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09/28/2013
A. RBC = erythrocyte
o biconcave disc 7.5 microns in diameter dried, 8.5 in
circulation
can be used as measuring stick
o 120 day lifespan
o Cell characteristics
no nucleus
elastic and readily deform
lack organelles - specialized for gas transport
o Hemoglobin - 4 polypeptide chains complexed to iron
containing heme groups
a. anemia - hemoglobin not present in sufficient
amounts due to low cell numbers or low [Hb]/cell
b. rouleaux formations = stacking - seen in slides but
not circulation
B. Platelets o Thromboplastids, small cytoplasmic fragments
o Lifespan = 10 days, 2 micron diameter
o Derived from peripheral cytoplasm of polyploidy cells =
megakaryocytes in bone marrow
Multilobed, not multinucleated
o Function in blood clotting, clot retraction
o Platelet demarcation sites that result in invagination of
plasma membrane that pinches off and produces the platelets
o Contain:
alpha granules = once thought lysosomes, platelet
factor that counteracts heparin, platelet adhesion factor,
growth factor, platelet aggregation factor
beta (dense) granules containing serotonin, ATP, ADP
azurophilic
o larger, lysosomes
o contain peroxidase and lysozomal
enzymes: collagenase, phagocytins
o aid in digestion of engulfment
function in inflammation (local tissue response to
injury
characterized by heat, swelling, redness,
pain, loss of fxn.
Inflammation involves vasoconstriction and
increase in vascular permeability, increase
in interstitial fluid and cells
Neutrophils are among the first wave to
enter area, begin phagocytic process of
eating bacteria
Anything taken up by neutrophils form
secondary lysosomes, primary lysozomes
fuse with this particle, become secondary
lysosome
Result in death of neutrophil
Accumulation of neutrophils and any
phagocytized materials pus
Monocytes are next to enter
macrophages which phagocytize debris and
bacteria
Cells arrive via chemotaxis by bacterial cells
Eosinophil 1-3%
Acidophilic granules within cytoplasm
Mainly lysosomes with peroxidase and
histaminase
Bilobed nucleus
Neutralized histamines and other things released
by basophils
Basophil 0.5-1%
Large ark granules that cover nucleus
Related to mast cells
Slow reacting,
Release histamine, vasodilator
o 2. Agranular - monocyte, lymphocyte
Lymphocyte
Dark rim of cytoplasm around
Two types in blood:
T lymphocytes: cytotoxic
B lymphocytes:
o variable lifespan
o undergo mitosis
o make antibodies and plasma cells
Monocytes
Largest cell
3 day lifespan before going to tissues and
differentiating
Hemopoiesis formation of blood cells
I. Erythropoiesis
Rubriblast = proerythroblast (stem cells )
Prorubricyte = basophilic erythroblast (12-15 with strong basophilic
cytoplasm, nucleus is very dark, clumpy)
Rubricyte = polychromatophilic erythroblast
Metarubricyte = normoblast
Reticulocyte = polychromatophilic erythrocyte
Erythrocyte
Maturation sequence of erythrocytic series:
C
o Go from showing clear chromatin, to become more and more
condensed
o Become pyknotic just before it is ejected from cell.
Granulocytic series
There have been two major schools of thought regarding how blood
cells arise. Evidence suggests the monophyletic theory is correct.
Bone Marrow
Consists of blood vessels, sinuses and network of hemopoietic cells
lying in cords between the sinuses
Sinuses lined with endothelium, outer layer of adventitial
cells=reticular cells-provide support to cells in marrow cavity