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Members
Industrial building
Wind bracing
Outline
Introduction
Section Properties
Gross Area
Net Area
Tension Capacity
Slenderness Limit
Examples
Introduction
Design of tension member is essentially to provide sufficient crosssectional area to resist the applied load.
Connection of tension members is a very important consideration and
will usually govern the design of the member.
The types of connections can be grouped under welds or bolts.
This chapter only covers the determination of the tension resistance of
the member while the design of the connection is covered in the chapter
"Connections".
Section Properties
Section Properties
EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.2.2.1
Gross Area
The gross area A of a cross-section should be
determined using the nominal dimensions.
Holes for fasteners need not be deducted.
Net Area
The net area Anet of a cross-section should be taken as its gross area less appropriate
deductions for all holes and other openings.
Anet = A nd 0t
p2
d0
n = number of bolts
Plate thickness t
Anet
t
Plate thickness t
Anet = A nd 0t
s2
measured on any zig-zag line (ab)
2) t nd 0
4p
s2
Anet =
A t nd 0t
4
p
p
b
d0
p = ( pa t r ) + ( pb t r ) + 0.5 ( r + 0.5t )
p
pa
t
pb
9
10
23
1
Tension Capacity
12
Tension Capacity
EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.2.3
N Ed N t , Rd
The design tension resistance Nt,Rd should be taken as smaller of the yielding of the gross
section or rupture of the net section: Nt,Rd = smaller of ( Npl,Rd or NuRd ).
a) the design plastic resistance of the gross cross-section
N pl , Rd =
Af y
M0
M0 = 1.00
NA to SS EN 1993-1-1: 2009
b) the design ultimate resistance of the net cross-section at holes for fasteners
N u , Rd =
0.9 Anet f u
M2
M2 = 1.10
NA to SS EN 1993-1-1: 2009
fu = ultimate strength. The 0.9 factor is a reduction coefficient to take into account of unavoidable
eccentricities, stress concentrations etc.
N t , Rd = N pl , Rd
13
fu
fy
fu = ultimate stress
fy = yield stress
E = Youngs modulus
E 210 GPa
Strain hardening
Elastic
Plastic
sh
Strain
14
Nominal
Thickness
[mm]
S235
S275
S355
S450
fy
[MPa]
fu
[MPa]
fy
[MPa]
fu
[MPa]
fy
[MPa]
fu
[MPa]
fy
[MPa]
fu
[MPa]
t 16
235
360
275
410
355
470
450
550
16 < t 40
225
360
265
410
345
470
430
550
40 < t 63
215
360
255
410
335
470
410
550
63 < t < 80
215
360
245
410
325
470
390
550
215
360
235
410
315
470
380
550
195
350
225
400
295
450
380
530
185
340
215
380
285
450
175
340
205
380
275
450
15
Examples
16
Nt,Rd
30
60
Nt,Rd
Nt,Rd
30
40 60
60
60 40
Af y
M0
2400 * 265 * 10 3
=
= 636kN
1.00
Anet f u
M2
= 0.9 *
1520 * 410
* 10 3 = 510kN
1.10
Nt,Rd
Nt,Rd
a
30
60
Nt,Rd
a
40 60
Nt,Rd
30
60
60
60
60
60
60 40
18
30
60
Nt,Rd
a
40 60
Nt,Rd
30
60
60
60
60
60
60 40
602
s2
= 1820mm2
= 2400 - 20 2 * 22
= A t nd 0
4 * 60
4p
N pl , Rd =
Af y
M0
2400 * 265 * 10 3
=
= 636kN
1.00
Anet f u
M2
= 0.9 *
1820 * 410
* 10 3 = 754kN
1.10
19
Eccentric Connections
F
F
e
P
Y
P
Y
21
Centroid of
section
Tee chord
30 mm gap
to allow for
welding
Angle bracing
Gusset plate
(6No. bolts)
X-Bracing (back to back or single angle)
22
23
A single angle in tension connected by a single row of bolts in one leg may be treated as
concentrically loaded over an effective net section for which the design ultimate
resistance should be determined as follows:
with 1 bolt:
with 2 bolts:
N u , Rd =
N u , Rd =
2.0(e2 0.5d 0 ) t f u
M2
2 Anet f u
M2
3 Anet f u
=
M2
e1
d0
e2
t
e1
p1
e1
p1
For
Anet = A nd 0t
P1 2.5d0
0.4
0.5
M2 = 1.10 as in EC3
0.7
0.7
p1
Part 1-1
24
Effective Section
Aeff f y
M0
Aeff
b
For unequal-leg angle connected by its short leg, the effective cross-sectional area should
be taken as the gross area of an equivalent angle of leg size equal to that of the short leg.
N pl , Rd =
h
Effective Section
Aeff f y
Aeff
M0
h
b
b
25
26
Questions
1. How does the tensile capacity of an angle member connected
through a single leg using bolt connection differs from another
identical member connected using weld connection?
2. For an unequal-leg angle connected by its smaller leg, the
effective (net) area should be taken as equal to the gross/net
cross-sectional area of an equivalent equal-leg angle of the leg
size equal to that of the smaller leg. Why?
Slenderness Limit
Tension members transfer load very efficiently and thus they tend to
have relatively small cross-section.
The slenderness of tension members is limited for practical reasons
in order to prevent excessive deflection owing to member self-weight or
wind gusting, or damage during transportation.
A suitable limit would be = L/imin = 300 for main members, and =
400 for secondary members.
L = member length
imin = minimum radius of gyration
27
28
125
22
10
75
100
100
Thickness t = 10mm 16mm (EN 10025-2). For S355 steel, fy = 355N/mm2, fu = 470N/mm2
1910 * 355 * 10 3
Design plastic resistance: N pl , Rd =
=
= 678kN
1.00
M0
p
100
= 0.664
Reduction factor for angles bolted on one leg: 3 = 0.3 + 0.08 1 = 0.3 + 0.08
d0
22
3 Anet f u 0.664 * 1690 * 470
=
=
N u ,Rd =
* 103 479kN
Design ultimate resistance:
M2
1.10
Af y
=
N t ,Rd min(678,479)
= 479kN
Design tensile resistance:
29
22
10
125
100
100
Thickness t = 10mm 16mm (EN 10025-2). For S355 steel, fy = 355N/mm2, fu = 470N/mm2
Design plastic resistance: N pl , Rd =
Aeff f y
M0
1400 * 355 * 10 3
=
= 497kN
1.00
p
100
= 0.664
Reduction factor for angles bolted on one leg: 3 = 0.3 + 0.08 1 = 0.3 + 0.08
d
22
0
(with 3 or more bolts)
=
N u ,Rd
Design ultimate resistance:
=
N t ,Rd min(497,335)
= 335kN
Design tensile resistance:
30