Sculpture

The most important thing to consider in sculpture is the material.

Some of the earliest sculpture were made of wood or bone
A soft medium like clay will lend itself to a modelling technique that uses
squeezing and shaping and continuously adding to it as the work goes on
A hard medium like stone and wood requires the process of cutting and
taking away from the block

Medium Used in Sculpture:

Stone and Bronze the most commonly used for sculpture.

o Stone is durable, easy to resist elements, resistant to elements, fire and
other hazards
o Stone is heavy and it can break easily
o Stone is the favourite material in Greece and Italy
o Bronze is the most commonly used traditionally
o Most large bronze statues are hollow because using a solid metal would
make the statue very heavy and expensive
o Bronze has the tendency to crack when cooled.
o Bronze has other variety of metals such as forged iron, welded steel, and
duraluminum.
Wood the advantage of wood is that it is cheap.
o It polishes well and has a smooth shiny surface and beautiful color.
o It is relatively light and can be made easily into a variety of shapes
o Woodcarving as a folk art is popular in the towns of Paete and Pakil
o The disadvantage of wood is that it is limited in size and burns easily
Ivory lack the vigor of wooden statues.
o Like wood, it also cracks
o It is popular to ordinary craftsman
Terra Cotta
o Means cooked earth
o It is a moderately cooked clay product fired at low temperature
Other Materials
o Aluminum
o Chromium
o Steel
o Plastic
o Chemically treated clay
o Plastic less expensive for use as a casting material than metals

Architecture
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An art of designing and constructing a building

To identify the style in architecture, the style must accommodate and express
the function of the structure
Stone and wood have long been used in architecture
Brick has also been used

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Concrete was known and extensively used as early as the Roman Period
Other materials are glass and plastic materials

Three Types of Construction

Post-and-Lintel
o Earliest of the three
o Two vertical post for support (Post) and Horizontal one (Lintel)
o Generally used for wooden buildings
Arch
o Dominant in Roman Architecture
o Built from pieces of wood called vouissoirs with joints between them
and are arranged in semi-circle
o The dome is an extension of the principle of the arch
o Dome is a roof resembling an inverted cup or hemisphere formed by
rounded arches or vaults rising from a round or many-sided base
Cantilever
o A structural part projecting horizontally and anchored at one end only
o A method of construction that needs a beam with a great tensile
strength that can be securely fastened at the supported end
o Cantilever is utilized largely in buildings with steel as a medium
o Wood is also suited to cantilever construction because of its strength
but it is limited since it has the tendency to warp, sag and rot

Mediums in Architecture

Wood
o Common building material
o Advantages: abundance, relative durability, high tensile, compression
and strength
o Disadvantages: can be destroyed by moisture, insects, and fire
Stone
o Material used in most of the great architecture of the world
o Concrete is a building material made of sand and gravel mixed with
cement
o For stronger structures, ferro-concrete or reinforced concrete is used
Steel
o Still in the great demand today
o It is malleable under proper conditions and greatly hardened by
sudden cooling
o It has tensile strength
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