Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
An Introduction
Announcements
Work
F: force (N)
r : displacement (m)
: angle between force and displacement
Units of Work
SI System: Joule (N m)
Conceptual Checkpoint
Conceptual Checkpoint
Conceptual Checkpoint
Sample problem
Jane uses a vine wrapped around a pulley to lift a 70-kg Tarzan to
a tree house 9.0 meters above the ground.
a)How much work does Jane do when she lifts Tarzan?
Sample problem
Joe pushes a 10-kg box and slides it across the floor at constant velocity of
3.0 m/s. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the box and floor is
0.50.
a) How much work does Joe do if he pushes the box for 15 meters?
b)
Sample problem
A father pulls his child in a little red wagon with constant speed. If
the father pulls with a force of 16 N for 10.0 m, and the handle of
the wagon is inclined at an angle of 60o above the horizontal, how
much work does the father do on the wagon?
Kinetic Energy
Energy due to motion
K = m v2
K: Kinetic Energy
m: mass in kg
v: speed in m/s
Unit: Joules
Sample problem
A 10.0 g bullet has a speed of 1.2 km/s.
a) What is the kinetic energy of the bullet?
Sample problem
A 15-g acorn falls from a tree and lands on the ground 10.0 m below
with a speed of 11.0 m/s.
a) What would the speed of the acorn have been if there had been
no air resistance?
Sample problem
A 15-g acorn falls from a tree and lands on the ground 10.0 m below
with a speed of 11.0 m/s.
c) How much work was done by air resistance?
d)
Tuesday,
October 29, 2008
Work done by variable forces
Announcements
F(x)
xa
xb
F(x)
xa
xb
Springs
Springs: stretching
0
F(N)
200
100
00
m
x
Fs
-100
5
x (m)
Fs
-200
Ws = negative area
= - kx2
Fs = -kx (Hookes Law)
Sample problem
It takes 180 J of work to compress a certain spring 0.10 m.
a) What is the force constant of the spring?
b) To compress the spring an additional 0.10 m, does it take 180 J,
more than 180 J, or less than 180 J? Verify your answer with a
calculation.
Sample problem
A vertical spring (ignore its mass) whose spring constant is
900 N/m, is attached to a table and is compressed 0.150 m.
a)
b)
Wednesday,
October 29, 2008
More work by variable forces
Announcements
Exam repair continues
HW due today, pass to back of room
Sample Problem
Sample Problem
Power
Power is the rate of which work is
done.
P = W/t
W: work in Joules
t: elapsed time in seconds
Unit of Power
British system
horsepower
1 hp = 746 W
Sample problem
A record was set for stair climbing when a man ran up the 1600 steps of the
Empire State Building in 10 minutes and 59 seconds. If the height gain of
each step was 0.20 m, and the mans mass was 70.0 kg, what was his
average power output during the climb? Give your answer in both watts and
horsepower.
Sample problem
Calculate the power output of a 1.0 g fly as it walks straight
up a window pane at 2.5 cm/s.
Thursday,
October 30, 2008
Force Types
Announcements
Force types
Forces acting on a system can be
divided into two types according to
how they affect potential energy.
Conservative forces can be related
to potential energy changes.
Non-conservative forces cannot be
related to potential energy changes.
So, how exactly do we distinguish
between these two types of forces?
Conservative forces
Gravity
Spring force
Non-conservative forces
Friction
Drag (air resistance)
Potential energy
Energy of position or configuration
Stored energy
For gravity: Ug = mgh
m: mass
g: acceleration due to gravity
h: height above the zero point
For springs: Us = k x2
k: spring force constant
x: displacement from equilibrium position
Wc = -U
If a conservative force does positive work on a
system, potential energy is lost.
If a conservative force does negative work, potential
energy is gained.
For gravity
For springs
Friday,
October 31, 2008
Conservative Forces and Potential
Energy
Announcements
Sample problem
D
B
mg
Sample problem
D
B
mg
Sample problem
Solution
WG = 0 + Fr
WG = 0 mgh = -mgh
b)
WG = 0 -mgh + 0 + mgh
=0
The work in b) is zero because
work along a closed path is
zero for any conservative
force.
a)
Sample problem
A box is moved in the closed
path shown.
a)
How much work would
be done by friction if the
box were moved along
the path A->B->C?
b)
How much work is done
by friction when the box
is moved along the path
A->B->C->D->A?
Solution
Wf = -kmgd - kmgd
Wf = -2kmgd
b)
Wf = -kmgd - kmgd kmgd - kmgd
= -4 kmgd
Because friction is a
nonconservative force,
work along the closed
path in b) is not zero.
a)
Announcements
Turn in HW: Ch 7 (26, 27, 29)
Lab next week: Pendulums and
Conservation of Energy
Sample problem
If 60.0 J of work are required to stretch a spring from a 2.00
cm elongation to a 5.00 cm elongation, how much
additional work is needed to stretch it from a 5.00 cm
elongation to a 8.00 cm elongation?
Law of Conservation of
Energy
In any isolated system, the total
energy remains constant.
Energy can neither be created nor
destroyed, but can only be
transformed from one type of energy
to another.
Law of Conservation of
Mechanical Energy
E = K + U = Constant
K: Kinetic Energy (1/2 mv2)
U: Potential Energy (gravity or spring)
E = U + K = 0
K: Change in kinetic energy
U: Change in gravitational or spring
potential energy
Conservation of Energy
Simulation
Pendulum Energy
mvmax2 = mgh
K1 + U1 = K2 + U2
Sample problem
What is the speed of the pendulum bob at point B if it is
released from rest at point A?
40o
1.5 m
A
B
Monday,
November 3, 2008
Energy conservation
Announcements
Conservation of Energy lab
in Dr. Bertrands room LC 210 this week
Turn in HW
Chapter 7 (33, 35, 37)
Spring Energy
0
All U
K1 + U1 = K2 + U2 = E
For any two points 1 and 2
-x
All K
m
All U
m
x
kxmax2 = mvmax2
Spring Simulation
Spring Physics Simulation
Pendulum lab
Calculate the
velocity of the bob
at the bottom of the
swing using the
photogate.
Compare velocity
to the theoretical v
given by
conservation of
mechanical energy
for a set height of
release
Xi Xf Ugi (J)
(m) (m)
Ugf (J)
U (J)
d (m)
t (s)
v
(m/s)
Kmax
(J)
Law of Conservation of
Energy
E = U + K + Eint= Constant
U + K + Eint = 0
Mechanical energy may be converted
to and from heat.
Wnet = Wc + Wnc
Net work is done by conservative and non-conservative
forces
Wc = -U
Potential energy is related to conservative forces only!
Wnet = K
Kinetic energy is related to net force (work-energy theorem)
K = -U + Wnc
From substitution
Wnc = U + K = E
Nonconservative forces change mechanical energy. If
nonconservative work is negative, as it often is, the
mechanical energy of the system will drop.
Solution (#8.22)
Wnc = U + K
= Uf Ui + Kf Ki
= mghf mghi + mvf2 m vi2
= m[g(hf hi) + (vf2 vi2)]
= 72[(9.8)(0 - 1.75) + (8.22 1.32)]
= 1125 J
Tuesday,
November 4, 2008
Non-conservative forces and the
Law of Conservation of Energy
Announcements
Lab downstairs in Dr. Bertrands
room.
HW turned in at the back
Sample problem
If 60.0 J of work are required to stretch a spring from a 2.00 cm
elongation to a 5.00 cm elongation, how much additional work is
needed to stretch it from a 5.00 cm elongation to a 8.00 cm
elongation?
Wednesday,
November 5, 2008
Energy Review
Announcements
Thursday we will be UPSTAIRS, not in
the lab classrooms.
Turn in HW
3m
5m
4m
0.600 kg
0.750 kg
0.400 kg
4m
3.5 m
3m
0.750 kg
0.400 kg
0.500 kg
Thursday,
November 6, 2008
Special Speaker
Nick Antonas
Announcements
Linear Momentum
Announcements
Tuesday and Wednesday lab groups
have lab write-ups due TODAY
Thursday lab group has write-up due
MONDAY
Next weeks lab:
conservation of momentum
Turn in HW: Ch. 8 (23, 25, 28)
Momentum
Momentum is a measure of how hard it is to stop or turn
a moving object.
What characteristics of an object would make it hard
to stop or turn?
Calculating Momentum
Sample Problem
Sample Problem
Change in momentum
Like any change, change in
momentum is calculated by looking at
final and initial momentums.
p = pf pi
p: change in momentum
pf: final momentum
pi: initial momentum
Momentum change
demonstration
Wording
dilemma
Shown below is a graph of velocity versus time for an object that moves
along a straight, horizontal line under the, perhaps intermittent, action of
a single force exerted by an external agent.
Rank the intervals shown on the graph, from greatest to least, on the basis
of the work done on the object by the external agent.
C
D
-10 -8
-6
-4
-2
10
Velocity (m/s)
10
15
20
25
30
35
Time (s)
Monday,
November 10, 2008
Impulse
Announcements
Lab in Dr. Bertrands room (LC 207)
all week
Set Packet FR Problem #2 out for
stamp check.
Impulse (J)
Impulse is the product of an external force
and time, which results in a change in
momentum of a particle or system.
J=F t
and J = P
Therefore Ft = P
Units: N s or kg m/s (same as momentum)
Impulsive Forces
Usually high
magnitude, short
duration.
Suppose the ball hits
the bat at 90 mph and
leaves the bat at 90
mph, what is the
magnitude of the
momentum change?
What is the change in
the magnitude of the
momentum?
1000
0
0
t (ms)
Sample Problem
Suppose a 1.5-kg brick is dropped on a glass
table top from a height of 20 cm.
a) What is the magnitude and direction of the
impulse necessary to stop the brick?
b) If the table top doesnt shatter, and stops the
brick in 0.01 s, what is the average force it
exerts on the brick?
c) What is the average force that the brick exerts
on the table top during this period?
Sample Problem
F(N)
2,000
1,000
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
t(s)
Announcements
Lab: Conservation of Momentum
HW due: Ch. 9 (15,17,18)
Law of Conservation of
Momentum
Pbefore = Pafter
Sample problem
The System
The System
Explosions
Recoil
Wednesday,
November 12, 2008
Inelastic Collisions
Announcements
Labs today
Collisions
Collisions
During a collision,
external forces are
ignored.
The time frame of the
collision is very short.
The forces are
impulsive forces
(high force, short
duration).
Collision Types
Elastic collisions
Inelastic collisions
(Perfectly) Inelastic
Collisions
Simplest type of collisions.
After the collision, there is only one
velocity, since there is only one
object.
Kinetic energy is lost.
Sample Problem
Sample Problem
Sample problem
Conservation of Momentum
Thursday,
November 13, 2008
Elastic Collisions
Announcements
Sample problem
Sample Problem
Elastic Collision
Sample Problem
Sample Problem
2D-Collisions
Py (before) = Py (after)
Px (before) = Px (after)
http://surendranath.tripod.com/Applets.html
Sample problem
2 kg
3 m/s
50o
x
2 kg
8 kg
0 m/s
8 kg
v
Before
After
Review of Momentum
Monday,
November 17, 2008
Energy and Momentum Review
Tuesday,
November 18, 2008
Energy and Momentum
EXAM