WRITING COMPOUND SENTENCES

A compound sentence is made up of two or more simple sentences (independent clauses). A clause is a group of words that
contains a subject and a verb.
One way to form a compound sentence is by joining two independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction preceded by
comma.

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

and for or yet

but nor so

Coordinating conjunctions join ideas of equal importance. Different coordinating conjunctions have different meanings:
• If you want to indicate addition, use and

He acts like a child, and people think he is cute

• If you want to indicate contrast or contradiction, use but or yet

He acts like a child, but he is an adult.

He acts like a child, yet he longs to be taken seriously.

• If you want to indicate a cause-and-effect relationship, use so or for.

He acts like a child, so we treat him like one.

He acts like a child, for he craves attention.

• If you want to present alternatives, use or.

He acts like a child, or he is ignored.

• If you want to eliminate alternatives, use nor.

He does not act like a child, nor does he look like one.

WHEN YOU USE A COORDINATING CONJUNCTION TO LINK TWO INDEPENDENT CLAUSES INTO A
SINGLE COMPOUND SENTENCE, ALWAYS PUT A COMMA BEFORE THE COORDINATING
CONJUNCTION.

Forming Compound Sentences with Conjunctive Adverbs

and Transitional Expressions

Another way to combine two independent clauses onto one compound sentence is with a conjunctive adverb or transitional
expression. When you use a conjunctive adverb to join two independent clauses, a semicolon always comes before the
conjunctive adverb, and a comma always comes after it.

Some college students receive grants; however, others must take out loans.

Frequently Used Conjunctive Adverbs

also finally meanwhile still

besides furthermore moreover subsequently
consequently however nevertheless then
eventually instead now therefore
later otherwise thus
Adding a conjunctive adverb makes the connection between ideas in a sentence clearer and more precise than it would be if
the ideas were linked with just a semicolon. Different conjunctive adverbs convey different meanings:

• Some conjunctive adverbs signal addition (also, besides, furthermore, moreover).

I have a lot in my mind; also, I have a lot of things to do.

• Some conjunctive adverbs make causal connections (therefore, consequently, thus).

I have a lot in my mind; therefore, it is hard to concentrate.

• Some conjunctive adverbs indicate contradiction or contrast (nevertheless, however, still).

I have a lot in my mind; still, I must try to relax.

• Some conjunctive adverbs present alternatives (instead, otherwise).

I have a lot in my mind; otherwise, I could relax.

I will try not to think; instead, I will relax.

• Some conjunctive adverbs indicate time sequence (eventually, finally, later, meanwhile, now, subsequently, then).

I have a lot in my mind; meanwhile, I still have work to do.

Like conjunctive adverbs, transitional expressions can also link two independent clauses into one compound sentence.

He had a miserable time at the party; in addition, he drank too much.

The transitional expression is preceded by a semicolon and followed by a comma.

FREQUENTLY USED TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS

after all for instance in fact

as a result in addition in other words
at the same time in comparison of course
for example in contrast on the contrary

http://www.tccd.edu/uploadedfiles/employees/2337/courses/Grammar.%20Lecture%202.doc
Transitional expressions = link words
To be completed …

1. ENUMERATIVE First(ly) / to begin with, second(ly), third(ly), next, then, finally / last(ly) /
Introduces the order in which points are to be in the end
made or the time sequence in which actions or
processes took place Dans un premier temps = first

2. ADDITIVE Again, then again, also, moreover, furthermore, in addition, above all, what
2.1 Reinforcing is more
Introduces a reinforcement or confirmation of
what has preceded

2.2 Similarity Equally, likewise, similarly, in the same way

Introduces a statement of similarity with what has
preceded

2.3 Transition
introduces a new stage in the sequence of Now, well, incidentally
presentation of information

3. LOGICAL SEQUENCE
3.1 Summative
Introduces a summary of what preceded So, so far, altogether, then, thus, in short, to sum up, to conclude

3.2 Resultative So, as a result, consequently, hence, now, therefore, thus, as a consequence
Introduces an expression of the result or
consequence of what preceded

4. EXPLICATIVE
Introduces an illustration or example of what Namely / i.e, in other words, that is to say
preceded

5. ILLUSTRATIVE
Introduces an illustration or example of what For example, for instance, e.g.
preceded

6. CONTRASTIVE
6.1 Replacive Alternately, (or) again, (or) rather, but then
Introduces an alternative to what preceded

6.2 Antithetic
Introduces information in opposition to what On the one hand / on the other hand, conversely, instead, on the contrary,
preceded by contrast

6.3 Concessive
Introduces information which is unexpected in Anyway, anyhow, nevertheless, nonetheless, although, in spite of / despite
view of what preceded
7. RESTRICTIVE
7.1 To oppose 2 things of the same kind Although

7.2 To express contradiction in a logical order Whereas

A major source of mistakes: ALTHOUGH ≠ WHEREAS

See online Grammar Data Base n° 10

http://www.scelva.univ-rennes1.fr/langues/anglais/flopsy/b/Explications/linkWords.doc
LES EXPRESSIONS IDIOMATIQUES POUR LA CLASSE D’AP

1. il s’agit de it is about
2. tout à coup suddenly
3. suivre un cours to take a class
4. au premier abord at first sight
5. être en retour to be back
6. en plein air outdoors
7. être d’accord avec to agree with
8. être au courant to be informed
9. avoir de la chance to be lucky
10. se servir de to use
11. se fâcher contre to get mad at
12. tout à fait entirely
13. perdre son temps to waste one’s time
14. faillir (+ verbe) to almost do something
15. sauter sur l’occasion to jump at the opportunity
16. avoir besoin de to need
17. être en train de to be in the act of…
18. faire la queue to stand in line
19. s’appuyer sur to lean on
20. assister à to attend, to be present
21. ne faire que to do nothing but
22. faire la sourde oreille to turn a deaf ear
23. jouir de to enjoy
24. se douter que to suspect
25. gaspiller son argent to waste one’s money
26. s’intéresser à to be interested in
27. se marier avec to marry
28. se mettre en colère to get angry
29. se mettre quelqu’un au courant que to inform someone
30. faire venir to send for
31. se plaindre de to complain
32. quant à as for
33. se garder de to keep oneself from
34. avoir l’air de to seem
35. avoir beau (+ verbe) to do something in vain
36. avoir tort to be wrong
37. vouloir dire to mean
38. avoir raison to be right
39. passer une heure (à lire) to spend an hour reading
40. tout de suite right away
41. ne pas être dans son assiette to be under the weather
42. tu me manques I miss you
43. se débarrasser de to get rid of
44. à partir de ce jour from this day on
45. aller bien to be well
46. avoir envie de to feel like
47. se moquer de to make fun of
48. se tromper to be mistaken
49. avoir de la peine à (+ verbe) to have difficulty with
50. s’assurer que to make sure that
51. avoir lieu to take place
52. faire semblant de (= verbe) to pretend
53. aujourd’hui en huit a week from today
54. venir de (+ infinitif) to have just
55. tomber amoureux de to fall in love with
56. remercier de (+ verbe) to thank for
57. faire un tour to take a small walk
58. de bon coeur willingly
59. se tirer d’affaire to get along, manage
60. faire (+ infinitive) to have something done
61. se mettre à (+ verbe) to begin
62. quelque part somewhere
63. envoyer chercher to send for
64. de nouveau again
65. se passer to happen
66. à plusieurs reprises repeatedly
67. faire de son mieux to do one’s best
68. se mêler de to interfere
69. au fond de at the bottom of
70. être reconnaissant que to be grateful to
71. en tout cas at any rate
72. faire de l’auto-stop to hitch-hike
73. de temps en temps from time to time
74. en vouloir à to hold a grudge against
75. grace à thanks to
76. avant tout above all
77. se fier à (une personne) to trust
78. tenir à (+ verbe) to insist upon
79. nulle part nowhere
80. pas du tout not at all
81. d’une part…d’autre part on one hand…on the other hand
82. à peu près about, nearly
83. rendre visite à (quelqu’un) to visit a person
84. vouloir dire to mean
85. être fier de (+ personne/verbe) to be proud
86. avoir mal à to have an ache
87. se sauver de to run away
88. faire peur à to frighten
89. se demander si to wonder if
90. à fond thoroughly
91. arriver à (+ verbe) to succeed in
92. faute de (+ nom) for lack of
93. se méfier de quelqu’un to mistrust
94. encore une fois again
95. se passer de to do without
96. au sujet de (+ nom) about, concerning
97. dépenser 50 francs to spend fifty francs
98. malgré / en dépit de in spite of
99. dormir à la belle étoile to sleep outdoors
100.en avoir assez de faire to be fed up
101.boire un coup to have a drink
102.rien du tout nothing at all
103.entendre parler de to hear about
104.réussir à un examen to pass a test
105.avoir de bonnes intentions to mean well
106.avoir l’intention de (+ verbe) to intend
107.dormir sur ses deux oreilles to sleep soundly
108.changer d’avis to change one’s mind
109.faire plaisir à to please someone
110. avoir bonne mine to look well
111. faire partie de to belong to
112. de bonne heure early
113. de plus en plus more and more
114. avoir chaud to be hot (person)
115. faire la grasse matinée to sleep late
116. être en vacances to be on vacation
117. il y a trois jours three days ago
118. avoir froid to be cold (person)
119. se porter bien to be well
120.à propos de about, concerning
121.une bonne fois pour toutes once and for all
122.tant pis too bad
123.un succès fou a great success
124.profiter to take advantage of
125.au lieu de instead of
126.avoir pitié de quelqu’un to pity someone
127.s’attendre à to expect
128.à peine hardly
129.brûler un feu rouge to run a red light
130.brûler d’envie de (+ verbe) to be dying to do
131.avoir le cafard to be down in the dumps
132.d’un certain age middle-aged
133.à mi-chemin half-way
134.côte à côte side by side
135.coûter les yeux de la tête to cost an arm and a leg
136.crever de faim to starve
137.passer une nuit blanche to have a sleepless night
138.donner un coup de main to help
139.donner un coup de fil to give a call
140.faire des économies to put money aside
141.entendre dire que to hear that
142.s’entendre bien/mal to get along well/badly
143.essayer de (+ verbe) to try to do something
144.faire face à to face up to
145.en panne out of order
146.faire semblant de to make believe
147.n’importe (qui) (quand) (où)… anyone, anytime, anywhere, etc.
148.du jour au lendemain overnight
149.être mort de fatigue to be dead tired
150.oser to dare

http://curriculum.bsd405.org/personal/linderj/french4/Shared%20Documents/LES%20EXPRESSIONS%20IDIOMATIQUE
S%20POUR%20LA%20CLASSE%20D.doc
Transitional Expressions

Transitional expressions are used to connect sentences whose relationships may not be instantly clear to readers.
Transitionals also function to enhance coherence, development of ideas, and sentence variation (all of which are inherent
qualities of “good” writing).

To Add or show To contrast To repeat, summarize To give examples To indicate

sequence or conclude or intensify time
again although all in all after all after a while
also and yet altogether an illustration of afterward
and but as has been said even as long as
and then but at the same time in brief for example as soon as
besides despite in conclusion for instance at last
equally important even so in other words indeed at length
finally even though in particular in fact at that time
first for all that in short it is true before
further however in simpler terms of course earlier
furthermore in contrast in summary specifically formerly
in addition in spite of on the whole that is immediately
in the first place nevertheless that is to illustrate in the meantime
last notwithstanding therefore truly in the past
moreover on the contrary to put it differently To indicate place lately
next on the other hand to summarize above later
second regardless adjacent to meanwhile
still still To show cause/effect below now
too though accordingly elsewhere presently
yet as a result farther on shortly
because here simultaneously
consequently near since
for this purpose nearby so far
hence on the other side soon
otherwise opposite to subsequently
To Compare since there then
also then to the east thereafter
in the same way therefore to the left until
likewise thereupon when
similarly thus
to this end
with this object

Punctuation of transitional expressions:

 Usually set off by a comma or commas from the rest of the sentence.
“However, she did not prove her argument.”
“College students, for example, suffer from self-inflicted sleep deprivation.”
 When a transitional links main clauses, precede it with a semicolon and follow it with a comma.
 “An American immigrant, Levi Strauss, invented blue jeans in the 1860’s; eventually, his product clothed working men throughout the
West.”
“Blues jeans have become fashionable all over the world; however, the American originators still wear more jeans than anyone else.
 The conjunctions and, but, and because sometimes used as transitionals, are not followed by commas.
 Commas are not required after some transitionals when a pause is not intended, such as also, hence, next, now, and thus.
“American workers thus put in more work days.”

Source: The Little, Brown Handbook. 8th Ed. Addison-Wesley, 2001.

Hebert-111
http://community.tncc.edu/faculty/hebert/essay%20components/Transitional%20Expressions.doc

Transitions

LOGICAL RELATIONSHIP TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSION

Similarity also, in the same way, just as ... so too,

likewise, similarly

Exception/Contrast but, however, in spite of, on the one hand ...

on the other hand, nevertheless, nonetheless,
notwithstanding, in contrast, on the contrary,
still, yet

Sequence/Order first, second, third, ... next, then, finally

Time after, afterward, at last, before, currently,

during, earlier, immediately, later,
meanwhile, now, recently, simultaneously,
subsequently, then

Example for example, for instance, namely,

specifically, to illustrate

Emphasis even, indeed, in fact, of course, truly

Place/Position above, adjacent, below, beyond, here, in

front, in back, nearby, there

Cause and Effect accordingly, consequently, hence, so,

therefore, thus

Additional Support or Evidence additionally, again, also, and, as well,

besides, equally important, further,
furthermore, in addition, moreover, then

Conclusion/Summary finally, in a word, in brief, in conclusion, in

the end, in the final analysis, on the whole,
thus, to conclude, to summarize, in sum, in
summary

© Copyright 1998, UNC-CH Writing Center | URL: http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb

 WR-M-1 Organization--The writer creates unity and coherence to accomplish the focused purpose by: engaging the audience
and establishing a context for reading; placing ideas and support in a meaningful order; guiding the reader through the piece
with transitions and transitional elements; providing effective closure
http://eschool.rville.k12.ky.us/virtual/rms/bslack/wp-content/TransitionsChart.doc
Verbes idiomatiques:

Être à (possession)  N'y touche pas, c'est à moi!

Appartenir à  N'y touche pas, ça m'appartient!
En être (quelque part) Où en sommes-nous dans le livre?
S'en aller (de) J'en ai assez de vous, je m'en vais!
En avoir assez  Il fait froid depuis des mois! J'en ai assez de cet hiver détestable!
S'y prendre (bien, mal, comme un pied…)  Tu t'y prends mal pour éduquer ton enfant! Il a besoin de discipline!
S'y connaître en  Les étudiants de SIPA s'y connaissent en politique.
Penser à (occuper ses pensées avec)  Je pense aux vacances tout le temps.
Penser de (avoir une opinion sur)  Que penses-tu de mon nouveau manteau?
Penser + infinitif (avoir l'intention de)  Je pense étudier le russe l'année prochaine.
Manquer + nom  Si je manque le bus, je prendrai un taxi.
Manquer à qqun Vous manquez beaucoup à vos parents; ils sont tristes sans vous.
Manquer de Ce plat manque de sel
Il manque qqch  Il manque du sel dans ce plat. Il manque deux pièces à ce puzzle.

Que faites-vous, ou que dites vous, dans ces circonstances?

Travaillez en paires. Posez les questions à tour de rôle.

Utilisez les expressions idiomatiques de la leçon dans les réponses aussi !

1. Un inconnu veut manger votre sandwich à la cafétéria. Que lui dites-vous?

2. Dans votre chambre à Columbia, qu'est-ce qui vous appartient? Qu'est-ce qui ne vous appartient pas?

3. Où en êtes-vous de vos révisions pour les examens de la semaine prochaine?

4. Vous êtes dans une soirée très ennuyeuse. Est-ce que vous restez jusqu'au bout?

5. Quand vous en avez assez de travailler, que faites-vous?

6. Comment vous y prenez-vous pour rester en forme?

7. Est-ce que vous vous y connaissez en … (votre choix)?

8. A quoi pensez-vous le matin en vous réveillant?

9. Que pensez-vous de la situation internationale?

10. Que pensez-vous étudier le semestre prochain?

11. Si vous manquez (= avoir F ou une autre mauvaise note) vos examens, que ferez-vous?

12. A qui est-ce que vous manquez, et qui est-ce qui vous manque?

13. Votre vie manque-t-elle de variété?

14. Est-ce qu'il manque quelque chose à New York?

http://www.columbia.edu/itc/french/resources/1202/verbes%20idiomatiques%20avec%20y-en-%e0-de_grammaire-activit%e9_1202.doc

Verbes avec le verbe auxiliaire être

au passé composé

Devenir
Revenir

&

Monter (w/o a direct object)

Rester
Sortir (w/o a direct object)

Venir
Arriver
Naître
Descendre (w/o a direct object)
Entrer
Retourner (w/o a direct object)
Tomber
Rentrer (w/o a direct object)
Aller
Mourir
Partir
Passer (w/o a direct object)

To the tune of Heigh-Ho from Snow White :

Aller, venir, en-n-trer, sortir

Monter, descendre, arriver, partir
Retourner, rester, tomber, mourir
Et naître
a-a-vec être
le participe passe s’accorde avec le sujet
http://oncampus.richmond.edu/~jbaker/documents/Dr.Mrs.Vandertrampp.doc