for future studies of other forms of
research.It will provide knowledge an groundwater to geologists
dealing in groundwater as commercial business.

1.4

LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY

The study area lies within longitude N 7o 18I 40

11I 20

and latitudeE4o

respectively. The area is accessible through good road network

and several footpaths which made sampling easier. Neighboring
towns are Ikire and OriEru.
The study area is accessible through good motor able roads.
There are major roads minor roads and footpaths but so of the
footpaths have been turned to major roads due to recent
development in the area.

Figure 1. Accessibility map of Apomu

1.5

RELIEF AND DRAINAGE

The study area has

Figure 2. Drainage Map of Apomu

1.6

CLIMATE AND VEGETATION

The state is covered by secondary forest and in the northern part,

the derived Savannah mosaic predominates. Originally, virtually
all parts of the state had a natural lowland tropical rain forest
vegetation, but this has since given way to secondary forest
regrowth. Among the reasons for this are fuel wood production,
road construction, clay and sand quarrying and traditional farming
practices.
Human interference, by way of cocoa plantation, but has replaced
the forest. Hence, the natural tree species have given way to oil
palm and dense thickets. Mature forests still in the Owu forest
reserve at the southern part of the State.
The climate of the Southwestern Nigeria is monsoonal in
character and like all monsoonal climates, it has a contrast
between well-defined dry and wet seasons (Adebekun, 1978). The
wet season lasts from April to October with an annual rainfall of
about 2500mm at the coast and about 1220mm at the northern
limit of the forest belt (Gilbert, 1969). The monthly mean
minimum temperature is about 22.480C while the monthly mean
maximum temperature is about 31.240C with the average yearly
temperature of about 26.60C. Furthermore, the average yearly
relative humidity is about 76.05% (Federal Office of Statistics,
1988).

Map of Nigeria showing Vegetation

2.0

LITERATURE REVIEW

Assessment of groundwater quality has been undertaken on

several parameters in check. Quite a number of scholars have
researched into groundwater quality, among which are (Ajibade et
al. 2009 and 2011, Aiyegbusi et al. (2010), Bruce and Hobson,
(1979), Babiker,(2007), and WHO,(2006).
Ajibode et al, (2011), recognized that rapid growth in urban
population, industrial activities, commercial activities and
agricultural development especially in Ibadan area are major
factors controlling astronomical increase in the search and uses of
portable water.
Comparative and correlative study with Biochemical Oxygen
demand (BOD) data of some industries in Nigeria and Ghana
revealed the BOD concentration in some selected area in Ota is
slightly polluted. Ajibade et al. (2009).

Water is an essential part of life and lack of fresh water readily

available for drinking, for use in the industry, agricultural use for
so many other purposes where is essential is a limiting factor
hindering developments in many parts of globe (WHO,1991).
No existing water can be referred to as pure water since it
contains some ions, gases and other substances can be present in
it and would also be present as dissolved solids. As water sweeps
into the ground, some of it clings to particles of soil or to roots of
plants just below the land surface. Minerals are dissolved in the
rock over a long period of time and the movement of groundwater

in fractures of such; all these change the quality of groundwater

In that environment (Ako et al 1990).
However, there is need to study and monitor the changes in the
quality of groundwater taking place and be able to deduce the
use of such water based on the quality. Hence, water quality
determines the water usage.
These criteria were proposed by Davies and De Weist (1996) are
used for classifying standard of drinking water and these are the
presence of objectionable tastes, odour,color and the presence of
substances with adverse physiological effect. A complete
appraisal of available water resources in any area is accomplished
when aspects of water quality are included.
Randall et al (1978) investigated into water supply on how it
affects health and according to them, some relations have been
recognized between water and health sine the time of Hipporates.
For consumption by human beings, portable water must meet
some quality standards, These standards which are set for all the
metallic and non-metallic components of water are set for all the
metallic and non-metallic components of water are set by the
prevalent bodies such as environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
etc.
Freeze and cherry discovered that surface and groundwater are
not safe for consumption and consequently need treatment to
render them safe before they are turned into the distribution
system.
In recent years, the mobility of trace elements in groundwater
has received considerable attention of some special interest are
the trace metals in groundwater, for which maximum permissible
or recommended limits have been set in drinking water
standards. These include As, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn and Zn (WHO,1993).

CHAPTER 2

2.1 REGIONAL GEOLOGY

GEOLOGIC SETTING
2.0 REGIONAL GEOLOGY
The rocks in the study area belong to the Precambrian basement
complex of Southwestern Nigeria, which itself is part of the
basement rocks of Nigeria. The Basement Complex forms a part
of the Pan-African mobile belt and lies between the West-African
and Congo Cratons and South of the Touareg Shield (Black, 1980).
It is intruded by the Mesozoic cal alkaline ring complexes (Younger
Granite) of the Jos Plateau and lies uncomfortably overlain by
cretaceous and younger sediments. The Nigeria Basement was
affected by the 600Ma Pan-African orogeny and it occupies the reactivated region which resulted from the plate collision between
the passive continental margin of the West African Craton and the
active pheurasian continental margin (Burke and Dewey, 1972;
Dada, 2006). The basement rocks are believed to be result of at
least four major orogenic cycles of deformation, metamorphism,
which was further followed by extensive migmitazition,
grantization and gneissification of granites and granitoids are

associated contact metamorphism accompanied by the end

stages of the last deformation. The end of the orogeny was
marked by faulting and fracturing (Gandu et al., 1986; Rahaman
(1976, 1988) during some geological and petrological
investigation, classified the Nigeria Basement Complex into six
major groups of rocks. They are;
Migmatite- gneiss- quartzite complex.
Slightly migmatised to non-migmatised metasediment and
meta-igneous rocks.
Chanockitic, gabbroic and dioritic rocks.
The older granite suites.
Metamorphosed to unmetamorphosed calc-alkaline volcanic
and hypabyssal rocks.
Unmetamorphosed dolerite dykes, basic dyke and syenite
dyke.

2.1 LOCAL GEOLOGY OF THE AREA

The area covered by the southwestern Nigeria basement
complex lies between latitudes 70N and 100N and longitudes
30E and 60E right in the equatorial rain forest region of Africa.
The main lithologies include the amphibolites, migmatite
gneiss, granites and pegmatites. Other important rock units
includes the schists, made up of biotite schist, quartzite, schist
talk-tremolite schist, and the muscovite schists. The crystalline
rocks intruded into these schistose rocks. For the purpose of
this chapter, discussion is limited to the crystalline basement
rocks of southwestern Nigeria.
The amphibolites and the hornblende gneiss

The amphibolites and hornblende gneiss are the mafic and

intermediate rocks in southwestern Nigeria. The amphibolites
are made up of the massive melanocratic and foliated
amphibolites. In Illesha and Ife areas these amphibolites occur
as a low lying outcrops and most are seen in riverbeds. The
massive melanocratic amphibolites is darkish green and fine
grained. Commonly hornblende gneiss outcrops share common
boundaries melanocratic amphibolites. This rock (hornblende
gneiss) crops out at Igangan, Aiyetoro and Ifewara, along Ile-Ife
road as low lying hills in southwestern Nigeria. The hornblende
gneiss is highly foliated, folded and faulted in places.
The Magmatite-gneiss complex
The geotectonic complex which constitutes over 75% of the
surface area of the southwestern Nigeria basement complex is
said to have evolved through 3 major geotectonic events:
Initiation of crust forming process during the Early
Proterozoic (2000Ma) typified by the Ibadan (Southwestern
Nigeria) grey gneisses considered by Woakes et al; (1987) as to
have derived directly from the mantle.
Emplacement of granites in Early Proterozoic (2000Ma).
The Pan African events (450Ma-750Ma). Rahaman and Ocan
(1978) on the basis of geological field mapping reported over
ten evolutionary events within the basement complex with the
emplacement of dolerite dykes as the youngest.

2.4

HYDROGEOLOGY

Complex geological, hydrological, and metrological factors control

distribution and circulation of groundwater. A saturated rock may
have all its opening and interstices filled with water. This is
dependent on the type of rocks. Therefore, for good groundwater
transmission, an aquifer must posses high porosity and
permeability.
In the works of Onwuka, (1990), three main hydro geologic units
were delineated in the Dahomey basin which is upper
aquifer(alluvium and coastal plain sands), middle aquifer (Ilaro
formation) and lower aquifer (Abeokuta formations) lying directly
on the basement complex. However, the continuity of these
aquifers in terms of type materials and hydraulic properties are
said to vary from location to location and seems not restricted to
any particular direction (Idowu et al. 1999). In the study area, the
main hydrogeologic unit is Quatenary alluvium coastal plain

sands. The relationship between the local geology and hydrologic

characteristics is the delineation of the four aquifers that falls
within the strata.These aquifers are encountered near the zero
elevation and it extends towards to a depth of about 80m. The
second aquifer usually occur at depth of about 80-150m below
ground level while the third aquifers are usually struck at the
depth of about 150-250m with the thickness of the permeable
layers rarely exceeding 25m. The fourth aquifer is deeper than
450m, and it is associated with Ilaro/Abeokuta formation.

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
This chapter gives full information of the method employed in the
collection of the samples, preservation, laboratory analysis and
physical parameters that were obtained. Prior to sampling, a
preliminary survey of the studied area was carried out after which
samples location were selected.
References were also made to past related works, journals, and
maps, while results of the analyses were compared with Standard
Organization of Nigeria (2007) and World Health Organization
(2006).

3.1 FIELD METHOD

A total of twenty five samples were collected each for cations

(acidified), anions and heavy metal analysis in which the trace
elements can be extracted from and sampling points were geolocated with the use of Global Positioning System (GPS). Prior to
sampling, the plastic bottles used were thoroughly washed and
rinsed twice with the samples itself to prevent contamination and
were also well labeled. Physical parameters obtained in-situ
includes pH, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS) and
electrical conductivity (EC). These parameters were determined
directly by the use of HACH sensION1 potable pH meter,
Water samples for the analysis were acidified with two drops of
tri-oxo nitrate (iv) acid (HNo3) prior to laboratory investigation at
ACME Laboratories, Vancouver, Canada.

3.2

FIELD INSTRUMENT

The field instrument used for sampling are plastic bottles, global
positioning system (GPS), pH meter, paper tape, permanent
marker, trioxonitrate (iv) acid (HNo3)

3.3 PURIFICATION OF COLLECTION CONTAINERS AND

LABORATORY APPARATUS
All plastics utilized were pre-washed with detergent water
solution, rinsed with tap water and soaked for 48hrs in 50%
HNO3, then rinsed thoroughly with distilled ionized water. They
were then air-dried in a dust free environment. This was done to
remove any present metals in order to avoid error.

3.4 FIELD ANALYSIS OF PARAMETERS

a) Temperature
This is measured with mercury thermometer. The thermometer is
put in water and the value is read odd directly. The type of
thermometer used in Mercury-in-glass and was calibrated in
degree celcius(0c)
b) Ph
The Ph is measured using ph meter with a reference electrode
immersed in a sample solution. In most cases, buffer solution of
KMOF is used to calibrate the ph meter.
Procedure for measurement of ph
1) Check to confirm, that the correct electrode has been
connected to the ph meter.
2) If the manual temperature compensation is employed, set
the control to the appropriate temperature.
3) Standardize the Ph meter using buffer solution close to the
ph value of the water to be tested. Thoroughly wash the
electrode with distilled water and then the sample tube
measured.
4) Measured ph in an unstirred solution to an accuracy of 0.1 ph
unit
5) Between measurements, keep electrodes in distilled water.

b) Total Dissolved Solids

Solids may be present in suspension and the procedure for its
analysis involves gravimetric analysis requiring the
measurement of mass. A balance capable of measuring

0.0001g is needed, an oven, a dessicator and also a steam

bath is required.

Procedure of measurement of TDS

1) Place a grassfire filter dish on its holder
2) Wash three times with 20ml distilled water
3) Heat clean evaporating dish at 105o c and cool I n the
desiccator.
4) Filter a known volume of water, (say 150ml) of water sample
through the glass fibre filter and continue to apply the
vacuum for three times.
5) Transfer a known volume (say 100ml) of the filtered sample
to the weighted evaporating dish.
6) Evaporate on a steam bath and dry for 1 hour in an oven at
105o c.
7) Remove from the oven , cool and place in a desiccator.
8) Weigh the dish, repeat steps 6 and 7 until a constant mass is
obtained
TDS is measured in mg/1 i.e. the ratio of mass of residue to the
volume of filtrate.

Map showing sampling points

SAMPLE CODES AND THEIR LOCATION CO-ORDINATES

Sample
no

GPS reading
location
name

Height
above
sea level
(m)

Height
of the
well
(m)

Purpose
of the
well

Close
to
septic
tank
(m)

Nearness
to stream
(m)

Close
to
Waste
dump

Depth
of the
well
(m)

pH

House in
apomu

N070 20 26.6 238.4

E00401155.0

Domestic
use

15

N.A.

N.A.

6.5

Block
industry
Restaura
nt
Along
the road
(abandon
ed)
Mosque
along the
road
Along
the road
close to a
shop
Along
the road
close to a
mosque
Close to
a house
along the
road
Dump
site
Along
the road
Along
the road
Along
the road
Anglican
church
Location
name

N0702026.4 224.5
E00401150.1
N0702032.3 235.8
E00401142.7
N0702032.3 220.2
E00401142.7

None

Industrial
Use
Domestic
use
Abandoned
well

N,A.

N.A.

N,A,

Far

N.A.

N.A.

25.

N.A.

N.A.

5.5

N0702035.3 209.8
E00401140.1

Ablution
purpose

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

N0702039.1 207.0
E00401134.7

Domestic
use

Far

20

N.A.

N0702043.8 218.1
E00401126.9

0.5

Ablution
use

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

N0702059.3 210.3
E00401119.7

Domestic
use

15

100

N.A.

N070215.2
E00401116.9
N0702115.7
E0040114.9
N0702052.6
E00401113.7
N0702058.3
E00401106.6
N0702106.0
E00401059.2
GPS reading

202.5

0.5

N.A.

15

10

5.5

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

N.A

N.A.

5.5

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

Nearness
to stream
(m)

pH

N0702107.4

199.6

Close
to
waste
dump
(m)
15

Depth
of the
well
(m)

Along

Close
to
septic
tank
(m)
N.A.

3
4

9
10
11
12
13
Sample
no

14

212.2
211.3
212.7
207.6
Height
above
sea level
(m)

1
1

Block
molding
1
Domestic
use
1
Domestic
use
1
Domestic
use
1
Domestic
use
Height of Purpose
the well
of the
(m)
well

Domestic

N.A.

the road
Along
the road

E00401052.3
N00702111.7 202.1
E00401018.4

16

Along the
road

209.3

17

Junction

200.5

18

In front
of a
boutique
Very
close to
the road
Close to
a house
Along
the road
Along
the road
Close to
a gutter
beside a
salon
Along
the road
Along
the road

N0702108.3
E00401018.4
N0702113.9
E0041049.8
N0702114.5
E00401055.3

197.7

0.5

N0702114.3
E00401054.1

196.9

N0702115.4
E00401056.2
N07O2116.7
E00401101.8
N0702116.7
E00401104.5
N070220.48
E00401116.3

N0702206.4
E00401129.8
N0070221
E00401124.3

15

19

20
21
22
23

24
25

use
Abandoned
well

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

Domestic
use
Domestic
use
Domestic
use

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

12

N.A.

N.A.

5.5

N.A.

N.A.

Domestic
use

N.A.

20

N.A.

199.6

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

5.5

200.2

0.2

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

211.0

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

212.0

1.5

Domestic
use
Domestic
use
Domestic
use
Domestic
use

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

5.5

215.8

N,A,

N.A.

N.A.

5.5

203.7

0.2

Domestic
use
Domestic
use

N.A.

N,A,

N.A.

6.6

CHAPTER 4
RESULTS, INTERPRETATIONS AND DISCUSSION
4.0 RESULT PRESENTATION

This chapter presents the results obtained from geochemical

analyses of groundwater in the study area, their interpretations
and general discussions. The results of the physical parameters
are shown in the table below:

Conducti
viy
S/cm

Turbid TDS
ity
FTU
mg/L

Hardnes
s
mg/L
CaCO3

Alkalinit
y
mg/L
CaCO3

Color

Sampl
e
1
110

1.44

75

36

56

360

19.39

240

112

84

3
4

270
290

6.04
180

180
195

66
104

72
100

470

4.57

305

140

128

470

0.39

315

132

132

7
8

290
360

1.11
1.21

195
240

70
130

74
116

330

3.16

220

120

116

10

540

4.09

360

158

136

11

700

2.62

470

260

160

12

980

74.44

650

256

192

13

1040

12.43

690

215

174

cloud
y
cloud
y
milky
cloud
y
cloud
y
cloud
y
milky
cloud
y
cloud
y
cloud
y
cloud
y
cloud
y
cloud
y

14

1130

1.68

750

208

212

15
16
17
18

260
100
620
580

10.64
170.52
3.23
0.83

175
70
410
309

90
28
148
180

94
34
168
130

19

720

2.66

480

208

166

20

860

17.66

570

206

152

21

380

22.02

255

98

100

22

480

0.33

320

86

72

23

1030

0.12

690

290

232

24
25

630
540

0.94
0

420
360

162
132

132
144

stdev

289.4632
965

48.668
51

192.09
92
500

69.20741
771

48.82663
208

W.H.O

cloud
y
milky
milky
milky
cloud
y
cloud
y
cloud
y
cloud
y
cloud
y
cloud
y
clouy
cloud
y

4.1 physical characteristics

4.1.1 pH
This is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration which determines
the acidity, and alkalinity of water. The pH value indicates
whether water is likely to be either corrosive or scale forming.
According to W.H.O, (2006) standard, the ph value of acceptable
water must be less than 6.5 or greater than 9.2 is harmful. The ph
of samples ranges from 5.52 6.o.

4.1.2 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS

Total dissolved solid is a measure of the combined content of all
inorganic and organic substances contained in a liquid in
molecular, ionized or micro-granular suspended form. It is used in
the study of water quality. The TDS range of water sample is
between 70-690mg/1.

4.1.3 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

Electrical conductivity is a measure of ions and salinity
conductivity, the conductance of ground water have a wide range
depending on rock types and length of reaction time and in some
cases may approach those of the rain from which they originated
or exceed that of the sea water. Measurement of conductivity is
used as a guide in selection of laboratory procedures for
determining dissolved constituents and indicates the dissolved
solids content of water for water portability. The conductivity of
the water sample ranges between 100- 1130.
From the result of the analysis EC range is 100 10400 s/cm,
with an average of 24.37 which is below W.H.O. (2006), since low
amount of electrolyte does not have negative effect on humans,
therefore, the range is acceptable. The TDS and EC values fall
within W.H.O. (2006) standard for drinking water of 500mg/1.

Drinking water standard of the selected parameters by the

standard organization of Nigeria

Variation plot for the physical parameters

Trace composition

Aluminium which is has the highest concentration especially in

location 16 ranges from 1 to 8211ppb followed by Manganase
which range from 0.00 to 1371ppb. Then Iron (Fe) ranges from 0
to 1442ppb. The next is Boron (B) that also range between 7 to
155.
Then selenium is below 4.2 in all samples and copper which is the
least abundant ranges between 0.10 to 14.2ppb

CONCENTRATION VALUES OF CATIONS IN THE SAMPLED WELLS

Samp
le

Cu

Fe

Al

Mn

Se

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

0.2
0.5
<0.1
3.1
1.7
<0.1
1.8
<0.1
0.8
1.7
<0.1

<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10

63
10
10
47
12
3
12
8
2
2
<1

8
13
<5
18
28
21
14
8
7
10
14

0.22
13.49
0.69
6.73
0.98
0.42
3.99
0.42
0.40
6.33
0.57

<0.5
1.6
1.4
0.9
1.0
1.9
1.2
<0.5
0.6
0.9
0.7

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

0.6
0.5
0.7
3.1
0.2
0.4
2.0
0.7
0.8
1.7
4.3

<10
<10
<10
<10
1342
<10
<10
<10
<10
58
<10

39
1
1
14
8211
17
17
4
14
179
14

78
73
90
60
8
18
21
35
25
11
8

23
24
25

0.2
1.8
14.2

<10
<10
<10

2
30
18

16
23
155

2.91
2.39
1.44
0.36
6.72
<0.05
29.40
21.35
1.56
4.31
1371.
18
1.16
4.68
4.82

1.5
4.2
3.8
3.3
<0.5
1.1
0.8
1.7
1.4
1.2
<0.5
1.2
1.2
1.1

In the study area, the concentrations of the trace elements are in

the order
That Aluminium (Al) > Manganese(Mn) > Iron (Fe)>Boron(B) >
selenium (Se) > Copper (Cu).. Al has the highest concentration in
the study area while Cu is with the lowest concentration.

Fe
1600
1400
1200
1000
CONCENTRATIONS (ppm)

800

Fe

600
400
200
00

WELLS

Concentration of Fe in the study area

B
180
160
140
120
100
CONCENTRATIONS (ppm)

80
60
40
20
0

WELLS

Concentration of Boron In the study area

Mn
1600.00
1400.00
1200.00
1000.00
CONCENTRATIONS (ppm)

800.00

Mn

600.00
400.00
200.00
0.00

WELLS

Concentration of Mn in the study area

CU
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
CONCENTRATIONS (ppm)

8.0

CU

6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0

WELLS

Concentration of CU in the study area

Se
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
CONCENTRATIONS (ppm)

Se

2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

WELLS

Concentration of Se in the study area

Al
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
CONCENTRATIONS (ppm)

Al

4000
3000
2000
1000
0

WELLS

Concentration of Al in the study area

9000.00
8000.00
7000.00
6000.00

CONCENTRATIONS (PPB)

5000.00

Mn

4000.00

Fe

3000.00

2000.00

Al
Se

1000.00

Cu

0.00

WELLS

FIG :Variation plots for trace elements showing their various

concentrations in the study area
1400.00
1200.00
1000.00
800.00
CONCENTRATIONS (ppm)

600.00
Mn
400.00

SON

200.00
0.00

Wells

Comparison of Mn with SON standard

1400
1200
1000
800
CONCENTRATION (ppm)

600
SON

400

Fe

200
00

WELLS

Comparison of Fe with SON standard

16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
CONCENTRATION (ppm)

8.0
Cu

6.0

SON

4.0
2.0
0.0

WELLS

Comparison of Cu with SON standard

180
160
140
120
100
CONCENTRATION(ppm)

80

60

SON

40
20
0

WELLS

Comparison of B with SON standard

9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
Concentration (ppm)

3000

Al

2000

SON

1000
0

WELLS

Comparison of Al with SON standard

4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
CONCENTRATION (ppm)

2.0

Se

1.5

SON

1.0
0.5
0.0

WELLS

Comparison of Se with SON standard

STATISTICAL PARAMETERS OF GEOCHEMICAL DATA OF WATER

SAMPLE IN THE STUDY AREA