Tracking and Positioning of Mobiles in Telecommunication

SL NO

TITLE

PAGE NO

ABSTRACT

NEED FOR MOBILE TRACKING

EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES & CONSTRAINTS

3.1

PRESENT TECHNOLOGY

3.2

NETWORK ASSISTED GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

(GPS)

3.3

NETWORK BASED MOBILE POSITIONING

3.4

TIME OF ARRIVAL (TOA)

3.5

TIME DIFFERENCE OF ARRIVAL (TDOA)

LOCATION TRACKING CURVE METHOD

4.1

PROPOSAL

4.2

DESCRIPTION

12

4.3

DETERMINATION OF LOCATION TRACKING CURVE

13

4.4

REFERENCE CIRCLE SELECTION

14

APPLICATIONS

18

MOBILE PHONE AS A BUG

19

CONCLUSION

23

REFERENCES

24
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Dr AIT, Dept Of ISE

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Tracking and Positioning of Mobiles in Telecommunication

1. ABSTRACT
Mobile positioning technology has become an important area of research, for emergency
as well as for commercial services. Mobile positioning in cellular networks will provide several
services such as, locating stolen mobiles, emergency calls, different billing tariffs depending on
where the call is originated, and methods to predict the user movement inside a region. The
evolution to location-dependent services and applications in wireless systems continues to
require the development of more accurate and reliable mobile positioning technologies. The
major challenge to accurate location estimation is in creating techniques that yield acceptable
performance when the direct path from the transmitter to the receiver is intermittently blocked.
This is the Non-Line-Of-Sight (NLOS) problem, and it is known to be a major source of error
since it systematically causes mobile to appear farther away from the base station (BS) than it
actually is, thereby increasing the positioning error.
In this paper, we present a simple method for mobile telephone tracking and positioning
with high accuracy. Our paper presents the location of a mobile telephone by drawing a plurality
of circles with the radii being the distances between a mobile telephone and a several base
stations (it will be found using Time Of Arrival (TOA)) and the base stations at their centers, and
using location tracking curves connecting the intersection points between each circle pair instead
of the common chords defined by the circles. We use location tracking curves connecting the
intersection points of the two circles which will be drawn by ordinary TOA method, instead of
the common chord as in TDOA.

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2. NEED FOR MOBILE TRACKING
Recent demands from new applications require positioning capabilities of mobile
telephones or other devices. The ability to obtain the geo-location of the Mobile Telephone (MT)
in the cellular system allows the network operators to facilitate new services to the mobile users.
The most immediate motivation for the cellular system to provide MT position is enhanced in
accident emergency services. The positioning of the mobile user could provide services like
Emergency service for subscriber safety.
Location sensitive billing.
Cellular Fraud detection.
Intelligent transport system services.
Efficient and effective network performance and management.

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3. EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES & CONSTRAINTS

3.1 Present Technology
The technology of locating is based on measuring power levels and antenna patterns and
uses the concept that a mobile phone always communicates wirelessly with one of the closest
base stations, so if you know which base station the phone communicates with, you know that
the phone is close to the respective base station.
Advanced systems determine the sector in which the mobile phone resides and roughly
estimate also the distance to the base station. Further approximation can be done by interpolating
signals between adjacent antenna towers. Qualified services may achieve a precision of down to
50 meters in urban areas where mobile traffic and density of antenna towers (base stations) is
sufficiently high. Rural and desolate areas may see miles between base stations and therefore
determine locations less precisely.
GSM localization is the use of multilateration to determine the location of GSM mobile
phones, usually with the intent to locate the user.[3]
Localization-Based Systems can be broadly divided into:

Network-based

Handset-based

SIM-based

Hybrid

1. Network-based
Network-based techniques utilize the service provider's network infrastructure to identify the
location of the handset. The advantage of network-based techniques (from mobile operator's
point of view) is that they can be implemented non-intrusively, without affecting the handsets.
The accuracy of network-based techniques varies, with cell identification as the least
accurate and triangulation as moderately accurate, and newer "Forward Link" timing methods as
the most accurate. The accuracy of network-based techniques is both dependent on the
concentration of base station cells, with urban environments achieving the highest possible
accuracy, and the implementation of the most current timing methods.
One of the key challenges of network-based techniques is the requirement to work closely
with the service provider, as it entails the installation of hardware and software within the
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operator's infrastructure. Often, a legislative framework, such as E911, would need to be in place
to compel the cooperation of the service provider as well as to safeguard the privacy of the
information.

2. Handset-based
Handset-based technology requires the installation of client software on the handset to
determine its location. This technique determines the location of the handset by computing its
location by cell identification, signal strengths of the home and neighboring cells, which is
continuously sent to the carrier. In addition, if the handset is also equipped with GPS then
significantly more precise location information is then sent from the handset to the carrier.
The key disadvantage of this technique (from mobile operator's point of view) is the
necessity of installing software on the handset. It requires the active cooperation of the mobile
subscriber as well as software that must be able to handle the different operating systems of the
handsets. Typically, smart phones, such as one based on Symbian, Windows Mobile, iPhone, or
Android, would be able to run such software.
One proposed work-around is the installation of embedded hardware or software on the
handset by the manufacturers, e.g. E-OTD. This avenue has not made significant headway, due to
the difficulty of convincing different manufacturers to cooperate on a common mechanism and to
address the cost issue. Another difficulty would be to address the issue of foreign handsets that
are roaming in the network.
3.

SIM-based

Using the SIM in GSM and UMTS handsets, it is possible to obtain raw radio measurements
from the handset.[4][5] The measurements that are available can include the serving Cell-ID, round
trip time and signal strength. The type of information obtained via the SIM can differ from what
is available from the handset. For example, it may not be possible to obtain any raw
measurements from the handset directly, yet still obtain measurements via the SIM.
4.

Hybrid

Hybrid positioning systems use a combination of network-based and handset-based

technologies for location determination. One example would be some modes of Assisted GPS,
which can both use GPS and network information to compute the location (although in most AGPS systems all computations are done by the handset, and the network is only used to initially
acquire and use the GPS satellites)
3.2. NETWORK ASSISTED GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

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A mobile telephone can be located by a mobile telephone itself or through a mobile
telecommunication network. To locate the mobile telephone by itself, the mobile telephone is
provided with a GPS receiver to calculate its location in latitude and longitude coordinates based
on the location information received from a satellite through the GPS receiver.
Increases the price and the size of the mobile telephone.
The load on the mobile telephone is increased.
Power consumption is high.
3.3. NETWORK BASED MOBILE POSITIONING
In the case that the mobile telephone network locates the mobile telephone, at least three
base stations (BSs) receive a signal from the mobile telephone; calculate the distances between
the BSs and the mobile telephone using the arrival time of the signals at the BSs, then determine
the location of the mobile telephone using the trigonometry. This location service is provided
generally by a location data processor included in a base station controller (BSC). Upon a request
for service about the location of a specific mobile subscriber, the BSC selects the three adjacent
BSs surrounding the mobile telephone for use in the location service, and these selected BSs are
ready for communication with the mobile telephone.
3.4. TIME OF ARRIVAL (TOA)
The TOA method calculates the distance of a mobile telephone and a BS based on the
TOA of a signal transmitted from the mobile telephone at the BS. It is assumed that the mobile
telephone is located at the intersection point of three circles having the radius of the distances
between the BSs and the mobile telephone. The distance is calculated by the following equation,

Ri = C i = sqrt ( (xi X ) 2 + (yi Y) 2 ) where,

C propagation speed of electromagnetic wave,
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i propagation of time from the mobile telephone to ith base station,
xi, yi -- location of ith base station,
X, Y mobile position.

3.5. TIME DIFFERENCE OF ARRIVAL (TDOA)

The TDOA method assumes that the TDOAs of a signal transmitted from the mobile
telephone at the three BSs define a set of points on a hyperbola, and the mobile telephone is
located at the intersection point of at least three hyperbolas.
The implementation requires accurate synchronization of each BS.
The signal of the mobile telephone often travels a longer path to a BS due to the
multi-path fading characteristic and the Non- Line Of Sight (NLOS) effects.

In this method, three circles or hyperbolas do not meet at one point but overlap
each other over an area.

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Figure 1, illustrates a typical TOA method for locating a mobile telephone.

As shown in Figure 1, three circles C1, C2, and C3, whose radii are the distance between
the mobile telephone M1 and at least three BSs T1, T2, and T3, are overlapped across an area.
The mobile telephone M1 is located in the overlap area. One approach to locating the mobile
telephone M1 in the overlap area 1 is to use a common chord, as shown in Figure. 2. When at
least three circles C1, C2, and C3 are overlapped over an area without meeting at one point, the
mobile telephone M1 is considered to exist at the intersection point of three common chords L1,
L2, and L3. The above method using the common chord is not very accurate in locating the
mobile telephone except in the case where the mobile telephone is at an approximate equal
distance from the selected BSs and in a similar propagation environment to each respective BS.

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Figure 2, illustrates the TDOA method of locating a mobile telephone.

In the case that a first mobile telephone M1 is nearer to the first BS T1, as shown in
Figure 2, the procedure will be described by a way of example. In Figure 2, two circles C11 and
C21 are drawn based on the TOAs of a signal transmitted from the first mobile telephone M1 at
the first and the second BSs T1 and T2. A first common chord L1 is defined by the intersection
between the circles C11 and C21. But if the path between the first mobile telephone M1 and the
second BS T2 is in an NLOS condition and the path between the first mobile telephone M1 and
the first BS T1 is in a line-of-sight (LOS) condition, the common chord L1 is positioned far left
from the actual location of the mobile telephone M1. The effect is the same in the opposite case.
If the path between the first mobile telephone M1 and the second BS T2 is in the LOS condition
and the path between the first mobile telephone M1 and the first BS T1 is in the NLOS condition,
the common chord L1 is also far right from the actual location of the mobile telephone M1. In
this method using a common chord involves a huge location error unless the paths between the
mobile telephone and each BS have the same propagation environment.

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4. LOCATION TRACKING CURVE METHOD
4.1. PROPOSAL

Figure 3, illustrates the configuration of a typical mobile telecommunication network.

As shown in Figure 3, the mobile telecommunication network includes a several base
stations (BSs) T 1 to T N for providing mobile telecommunication service to a mobile subscriber
through a mobile telephone M1, a base station controller (BSC) for controlling the BSs T 1 to T
N, and a mobile switching center (MSC) for connecting the BSC to another BTS or a PSTN
(Public Switched Telephone Network). In a cellular mobile telecommunication network, the
whole service area is divided into a several coverage areas having respective base stations (BS).
Each BS coverage area is called a "cell." An MSC controls these BSs so that a subscriber can
continue his call without interruption while moving between different cells. The MSC can reduce
the time required for calling a subscriber by locating the cell of the subscriber. In case of an
emergency like a fire, or a patient needing first aid treatment, the mobile subscriber should be
accurately located. Tracking the location of a mobile subscriber within the boundary of a cell in a
mobile telecommunication network is known as "location service." The method proposed by us
for tracking the location of a mobile telephone using curves connecting the points where circles
intersect one another, the circles radii being the distances between BSs and the mobile telephone.

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The steps involved are:
a. Each base station nearer to a mobile telephone receives a predetermined signal from the
mobile telephone and calculates the distance between the mobile telephone and the base
station and the variances of time arrival of the signal at the base station;
b. A circle is drawn to have a radius being the distance and the coordinates of the base
station being the center of the circle;
c. A pair of the first and the second base stations is selected among the base stations. A
several location tracking curves connecting two intersection points between the selected
circles corresponding to the first and the second base stations are drawn. One of the
location tracking curves is selected using the variances of the first and the second base
stations;
d. The steps c. and d. are repeated for the other pairs of the base stations;
e. The intersection points are obtained among the location tracking curves selected in step d.
and e. and,
f. The location of the mobile telephone is determined using the coordinates of the
intersection points obtained in step e.

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Figure 4, depicts a flowchart showing the steps involved in locating a mobile

telephone.
The several location tracking curves are parts of circles with centers near to the base
station with smaller variances between the first and the second base stations. The circles formed
by the location tracking curves have the centers on a line connecting the coordinates of the first
and the second base stations. The larger variances between the variances of the first and the
second base stations are compared to the variances of the several location tracking curves, and
one of the location tracking curves is selected according to the comparison result. The location
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coordinates of the mobile telephone are determined by averaging the coordinates of the
intersection points obtained in step (f).

4.2. DESCRIPTION
When a location service is requested about a specific mobile telephone by a user or a
network, the location data processor draws two circles C1 and C2 with their respective centers
set at BSs T1 and T2 based on the TOAs of a signal transmitted from the corresponding mobile
telephone M1 or M2 to the two BSs T1 and T2 located near the mobile telephone M1 or M2. The
two circles C1 and C2 define a common chord L1.

Figure 5, illustrates a proposed method for mobile telephone location.

However, if each mobile telephone M1 or M2 is placed in a different propagation
environment with respect to the BSs T1 and T2, the location of the mobile telephone M1 or M2
can not be determined by the common chord L1. Therefore, we use location tracking curves TR1
and TR2 connecting the same two intersection points P1 and P2 of the two circles C1 and C2,
instead of the common chord L1. The process of determining the location tracking curves will be
explained later. The two curves TR1 and TR2 have their middle points intersecting the line ST,

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which connects the positions of the two BSs T1 and T2 and the parts of two circles C1 and C2
drawn to connect the two intersection points P1 and P2.
Instead of the common chord L1, the location data processor uses the curve TR1 for the
mobile telephone M1 and the curve TR2 for the mobile telephone M2. It prevents the location
error caused by the multi-path fading or the NLOS path characteristics. If the radio propagation
environment between the mobile telephone and the BS is poor due to the multi-path fading or the
NLOS effects, the TOA of the received signal has error. The TOA error can be compensated by
appropriately selecting a desired curve (reference circle).
4.3. DETERMINATION OF LOCATION TRACKING CURVE
The NLOS environment has been compared with the LOS environment and we see that
the variances of the TOAs of a signal transmitted from a mobile telephone are higher in the
NLOS environment. By knowing this, appropriate curves can be selected by comparison between
the variances of TOAs of an input signal. That is, the mobile telephone is nearer from the
common chord L1 to the one with the larger variances out of the two BSs in Figure 5. Therefore,
the BS with the smaller variances should be selected to draw reference circles based on the
variances.
For example, since the first mobile telephone M1 is near the first BS T1, the variances of
the TOAs of a signal transmitted from the mobile telephone M1 at the first BS T1 will be higher
than those of the signal at the second BS T2. Hence, the reference circle C1 is obtained around
the second BS T2 with smaller variances.

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Figure 6, illustrates the determination of location tracking curve.

From Figure 6, assuming that the first and the second BSs T1 and T2 selected for use in
the location tracking are present at positions (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), respectively, in the seconddimensional coordinates, the location data processor draws the two circles C1 and C2 with the
coordinates (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) of the two BSs T1 and T2 at their centers. The curve connects
the two points P1 and P2 at which the two circles C1 and C2 intersect each other. The
coordinates of the intersection points P1 and P2 are (xA, yA) and (xB, yB), respectively.
Since the mobile telephone is near the first BS T1 with respect to the common chord L1,
the variances of the TOAs of a signal transmitted from the mobile telephone at the first BS T1
will be larger than those of the signal at the second BS. Therefore, reference circles TR1 to TR4
are drawn with respect to the second BS T2 with smaller variances, as shown in Figure 6.
The coordinates of the reference circle can be obtained (using minimum variance) which
has its center on the line ST passing through (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) and passes through (xA, yA)
and (xB, yB). Selecting the center of the reference circle is significant as the mobile telephone is
located on the reference circle. The location data processor selects the desired curves (reference
circles) with respect to the several BSs selected for location tracking. In Figure 6, as the real
location of the mobile telephone deviates farther from the circle C2 with the second BS T2 at its
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center, the center of a reference circle is farther from the location of the second BS T2. That is,
the center of a desired reference circle is farther from the second BS T2 in the case of a third
mobile telephone M3 (curve C3) than in the case of a fourth mobile telephone M4.
4.4. REFERENCE CIRCLE SELECTION
The variances of the TOAs of a signal which arrives at the two BSs T1 and T2 from
different paths are used to find the curve on which the actual location of the mobile telephone is
determined.
If the TOAs of the signal at the first BS T1 from N propagation paths are t1, t2, . . . , tN,
the first BS T1 calculates the variances of t1, t2, . . . , tN. The location data processor
compares the variances calculated by the first BS T1 with the variances calculated by the second
BS T2 and considers that the mobile telephone is near to that BS with the larger variances (the
first BS T2 in Figure 6).
Hence, the reference circle has its center near to the BS with the smaller variances (the
second BS T2 in Figure 6) on the line ST. With the larger variances, the center of a reference
circle gets farther to the right from the center of the second BS T2. In order to select the desired
curve, the location data processor initializes the reference circles with predetermined radii and
the variances of TOAs of a signal transmitted from the mobile telephone located on the reference
circles, and compare the preset variances with real variance measurements.
The location data processor sets a several reference circles based on the distances
between the mobile telephone and the BS with the smaller variances(the second BS T2) In Figure
6, as an example, the first to the fourth reference circles TR1 to TR4 have radii twice, three
times, four times, and five times, respectively, of that of BS T2, where all these points of
reference circles TR1 and TR4 are located along the line ST. The variances of the second BS T2
smaller than those of the first BS T1 are used as a criterion for selecting an optimal reference
circle. Therefore, the location data processor predetermines the reference variances for the first to
the fourth reference circles TR1 to TR4 to be compared with respect to the second BS T1. It is
assumed in the following description that 1, 2, and 3 are reference variances and
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1< 2< 3
The location data processor compares the variances calculated by the two BSs T1 and T2
and selects the base station with smaller variances as a reference point to draw the reference
circle. If the selected variances (those of the second BS T2) are , the location data processor
compares the selected variances , with the preset reference variances 1, 2, and 3.

If <= 1, the curve of the first reference circles TR1 is selected.

If 1 < <= 2, the curve of the second reference circles TR2 is

selected.

If 2 < <= 3, the curve of the third reference circles TR3 is selected.

If 3 < , the curve of the fourth reference circles TR4 is selected.

As we have seen, the location data processor selects the optimal curve (reference circle)
for the two BSs among the several BSs, and selects another optimal circle for another BS pair,
and so on. When curves are selected for all selected BS pairs, the location data processor obtains
the intersection points among the selected curves as shown in Figure 7. However, as the selected
curves do not intersect at one point due to the multi-path fading or the NLOS effects, the
midpoint of these intersection points is determined as the location of the mobile telephone.

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Figure 7, illustrates the positioning of mobile telephone by the proposed method.

Tracking the location of a mobile telephone requires at least three BSs. As shown in
Figure 7, the first to the third BSs T1 to T3 form the first to the third circles C1 to C3,
respectively. The location data processor selects a first optimal curve TR1 for the first and the
second BSs T1 and T2, a second optimal curve TR2 for the second and the third circles C2 and
C3, and a third optimal curve TR3 for the first and third circles C1 and C3. As the three
intersection points M1 (xA, yA), M2 (xB, yB), and M3 (xC, yC) are defined by the three curves
TR1 to TR3, the location data processor considers the mobile telephone to be located at (x, y).
While the three BSs are selected for the location service using the TOAs of a signal arrived at
each BS from a mobile telephone has been described in the embodiment of the present invention,
more BSs can be used to increase the accuracy in locating the exact position of the mobile
station. If Nth intersection points are defined by location tracking curves obtained according to
the present invention and an ith intersection point is at (xi, yi), coordinates (x, y) indicate the
location of the mobile telephone.
After the location of the mobile telephone, that is, the intersection points among the
curves are obtained, the location data processor represents the intersection points in the latitude
and the longitude coordinates and transmits the position coordinates to the network
(BS/BSC/MSC) and the mobile telephone.

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5. APPLICATIONS
What is the need for Mobile positioning?
It is used to predict the user position and movement inside a region.
The services provided are: Locating stolen mobiles
Emergency calls
Different billing tariffs depending on the call origin(rural tariffs).
Used in defense.
Intelligent transport system services.
Efficient and effective network performance and management.
Used at the time of natural calamities.

Operational purpose
In order to route calls to a phone the cell towers listen for a signal sent from the phone
and negotiate which tower is best able to communicate with the phone. As the phone changes
location, the antenna towers monitor the signal and the phone is roamed to an adjacent tower as
appropriate.
By comparing the relative signal strength from multiple antenna towers a general location
of a phone can be roughly determined. Other means is the antenna pattern that supports angular
determination and phase discrimination.
Newer phones may also allow the tracking of the phone even when turned on and not
active in a telephone call-. This results from the roaming procedures that perform hand over of
the phone from one base station to another.[6]

Bearer interest
A phone's location can be uploaded to a common web site where one's "friends and
family" can view one's last reported position. Newer phones may have built-in GPS receivers
which could be used in a similar fashion, but with much higher accuracy.

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6. MOBILE PHONE AS A BUG.
Overview of security vulnerabilities of a mobile phone.
(1) Vulnerability to monitoring of your conversations while using the phone.
(2) Vulnerability of your phone being turned into a microphone to monitor conversations in the
vicinity of your phone while the phone is inactive.
Mobile phone as a eavesdropping tool
According to various reports the FBI uses mobile phones as eavesdropping tool.
For this, the software of the mobile telephones is reprogrammed. The free speech
mechanism is activated without any users knowledge.
The same modification of the mobile phones software uses the State Office of Criminal
Investigation in Germany as Spiegel Online reports last week.one micro as opping tool
Mobile phone as a bug
Only one condition seems to be necessary for using a mobile phone as a bug. It had to be
reprogrammable (over the air).
A second requirement is not mandatory. A phone which is in standby mode even though it
is switched of is needed.
(This can be easily identified, because these phones alarm clock function (e.g.) is still working
even though the phone is switched off.)
Mobile phone as a bug
Definition of over the air programming
OTA mechanism requires an existing software and hardware of the target device.
OTA programming is a method of distributing new software updates.
It is often necessary to turn the phone off and back on for the new programming to take
effect, therefore many phones will automatically perform this action.

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OTA update function is used to transfer special" software which can offer one of the
following features
1. Outgoing connections which are established by the special software are not shown on the
mobile phones user interface.
2. The special software is able to accept an incoming connection w/o showing this on the
mobile phones user interface.
3. If the phone gets switched off, the special software only pretends this. Even though the
mobile phone gets switched off, it is in a standby comparable status and the special software is
still working.
It is also possible to deposit an audio recording in the mobile phones internal buffer and
send these recordings in batches.
Mobile phone localization for everyone
Wherever mobile phone users stay, they are permanent accessable.
As a result of this, many new options arise:
1. Users subscribe search functions for friends or their children.
2. Users can be sent information on the cell phone about shopping facilities or restaurants
referring to their surrounding area.
Companies can monitor their car pool and field manager at the PC.
All these LBS functions are based on the subscribers current location or personal data.
Two basic methods are used for localization.
Trilateration (measuring the distance to known reference points)

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Locating
Standing at (B)
Reference points are (P1), (P2), and (P3)
Measuring r1 narrows the position down to a circle
Measuring r2 narrows the position down to two points, (A) and (B)
Measuring r3 gives the coordinates at (B)c
Mobile phone localization for everyone

Triangulation (measuring the angle to known reference points) tion

, and distance AB are already known
C can be calculated in different ways:
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1. Position of RC can be calculated using law of sines and law of cosines
2. MC can be calculated using Pythagorean theorem
Mobile phone localization for everyone
The most popular methods of position location capabilities are:
Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA)
The network determines the time difference and therefore the distance from each tower to
the mobile phone.
Time of Arrival (TOA)
Same as TDOA but this technology uses the absolute time of arrival at a certain base
station rather than the difference between two stations.Lcating technology: TDOA and TOA
Enhanced Observed Time Difference -Technology (EOTD)
Similar to TDOA, but the position is estimated by the mobile phone, not by the base
station.
Angle of Arrival (AOA)
AOA mechanism locates the phone at the point where the lines along the angles from
each tower intersect.
Cell of Origin (COO) (standard at German networks)
The current cell location where the mobile phone is logged in is indicated.

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7. CONCLUSION
Our proposal is advantageous in that the location of a mobile telephone can be accurately
tracked even in the multi-path fading and the NLOS environment, by using more accurate
tracking curves connecting the intersection points among circles with the radii being the
distances between corresponding BSs and the mobile telephone in a cellular mobile
communication system. We have described about accurate positioning of mobile telephones,
which can be used for several applications. The important considerations to be undertaken while
selecting a location based technology are location accuracy, implementation cost, reliability,
increasing functionality.
Phone as eavesdropping tool
The only advice which is useful as counter action, is to take out the rechargeable battery
of the phone when sensitive information needs to be talked about.
Mobile phone localization
Everyone can locate a foreign mobile phone using LB Sprovider.
To prevent this you have to change frequently your mobile phone or SIM-Card with
friends, colleagues or intimate or apply the first advice
NOTE: Strict ethics and security measures are strongly recommended.

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Tracking and Positioning of Mobiles in Telecommunication

8. REFERENCES
J. Caffery, and G. Stuber Jr, Vehicle location and tracking for IVHS in CDMA

micro-cells, Proc. IEEE PIMRC,

G. Morley, and W. Grover, Improved location estimation with pulse-ranging

in presence of shadowing and multi-path excess-delay effects, Electronics Letters, vol.31,

No.18,

www.ieeexplore.ieee.org

gp.espacenet.com

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-air programming

http://www.mobilelocate.co.uk/accuracy.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_tracking

CONCLUSION &CCCCCCCCC

Locating technology: E-OTD, AOA and COO

Dr AIT, Dept Of ISE

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Tracking and Positioning of Mobiles in Telecommunication

Dr AIT, Dept Of ISE

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