VIETNAM

1.
2.
3.
4.

GENERAL OPERATING ENVIRONMENT

ENERGY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE
ORGANIZATIONS, SOURCES, REFERENCES

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-1GENERAL OPERATING ENVIRONMENT

1.1 Basic Facts & Geography
1.2 People & Society
1.3 Culture & Business Culture
1.4 Infrastructure & Logistics
1.5 Government & Legislation
1.6 Economy & Trade
1.7 Vietnam & Finland
1.8 Education
1.9 General Operating Environment - Summary

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1.1 BASIC FACTS & GEOGRAPHY

Location
Area
Borders
Climate
Terrain
Natural hazards

South-eastern Asia
331 050 km2 (94% land, 6% water)
Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of Tonkin and South China Sea
China, Laos, Cambodia
Tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season
(May to September) and warm, dry season (October-March)
Low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly
mountainous in far north and northwest
Occasional typhoons with extensive flooding (especially in
the Mekong River delta).
Source: CIA, World Bank

Vietnam, formally the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in
Southeast Asia. It is positioned on the Gulf of Thailand and Gulf of Tonkin.

The country is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the
South China Sea to the east.

The combined length of the country's land boundaries is 4,639 km, and its coastline is 3,444 km long.

Vietnam's land is mostly hilly and densely forested, with level land covering no more than 20%. Mountains
account for 40% of the country's land area, and tropical forests cover around 42%
Because of differences in latitude and the marked variety in topographical relief, the Vietnamese climate
tends to vary considerably from place to place (Wikipedia).

Vietnam is a densely-populated developing country that in the last 30 years has had to recover from the
ravages of war, the loss of financial support from the old Soviet Bloc, and the rigidities of a centrally-planned
economy.

While Vietnam's economy remains dominated by state-owned enterprises, which still produce about 40% of
GDP, Vietnamese authorities have reaffirmed their commitment to economic liberalization and international
integration (CIA).

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1.2 PEOPLE & SOCIETY

Population, total
Population, growth
Population, density
Urban population
Rural population
Population (0-14 years)
Population (15-64 years)
Population (65 years and above)
Life expectancy at birth
Major cities (2009)

2009
2010
2011
86,03 mil.
86,93 mill.
87,84 mill.
1%
1%
1%
2
2
277/km
280/km

30 %
30 %
31 %
70 %
70 %
69 %
24 %
24 %
23 %
70 %
70 %
70 %
6%
6%
6%
75
75

Hanoi (capital): 2,7 mil., Ho Chi Minh City: 5,9 mil.,

Haiphong: 1, 9 mil., Da Nang: 0,8 mil.
Source: CIA World Fact Book

Population of Vietnam is about 91 million and it is growing by approximately 1, 0 % every year (CIA).

The population in urban agglomerations of more than 1 million (% of total population) in Vietnam was last
reported at 12.60 in 2010 (World Bank)

Median age is 27,8 years (year 2011) (CIA).

The French language, a legacy of colonial rule, is still spoken by some older Vietnamese as a second language,
but has declined in popularity.

In recent years, as Vietnam's contacts with Western nations have increased, English has become more
popular as a second language; the study of English is now obligatory in most schools, replacing French,
though the latter is used at times in higher education (Wikipedia).

The ratio of population in poverty has fallen from 58 % in 1993 to 14.5 % in 2008, and most indicators of
welfare have improved.

Vietnams socio-economic development strategies give attention to structural reforms, environmental

sustainability, social equity, and emerging issues of macroeconomic stability. It defines three "breakthrough
areas": (i) promoting human resources/skills development (particularly skills for modern industry and
innovation), (ii) improving market institutions, and (iii) infrastructure development (World Bank)

The overall goal is for Vietnam to lay the foundations for a modern, industrialized society by 2020 (World
Bank).

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1.3 CULTURE & BUSINESS CULTURE

Language

Ethnic groups

Religion

Official: Vietnamese
Other: English, French, Chinese and Khmer, mountain area
languages
Kinh (Viet): 86 %
Tay: 2 %
Thai 2 %
Other: Vietnam has got 52 ethnic minorities.
Buddhist 9 %
Catholic 7 %
Other: 4 %
None: 80 %
Source: CIA, World Bank

Vietnam is home to many different ethnic groups. Kinh people cover the majority of the population.

As a largely homogeneous group the Kinh possess significant political and economic influence over the
country. However, Vietnam is also home to 54 ethnic minority groups, including the Hmong, Dao, Tay, Thai,
and Nung.

The official spoken and written language of Vietnam is Vietnamese, currently written in the Latin alphabet.

The characteristics of Vietnamese culture can be viewed as humanity and harmony. Vietnamese highly regard
family value and community value (Wikipedia).

Over the last quarter of a century, Vietnam's politics and society have gradually evolved towards greater
openness and space for civil participation.

For many decades, foreign cultural influences were shunned, and emphasis was placed on appreciating and
sharing the culture of communist nations such as the Soviet Union, China, and Cuba. However, since the
1990s, Vietnam has seen a greater exposure to Southeast Asian, European and American culture and media
(Wikipedia).

Promising sign for foreign investors: The Vietnamese government has shown its commitment to economic
liberalization and international integration. Structural reforms to modernize the economy have been
implemented, helping to produce more competitive, export-driven industries.

Being one of the most group-orientated societies, business organizations in Vietnam tend to be hierarchical.
Decisions and ideas are generated at the top, and more often than not, the eldest person has the most
influence over the decision.

Status is important in the Vietnamese society, and is obtained with age and education. Titles are very
important in Vietnamese business culture and one should respect senior individuals, whether by education,
job position or age.

In business meetings, it is usually the eldest member of the group who enters the room first.

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1.4 INFRASTRUCTURE & LOGISTICS

Railways:
Roads:
Waterways:
Airports:

2 632 km
180 549 km
17 702 km
44 (2012)
Source: CIA, World Bank

Vietnam has several major sea ports, including Cam Ranh, Da Nang, Hai Phong, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Gai,
Qui Nhn, and Nha Trang. Further inland, the country's extensive network of rivers play a key role in rural
transportation, with over 17,700 kilometres (11,000 mi) of navigable waterways carrying ferries, barges and
water taxis (Wikipedia).

Vietnam operates 17 major civil airports, including three international gateways: Noi Bai serving Hanoi, Da
Nang International Airport serving Da Nang, and Tan Son Nhat serving Ho Chi Minh City (Wikipedia).

The territorial and offshore waters in the South China Sea are seen as high risk for piracy and armed robbery
against ships (World Bank).

Over 90% of the population is now connected by all-weather roads. Working in 33 provinces, the World
Banks Third Rural Transport project is reaching some of the most difficult mountainous regions of Northern
and Central Vietnam, linking poor and marginalized communities to better markets and services.

Bicycles, motor scooters and motorcycles remain the most popular forms of road transport in Vietnam's
urban areas, although the number of privately owned automobiles is also on the rise, especially in the larger
cities. Public buses operated by private companies are the main mode of long-distance travel for much of the
population.

Averaging 4.5% of GDP investment, Vietnam is the leading investor in Asia in its roads infrastructure

Vietnam's primary cross-country rail service is the Reunification Express, which runs from Ho Chi Minh City to
Hanoi, covering a distance of nearly 2,000 kilometres (Wikipedia).

Infrastructure (especially, seaports and electric power) is the most important concern for the country's
economy. Infrastructure constraints threaten foreign direct investment in manufacturing and exports. Private
sector participation in infrastructure development, finance and management is needed urgently, especially in
electric power and deep-water seaports (Finpro).

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1.5 GOVERNMENT & LEGISLATION

Official name
Conventional short form
Form of state
Regions and districts

Government

Legal system
Independence
Corruption perception index (2011)

Socialist Republic of Vietnam

Vietnam
Communist state
58 provinces
President: Truong Tan SANG (since 25 July 2011)
Cabinet: appointed by president based on proposal of prime
minister and confirmed by National Assembly
Parties: Communist Party of Vietnam; other parties
proscribed
Civil law system ( the civil code of 2005 reflects a Europeanstyle civil law)
2 September 1945
112 (out of 183 countries)
Source: CIA, World Bank

The Government's overall strategic priorities and goals are to support: (i) strengthening Vietnam's
competitiveness in the regional and global economy, (ii) increasing the sustainability of its development, and
(iii) broadening access to opportunity (World Bank).

Key cross-cutting themes are (i) strengthening governance, (ii) supporting gender equity, and (iii) improving
resilience in the face of external economic shocks, natural hazards and the impact of climate change (World
Bank).

The Corruption Perceptions Index ranks countries/territories based on how corrupt their public sector is
perceived to be on a scale of 0 - 10, where 0 means that a country is perceived as highly corrupt and 10
means that a country is perceived as very clean: Vietnams index is 2.9

Vietnam is ranked 112th country in relation to other countries in the world (Transparency International).

Corruption, lack of accountability and transparency, and burdensome bureaucracy impact the effectiveness
of the government in formulating and implementing policies.

Corruption is endemic in Vietnam at all levels of the government, and acts as a major barrier to foreign
investment. The authorities had announced aggressive plans to fight corruption, and encouraged the media
to act as a watchdog. However, these efforts lost steam after several journalists were detained for reporting
on major corruption scandals (Finpro).

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1.6 ECONOMY & TRADE

World bank ranking
Currency
GDP (current US$) (billions)
Structure of the economy (% of GDP)
- Agriculture
- Industry
- Services
GDP growth (annual %)
GNI per capita, PPP (current intl.)
Inflation, consumer prices (annual %)

Lower-middle Income
Dong (VND)
2009
$ 97,18

Ease of doing business ranking

21 %
40 %
39 %
5%
$ 2840
7%
92
(out of 181)

2010
$ 106,43

2011
$ 123,96

21 %
41 %
38 %
7%
$ 3060
9%
93
(out of 178)

20 %
41 %
39 %
6%
$ 3260
19 %
78
(out of 183)
Source: CIA, World Bank

Vietnamese labour force is 44, 48 million (2011 est., CIA). Meaning 50% of total population.

Vietnam is seen as a lower middle income country by World Bank

In 1986, the Sixth Party Congress of Vietnam introduced free market economic reforms as part of the Doi Moi
reform program, resulting in a socialist-oriented market economy. Private ownership was encouraged in
industries, commerce and agriculture (Wikipedia).

Vietnam is now one of Asia's most open economies.

Vietnam's economy still remains dominated by state-owned enterprises, which still produce about 40% of
GDP

The Government has implemented the structural reforms needed to modernize the economy and to produce
more competitive export-driven industries.

Agriculture's share of economic output has continued to shrink from about 25% in 2000 to about 22% in
2011, while industry's share increased from 36% to 40% in the same period.

Vietnams shift from a centrally planned to a market economy has transformed the country from one of the
poorest in the world into a lower middle-income country. Vietnam now is one of the most dynamic emerging
countries in East Asia region (World Bank).

The Vietnam National Administration of Tourism is following a long-term plan to diversify the tourism
industry, which brings foreign exchange into the country. Tourism and related services account for more than
30 percent of Vietnam's GDP (Finpro).

The country's economy is developing. However, it would have a hard time catching up with other countries,
and is therefore considered under-developed. Vietnam's economy also faces challenges from falling foreign
exchange reserves, an undercapitalized banking sector, and high borrowing costs (Finpro).

A sustained growth rate of around 8% for over 15 years shows great progression and is one of the many
reasons for the increasing number of foreign investors. Entry costs for investors are still low. Cheap labour
costs coupled with a young, literate workforce make business investment a very attractive and lucrative
prospect.

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Vietnam became a member of the WTO on 11 January 2007. This ensures more influx of foreign investment
into the country. Moreover, Vietnam has been actively seeking to establish a healthy trade agreement with
major developed nations to further boost its exports industry (Finpro).

1.7 VIETNAM & FINLAND

Finnish exports (2011)
Finnish imports (2011)

66 mill (machinery and equipment, paper and paper

products)
115 mill (Articles of apparel and clothing accessories)
Source: Finnish Customs

Trade and investment relations between Finland and Vietnam are still rather modest. However, there has
been a clear increase in the trade figures in recent years, the annual growth rate of bilateral trade being
about 20-40 per cent. The bilateral two-way trade between the two countries amounted approximately 180
million euros in 2010 (Embassy of Finland).

Today there are about 85 Finnish affiliated companies in Vietnam, some with several offices, and more are on
the way. Finnish companies have been representing in Vietnam mainly through local agents, and a couple of
companies have a representative office lead by either Finnish of foreign personnel (Embassy of Finland).

Vietnam is also one of the most important development partners for Finland. The development program
includes a number of business programmes that aim at supporting private industry and offers extensive
range of possibilities for both Finnish and Vietnamese companies. These include Innovation Partnership
Program (IPP), Energy Partnership Program (EPP), and Concessional Credits (Embassy of Finland).

Top ten Finnish export products in 2010

Product
Machinery for specialized industries

Value of Exports
(million EUR)
13.4

Cork and wood

9.0

Road vehicles

8.9

Paper, paperboard and articles thereof

6.8

Electric machinery, n.e.s. and parts

5.3

Iron and steel

3.6

General industrial machinery n.e.s.

3.4

Instruments and apparatus n.e.s.

2.4

Power generating machinery and equipment

2.0

Manufactures of metals n.e.s.

1.8

Total exports to Vietnam

65.7

n.e.s. = not elsewhere specified

Source: Finnish Customs

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VIETNAM report
Top ten Finnish import products in 2010

Value of Imports
(million EUR)

Product
Articles of apparel and clothing accessories

25.5

Footwear

22.5

Telecommunications and sound recording equipment

19.9

Furniture and parts thereof

10.3

Miscellaneous manufactured articles, n.e.s.

6.1

Office machines and adp machines

5.3

Manufactures of metals, n.e.s.

3.9

Travel goods, handbags and sim. Containers

3.9

Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices

3.3

Crude rubber (incl. synthetic)

1.5

Total imports from Vietnam

114.4

n.e.s.= not elsewhere specified

Source: Finnish Customs

1.8 EDUCATION
Literacy rate, % of people ages 15 and above, 2009
Primary school enrolment, % net, 2009
Higher education:

93 %
99 %
2 % of total population

Source: UNESCO, Ministry of Education and Training of Vietnam

Adult literacy rate is almost 94 % (2009).

Vietnam has an extensive state-controlled network of schools, colleges and universities, and a growing
number of privately run and partially privatised institutions.

Education is not free; therefore, some poor families may have trouble paying tuition for their children
without some form of public or private assistance. Regardless, school enrolment is among the highest in the
world, and the number of colleges and universities increased dramatically in the 2000s, from 178 in 2000 to
299 in 2005 (Wikipedia).

In the academic years of 2002-2003, there are 111 universities and 119 colleges in the higher education
system. The total number of students reaches 1,020,670 and 64% of whom are full-time students. The
Government also encourages foreign investments in the higher education system in the form of joint training
and research programs, foreign owned universities and overseas research fellowships (Ministry of Education
and Training).

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Based on data from Ministry of Education and Training in 2007, access to higher education is still low and
only about 2% of the population moves into higher education study. This figure is low in both a regional and
an international context.

Linguistically diverse ethnic minority populations struggle with mandatory instruction in Vietnamese by
mainly Vietnamese (Kinh) teachers. This contributes to a far lower education attainment among ethnic
minority children. For example, primary completion rate for Kinh students was 86 per cent, while the rate for
ethnic minority children was only 61 per cent (UNICEF).

In the school year 2010-2011,Vietnam had a total of 163 universities (including senior colleges and institutes)
and 223 junior colleges, in which 50 senior colleges and 30 junior colleges are non-public (Wikipedia).

1.9 GENERAL OPERATING ENVIRONMENT - SUMMARY

Deep poverty has declined significantly. Vietnam is working to create jobs to meet the challenge of a labour
force that is growing by more than one million people every year.

In recent years, the nation has been rising as a leading agricultural exporter and an attractive foreign
investment destination. Vietnam's key products are: rice, cashew nuts, black pepper, coffee, tea, fishery
products and rubber. Manufacturing, information technology and high-tech industries constitute a fast
growing part of the economy. Vietnam is also one of the largest oil producers in the region (World Bank).

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VIETNAM report

-2ENERGY & RENEWABLE ENERGY

2.1 General Situation in Energy Sector
2.2 Energy Policy
2.3 Renewable & Fossil Energy Resources
2.4 Supply & Demand for Energy Solutions

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2.1 GENERAL STATE OF ENERGY SECTOR

Total energy consumption:
Energy consumption per capita:
Electricity consumption:
Electricity consumption per capita:
Access to electricity:
Access to electricity urban population
Access to electricity rural population
Energy imports (% of energy use)
Electricity imports (% of electricity use)
Power production capacity:
Hydropower production capacity:
Electricity production:
Renewable electricity production:
Share of population using solid fuels:
Fossil fuels % of total energy

2009
744,9 TWh
8,7 MWh/capita
78,93 TWh
918 kWh/capita
97,6 %
close to 100 %
~89 %
-20 %
4,29 %
8,35 GW
5,50 GW
83,19 TWh
29,98 TWh
significant
56,2 %

1990
282,6 TWh
3,3 MWh/capita
6,48 TWh

54 % (1993)
less than 15 % (1993)
-2 %
4,43 GW
8,68 TWh
10,58 TWh (1995)
20,3 %
(IEA, World Bank, IRENA, UN data)

Major sources of commercial energy in Vietnam are coal, petroleum, hydropower and natural gas. Significant number
of households is using traditional solid fuels such as fuel-wood and charcoal in residential sector for heating, light and
cooking. The residential sector contributed 52 % of energy consumption in 2009. Energy efficiency improvements in
residential sector would reduce consumption greatly.

Self-sufficiency

Vietnam is net exporter of energy due to its oil and coal resources

Previously, due to a lack of indigenous refining capacity, all crude oil production was exported. The economy
imports most of its petroleum products, but the Dung Quat refinery in Quang Nam province (capacity
150,000 b/d) has been in operation since February 2009, providing around 6.5 Mt of petroleum products
annually for domestic consumption. Oil product imports increased from 4,713 ktoe in 1995 to 14,737 ktoe in
2008, an average annual growth rate of 10%.

In 2009 Vietnams net import of electricity was 4 %. At present, Vietnam supplies electricity to the Lao PDR
and Cambodia by medium voltage lines, and purchases electricity from China through 110 kV and 220 kV
lines. In 2007, Vietnam imported nearly 1,800 GWh of electricity from China. The country is predicted to buy
more electricity from China over the coming years, as power shortages are expected.

Vietnam is diversifying its energy consumption by developing regional indigenous resources and expanding
regional cooperation. The country hopes to minimize its dependence on oil, and places priority on ensuring
that energy supplies meet the needs of a growing population, and support socio-economic development. In
addition, diversification will reduce the threat posed by drought to hydro-electric power generation. Beyond
2015, Vietnam expects a transformation from being a net energy exporting economy to being a net importing
economy.
(Reegle Country Profile)

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Electricity availability

At the end of June 2005, the National Power Grid has reached all provinces, connecting 95% of communes
and 89% of households in rural areas. About 73% of the economys 85 million people live in rural areas, and
6% of households in those regions have no access to electricity. The state power company, Electricit du
Vietnam (EVN) plans to develop a national electricity grid by 2020, by inter-connecting several regional grids.
The distribution infrastructure has been poorly maintained, but has benefited from recent improvements. A
North-South power cable transmits electricity from Vietnams largest generator, the Hoa Binh hydropower
plant in the North, to large population centers in the South, helping to alleviate electricity shortages in Ho Chi
Minh City.

The total distribution network of EVN extends 19,396 km. Transmission occurs at 500 kV, 220 kV and 110 kV,
with a 35/22 kV medium-voltage distribution network.
(Reegle Country Profile)

Electricity capacity

Vietnam is one of the fastest growing economies in South East Asia. Its power supply is currently insufficient
and, in line with the countrys GDP growth, it has been forecast that electricity demand in Vietnam is likely to
more than treble in the next decade. Asia Pacific climate change policy series (link)

Total installed electricity capacity (2009): 18,481 MW; of that total, 69% was managed by Viet Nam Electric
Power Group (EVN) and 29% was managed by others. In addition, more than 4100 GWh was imported from
China.

Vietnam is diversifying its energy consumption by developing regional indigenous resources and expanding
regional cooperation. The country hopes to minimize its dependence on oil, and places priority on ensuring
that energy supplies meet the needs of a growing population, and support socio-economic development. In
addition, diversification will reduce the threat posed by drought to hydro-electric power generation. Beyond
2015, Vietnam expects a transformation from being a net energy exporting economy to being a net importing
economy. European Chamber of Commerce in Vietnam (EUROCHAM) (link)
The economy needs to overcome many challenges to ensure energy security: oil products will still have to be
imported, although Vietnams first oil refinery was completed in 2009; the economy currently has no
strategic oil stockpiling; the power sector is in the early stages of reform; electricity shortages still occur; and
power systems operate without adequate reserves. Investment in energy development, especially in
electricity generation, is currently insufficient to meet rapid demand growth. It is estimated that energy
demand will be 110-120 million toe by 2025 and 310-320 million toe by 2050. (Reegle Country Profile)

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Source: IEA Country Energy Balance, 2009

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2.2 ENERGY POLICY

Energy policy publications
Organizations responsible for energy policies
Targets to increase use of renewable energy
Subsidies/ Incentives for Renewable Energy

The National Energy Development Strategy for

the period up to 2020, with an outlook to 2050
Ministry of industry and trade (MOIT)
3% (2010)
5% (2025)
11% (2050)
Avoided Cost Tariff for renewables

The National Energy Development Strategy (link) for the period up to 2020, with an outlook to 2050

Developing power plants and power networks, ensuring sufficient supply of electricity for socio-economic
development, and ensuring the 99.7% reliability of electricity supply in 2010;

Achieving a share of renewable energy in the total commercial primary energy supply of 3% in 2010, 5% in
2025 and 11% in 2050;

Completing the energy program for rural and mountainous areas, and increasing the proportion of rural
households using commercial energy to 50% in 2010 and 80% in 2020 (by 2010, 95% of rural households will
have access to electricity)

Actively preparing the conditions for putting the first unit of a nuclear power plant into operation in 2020,
and then increasing the contribution of nuclear power to the economys energy structure (by 2050, nuclear
electricity will account for about 15%20% of total commercial energy consumption).

The Renewable Energy Action Plan (link)

Developed by the World Bank and State-owned power company Vietnam Electricity (Asia Pacific climate
change policy series)

Areas of focus: Renewable Energy Policy development, Grid connected renewable electricity, Isolated and
distributed energy solution, Technology and market development

Production of ethanol and vegetable oil planned to satisfy 1 % of the countrys gasoline and oil demand by
2012 and 5 % by 2025 (Asia Pacific climate change policy series )

Power Development Master Plan of Vietnam (link), period of 2011- 2020, outlook to 2030

The priority is given to development of renewable energies for electricity production and share of electricity
generated from these resources will be increased from 2% in 2010, to 4.5% of total electricity production in
2020 and 6.0% in 2030. In which, total capacity of wind power will be increased from negligible level at
present to 1,000MW in 2020, and about 6,200MW in 2030; biomass power, power cogeneration at sugar
plants will have total capacity of about 500MW in 2020, and increased to 2,000MW in 2030.

Together with many legal documents promulgated such as Electricity Law (2004); Environmental Protection
Law (2005); Vietnam national energy development strategy for period up to 2020, vision to 2050 (2007);
Energy conservation and energy efficiency law (2010), the Government has been continuing to issue support
policies for strong development of renewable electricity such as Decision on some financial policy
mechanisms for CDM projects (2007); Regulation on avoided cost based electricity tariffs for small

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hydropower plants which use renewable energy (Ministry of Industry and Trade - 2008); Decision on support
mechanism for development of wind power projects in Vietnam (2010), etc.

Subsidies/ Incentives for Renewable Energy

Avoided Cost Tariff (ACT) the electricity tariff calculated by avoided costs of the national power grid when 1
kWh is generated to the distribution power grid from a small renewable energy power plant, with the
avoided cost defined as; the production cost per 1 kWh of the most expensive power generating unit in
the national power grid, which would be avoided if the buyer purchases 1 kWh of electricity from a
substitute small renewable energy power plant.

A project which is eligible for the Avoided Cost Tariff must have installed capacity of not more than 30 MW,
and all electricity must be generated from renewable energy. In addition, the renewable energy project must
employ the standardised power purchase agreement, in a form issued by the Ministry of Industry and Trade
pursuant to the SPA Regulation, for the sale of electricity.

Standardised Power Purchase Agreement for Small Renewable Energy Power Plants (SPPA Regulation)

Further information on the SPPA Regulation and the ACT Regulation is provided in Asia Pacific Renewable
Energy Manual (link).

Power plants with a capacity of more than 30MW can sell their electricity to Vietnam for a guaranteed price.
Further, there are major tax incentives for renewable power projects for the first 15 years of their operation.

The Power Development Plan (PDP) - investors who contribute to small-scale hydropower projects, wind
energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, biomass and biofuels will receive government support.

Other

Vietnam has not made any commitments or set voluntary targets under the Copenhagen Accord

Vietnam Energy Efficiency Program (VNEEP) is a set of activities aimed at encouraging and promoting Energy
Efficiency and Conservation (EE&C) in public science and technology research activities. In 2008, 36 billion
VND (about US $2.25 million) was allocated for some 48 energy efficiency projects.

Vietnam is also an active participant in the global secondary carbon market as a host country for emissions
reducing projects. It is engaged in the UNFCCCs Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and has a fully
operable Designated National Authority under that scheme, the Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment of Vietnam. There are 56 registered CDM projects currently in Vietnam with well over 6 million
CERs issued to date and an expected production of around 2.15 million CERs per year. Key areas of CDM
project investment to date include: hydropower, land-fill gas recovery power generation, biomass energy
production, and reforestation. Investment in these projects flows principally from Europe and Japan. Asia
Pacific Climate Change Policy Series.

In accordance with the Strategy for Electricity Sector Development approved by the government in October
2004, Vietnam is implementing a policy to gradually establish a competitive power pool, to diversify
investment and trading, and to stimulate the participation of several economic sectors. The state maintains a
monopoly on transmission and the operation of large-scale hydropower and nuclear power plants. The

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Electricity Law, approved by the Vietnam National Assembly, came into effect in July 2005. The law outlines
the major principles for the establishment of the power market in Vietnam. Prime Ministerial Decision
26/2006/QD-TTg (January 2006) establishes the development of a competitive electricity market that attracts
investment from foreign and domestic companies.

EASE (Enabling Access to Sustainable Energy) project, in partnership with the Institute of Environment and
Sustainable Development (IESD) and CSTM Technology and Sustainable Development (University of Twente,
Netherlands) is conducting a study into biogas impact assessment in the country.

Energy cooperation with Laos and Cambodia for promoting regional integration.

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Vietnam Ministry of Science and Technology
have been implementing a project to raise the effectiveness of energy use in small and medium enterprises
(SMEs). The project is funded by the Global Environmental Fund through the UNDP.

Finally, the World Bank supports improvements in energy efficiency in Vietnam with a US$225 million credit.
The funding is expected to help optimise the transmission and distribution system, reduce system peak load,
and improve the rural power networks so that the poor in the rural areas have access to good quality
electricity at reduced prices.

The Decree on Energy Saving and the Efficient Use of Energy (102/2003/ND-CP) of 2003 institutes a number
of measures to improve efficiency, particularly that of large consumers of energy. These measures include
mandatory annual energy reports from consumers of 1,000 toe or 3 million kWh of electricity, as well
improved energy efficiency incentives, and improved labelling standards for appliances.

The residential energy efficiency programme, from 2004-2006, through the second phase of the DemandSide Management (DSM) programme by EVN and its subsidiary companies, was expected to achieve a
120MW reduction in the peak demand over three years. One of the major activities conducted by EVN in the
second phase of its DSM programme was to promote the sale of 1 million Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)
to households located in high-load areas.
(Reegle Country Profile)

2.3 RENEWABLE AND FOSSIL ENERGY RESOURCES

Significant renewable energy resources
Proven oil reserves

Wide renewable energy resources

600 mil BBL (est. 2011)
OPEC

Vietnam is currently dependent on hydropower for around 35 per cent of its electricity use.

Investment in renewable energy also focuses on hydropower projects which comprise over 70 per cent of
the CDM projects approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment as the Designated
National Authority under the Kyoto Protocol.

There are also other opportunities in the biomass industry, such as ethanol production from cassava.

There is high potential in Vietnam for the development of wind projects, however owing to high
development costs; the process of implementing wind power projects is expected to be slow. Asia Pacific
Climate Change Policy Series

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Hydropower

Vietnam has 2,400 rivers of 10 km or longer, indicating high potential for small- and large-scale hydro-electric
power generation. The economic hydropower potential is estimated at 84 TWh/yr, which is in excess of the
total electricity consumption of 46 TWh in 2005. Vietnam currently has five hydroelectric expansions underway. The countrys Son La project, which began construction in late 2005, is anticipated to have a generating
capacity of 2,400 MW by 2012, and will be the largest hydroelectric project in Vietnam, producing almost 10
billion kWh each year. Vietnam also plans to build three additional plants in the near future. In 2008, about
one-third of generating capacity came from hydroelectric power (second after oil and gas). The potential
generating capacity from hydropower in Vietnam is estimated to be around 800-1,400 MW.
Vietnams economic potential for pumped storage hydro-electricity is over 10,000 MW. These resources are
mainly located in the northern and southern areas. 408 sites have been identified as suitable for small-hydro
plants, with a total potential capacity of 2,887 MW. (Reegle Country Profile)

Biomass
Biomass resources that could be used for generating electricity include rice husks, paddy straw, bagasse
(sugar cane, coffee husk, and coconut shell), wood and plant residue, with an annual output of approximately
93 Mt, and an estimated potential of 1000-1600 MW. In addition, it is estimated that 25,000 household
biogas digesters have been installed in the country since the 1960s. The livestock population is estimated at
30 million, although the lack of industrial-scale poultry or pig farming makes large-scale biogas production
difficult. Rice husking plants in the Mekong Delta region could fuel a power station with a capacity of 70 MW,
and waste materials from sugar cane could produce 250 MW. So far only 3 from 43 sugar plants supply
surplus electricity to the power grid - about 50 MW in total. In 2005, the first 750 kW waste-to-power project
was completed (US$16m, 60% funded by the Netherlands). Two additional turbines were commissioned in
2006, with the potential to generate about 250-400 MW in total. (Reegle Country Profile)

Solar energy
Vietnam lies from 23 to 8 North latitude, and has good constant solar sources, with roughly 2,000-2,500
hours of sunshine per year. In the southern and central areas, solar radiation levels range from 4 to 5.9
kWh/m2/day, uniformly distributed throughout the year. The solar energy in the north is estimated to vary
from 2.4 to 5.6 kWh/m2/day. Solar PV systems are currently installed in off-grid applications, e.g.
telecommunications and rural health services. At present, the total installed capacity of solar photovoltaic
systems in Vietnam is estimated at 650 kW, with about 5,000 sites around the country. The potential
generating capacity of the off-grid solar PV systems is estimated at around 2 MW. (Reegle Country Profile)

Wind energy
With a coastline of 3,000 km, and average wind speeds of 5.6 m/s in coastal regions, and up to 8 m/s on
certain islands, the potential for wind power generation is high. Vietnam has approximately 513 GW of
theoretical capacity. Excluding restrictions on the exploitation of the potential, 120.5 GW of wind power

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capacity, about 10 times the peak load demand in 2005, is estimated as being economically feasible for
producing electricity. Around 10 sites are currently being investigated for large wind-power generation,
however, no preferential pricing scheme is given to the technology by EVN, as is the case with biomass or
hydropower technologies, and hence the development of the resource is at a disadvantage. Wind Power
Plant no1 in the southern coastal province of Binh Thuan is one of the large projects hosted by Vietnam, and
was the first wind turbine plant project in South-East Asia. Two other wind power plants in Binh Thuan are
scheduled to be completed in 2010, and will have a combined capacity of 75MW. In April 2010, the
Government approved the development by EVN of a pilot wind power project, with a capacity of 30MW, in
the central coastal province of Ninh Thuan. (Reegle Country Profile)

Geothermal energy
With more than 300 hot streams from 30 C to 148 C, Vietnam is estimated to have 1,400 MW of suitable
geothermal potential, for direct use and producing electricity. From this potential, 400 MW of could be
developed for producing electricity by 2020. Several potential sites have been identified, with plant capacities
ranging from 20 to 50 MW. (Reegle Country Profile)

Waste-to-energy

The strong economic growth and urbanization rates in the last decade in Vietnam have pushed the issue of
solid waste management to the forefront of environmental challenges which the country must contend if it is
to continue on the path to industrialization. The amounts of solid waste that the urban populations are
projected to generate necessitates action from the government in a dire way. Clearly, the current solid waste
management system is unsatisfactory and needs to be addressed in a dire way.

Safer and regulated sanitary disposal facilities have to be built. Given high rates of organic matter in their
waste and the high moisture content, waste to energy facilities in the form of composting plants and bio-gas
recovery landfills may be the most viable option

In 2005 first waste-to-energy power station put into operation in Vietnam that produces electricity from
household and industrial waste. Solid Waste Management in Vietnam (link)

2.4 SUPPLY & DEMAND FOR ENERGY SOLUTIONS

Households

Heat for cooking and warm water

Power for lighting, communication and electronics

Commercial and public services - including healthcare, education, administration, business

Power, heat and cooling

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Infrastructure - including water supply, sanitation, communication, waste management

Power, heat and fuels

Traffic and transportation

Fuels and power for vehicles

Agriculture

fuels for vehicles

Fertilizer

Power and heat for processing crop

Industry

Heat, cooling and power

Tourism - including resorts, lodges etc.

Heat, cooling, electricity, warm water

Competition

Total installed electricity capacity (2009): 18,481 MW; of that total, 69% was managed by Viet Nam Electric
Power Group (EVN) and 29% was managed by others. EVN is responsible for electricity supply to support
economic development, and to provide power to meet the needs of the people. EVN also has the key
responsibility of ensuring investments in power generation and network expansion to meet power demand in
the economy. Apart from EVN, other companies are also responsible for many aspects of the market,
supplemented by the BuildOperateTransfer and independent power producer (IPP) schemes run in
partnership with private investors. In 2009, 32% (~5,400 MW) of the power supply system in Vietnam was
owned by companies other than EVN.

EVN is an entirely state-owned and vertically-integrated company. PVN has a wide range of public and private
owners, with the government holding the dominant share. PVN is also a vertically-integrated company.

In accordance with the Strategy for Electricity Sector Development approved by the government in October
2004, Vietnam is implementing a policy to gradually establish a competitive power pool, to diversify
investment and trading, and to stimulate the participation of several economic sectors. The state maintains a
monopoly on transmission and the operation of large-scale hydropower and nuclear power plants. The
Electricity Law, approved by the Vietnam National Assembly, came into effect in July 2005. The law outlines
the major principles for the establishment of the power market in Vietnam.

Prime Ministerial Decision 26/2006/QD-TTg (January 2006) establishes the development of a competitive
electricity market that attracts investment from foreign and domestic companies. Under this legislation,
Vietnams power market will be established and developed through three levels:

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VIETNAM report
o

Level 1 (20052014): an end to subsidised prices and generation monopoly. Generation companies
compete to sell electricity to EVN.

Level 2 (20152022): the establishment of a competitive wholesale power market. Competition in

generation is intensified, power companies and large customers participating in the market have a
choice of whom to buy power from.

Level 3 (after 2022): the realization of a competitive electricity retail market. Retail distribution
companies compete to sell power, and all customers will have a choice of whom to buy power from.

As of 2011, reform of the power sector has not occurred outside of the successful establishment of IPP
involvement in generation, predominantly due to EVNs development of its current conglomerate model. The
2007 proposal by EVN to establish a Power Trading Company, owned in majority by EVN, to act as a singlebuyer whilst keeping the structure of the company intact, was eventually rejected by the government on
grounds of conflict of interest, which has led to further delays in the reform of the power sector.
(Reegle Country Profile)

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VIETNAM report

-3ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE
3.1 Description of Environmental Governance
3.2 Environmental & Social Requirements for Projects

VIETNAM report

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3.1 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE

Vietnam has experienced rapid economic growth since economic renovations (doi moi) in the 1980s. During
the same time, environmental issues began to rise into policy discussions and strategies. The National Law on
Environmental Protection was passed in 1993, and the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment
(MOSTE) that is now Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) was established. The
implementing agency for MONRE is the Vietnam Environment Administration.

Challenges with environmental governance have included capacities to enforce the legal framework, a lack of
coherence between different legislative measures and the limited institutional capacity and the relatively
weak position of the Vietnamese environment ministry. (Quitzow, Br and Jacob 2011, 7). The Law of
Environmental Protection was revised in 2005, which removed some inconsistencies and broadened the
scope of the legislative framework. It has also introduced a number of new policy instruments, such as an
expanded framework for environmental impact assessment. (Ibid. 13).

In recent years the concern for climate change has also advanced environmental governance. According to
Quitzow et al. (2011, 14) The increasing importance placed on climate policy and the development of an
eco-efficient economy is accompanied by the willingness to experiment with new policy tools and
institutional mechanisms.

3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PROJECTS

Environmental Impact Assessment was first introduced into the Law on Environmental Protection in 1993 and
amended in 2005. There are two types of EIAs. A simplified EIA, or Environmental Commitment is required
for small projects. A full EIA is obligatory for medium sized and large projects. The full EIA is reviewed at the
national or provincial level, while the Environmental Commitment is reviewed at the district level. Projects
financed from Official Development Assistance (ODA) sources always must have a full EIA done in the early
stage of pre-investment.

EIA reports are appraised by an EIA Commission before being approved by MOSTE. The EIA Commission-- as
stipulated in governmental decree-- consists of scientists and managers and may also include representatives
of social organizations and representatives of the population. Consultation with local level authorities is also
a part of EIA process. According to an evaluation, the quality of EIAs varies significantly. EIAs are rarely carried
out before the licensing of the project; instead they are usually done after decision making and before the
beginning of construction. Thus EIAs mostly serve to mitigate project impacts, rather than offering
alternatives. Other challenges with EIAs include a lack of capacity for enforcing implementation. (Le Hoai
Nam 2010).

According to Hostovsky et al. (2010), public participation in EIAs is generally technocratic, expert driven and
non transparent. Public involvement usually occurs through authorized state channels such as commune
leaders, mass organizations and professional organizations.

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VIETNAM report

-4ORANIZATIONS, SOURCES, REFERENCES

4.1 Organizations & Funding Possibilities
4.2 Sources of Information, References & Links

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4.1 ORGANIZATIONS & FUNDING POSSIBILITIES

ENERGY
Ministry of industry and trade (MOIT)

Ministry of industry and trade is responsible for management of all energy industries, including electricity,
new and renewable energies, coal, oil and gas industries. It is in charge of the formulation of law, policies,
development strategies, master plans and annual plans for those sectors, and submits them to the Prime
Minister for approval. The Ministry is also responsible for directing and supervising the development of the
energy sector, and reporting its findings to the Prime Minister.

Inside MOIT, the Energy Department administers the Vietnam Electric Power Group (EVN), the Vietnam
National Coal and Mineral Industries Group (Vinacomin) and the Vietnam Oil and Gas Group (PVN). Many
other ministries also have responsibilities relating to energy. (Reegle)

Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI) (link)

The MPI sets the Socio-economic Development Strategy and Plan, coordinates the distribution of economywide capital investment among projects submitted by ministries and agencies, and distributes foreign direct
investment. (Reegle)

Ministry of Finance (MOF) (link)

The MOF has jurisdiction over tariffs and taxation related to energy activities. The Ministry of National
Resources and Environment (MONRE, www.monre.gov.vn) plays a key role in research and development in
energy and environmental protection. (Reegle)

Electricity Regulatory Authority of Vietnam (link)

The ERAV assists the MOI in managing the power sector, including the regulation of electricity tariffs.
(established 2005)

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

Institute of Energy (link)

Key organisations studying or developing renewable energy.

Centre for Renewable Energy and Clean Development Mechanisms in 2007, and conducting the Master Plan
on Renewable Energy in Vietnam.

Electricity Vietnam (MPI) (link)

The MPI sets the Socio-economic Development Strategy and Plan, coordinates the distribution of economywide capital investment among projects submitted by ministries and agencies, and distributes FDIs.

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OTHER
Intergovernmental regional organizations

There are several intergovernmental regional organizations active in Vietnam. These include The Association
of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (link) and The UN Economic and Social Council for Asia and Pacific
(ESCAP) (link). The Mekong River Commission (MRC) (link) works directly with the governments of
Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand and Viet Nam on joint management of shared water resources and sustainable
development.

Banks

Both the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the World Bank (WB) have various projects in Vietnam,
including a number of projects directed at rural electrification. The Banks also have resident missions in the
country. ADBs country strategy with Vietnam focuses support on six core sectors: agriculture and natural
resources; education; energy; finance; transport; and water supply and other municipal infrastructure.

The United Nations (UN) (link)

The United Nations Country Team consists of all the UN agencies, funds and programs in Vietnam.

Global Environment Facility (GEF) (link)

Has 42 national projects in the country. There are several projects on the focal area of climate change, which
include renewable energy projects.

Nordic Development Fund (link)

Supports projects in Vietnam.

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) (link) projects

First CDM projects in Vietnam were began already in 2006, and over 130 projects are being implemented.

National and international NGOs are active in Vietnam. VUFO-NGO Resource Centre (link) offers a directory of
international NGOs and other services on its webpage.

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VIETNAM report

4.2 SOURCES OF INFORMATION, REFERENCES & LINKS

Vietnam Renewable Energy

Development Project

ASEAN

Business

Link

Finpro

Business

Link

National Board of Customs of

Finland

Business

Link

World Bank

The objective of REDP is to increase the supply of

electricity to the national grid from renewable
energy sources on a commercially,
environmentally, and socially sustainable basis.

Business

Link

Global Energy Network Institute

Focus on linking RE resources around the world

using international electricity transmission.

Business

Link

Business

Link

Business

Link

Business

Link

Business

Link

Finnish Customs

Samtrix

Devi - Rewable

Bach-khoa Investment and

Development Of Solar Energy

The World Fact Book

Retail sales and distribution of solar electric power

systems
Organization involved in RE market in Vietnam,
(research, education, training and
commercialization of energy products)
Product types: Solar Energy Products: PV, Solar
Water Heater Wind Energy Products: Small Wind
turbines for battery charging. Consultancy
services, resource assessment.

Green Field Consulting &

Research

Renewable energy, Consulting and research

Business

Link

NelSol JSC

Distributes and sells renewable energy equipment

Business

Link

Center for Sustainable Energy

Development (VSED)

VSED is a NGO network with the voluntary

participation of organizations, institutions and
individuals in Vietnam, who work in the fields of
RE, energy conservation and efficiency.

Business

Link

Minh Ha Co., Ltd.

Designing, supplying and installation of the solar

power systems.

Business

Link

Seilar Energy Vietnam Co. Ltd

Distribution: Solar panels, solar collectors flat

plate, packaged power systems, photovoltaic
systems, Heat Pump.

Business

Link

Viet Trung International

Investment and Trading Joint
Stock Company

Wind turbines, solar energy, solid waste treatment

technology pyrolysis, water treatment

Business

Ministry of Education and

Training, Vietnam

Education

Link

Unisex

Education

Link

World Bank

General

Link

CIA

General

Link

General

Link

Asian Development Bank

General

Link

UN Economic and Social Council

for Asia and the Pacific

General

Link

World Bank

Projects and efforts of financial and technical

assistance. It gives a vast inf. package on a country

Mekong River Commission

Regional development, environment

General

Link

United Nations

UN Country Team

General

Link

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VIETNAM report

Main report. Vol. 1 of Vietnam 3rd

Rural Transport Project :
restructuring

Wikipedia

General

Link

Embassy of Finland in Vietnam

General

Link

Embassy of Vietnam in Finland

General

Link

VUFO-NGO Resource Centre

NGO Information

General

Link

World Bank

Transport, infrastructure project

Infrastructure

Link

Society

Link

Vietnam-Culture.com

International Tax

Deloitte

Taxation highlights in Vietnam 2012

Business

Link

Doing Business in Vietnam

HSBC Bank

Business, Trade, Human Resources, Taxation,

Employment Law, Banking

Business

Link

Country Energy Information

Developing Renewables

Business

Link

Doing Business

World Bank

Business

Link

Country Risk Classification

Finnvera

Economy

Link

Corruption Perceptions Index

Transparency International

Society

Link

Country BTI Transformation Level

BTI Group

Economy

Link

General

Link

Country profile, energy maps, tools, programs,

organizations & institutions

General

Link

Reegle

Clean energy info portal

General

Link

Global Environment Facility

The GEF unites 182 countries in partnership with

intl. institutions, civil society organizations, and
the private sector to address global env. issues

Environmental
Governance

Link

Environmental
Governance

Link

BTI analyzes and evaluates the quality of

democracy, a market economy and political mgmt.
in 128 developing and transition countries

International Energy Association

Open Energy Info

Country Energy Profile &
Information

Clean Development Mechanism

United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change
The Energy and Environment
Partnership Africa

Project funding

Business

Link

MBendi

Economy, Risks, Industry, Business, Energy and a

lot of other information

Business

Link

Directory of Development
Organizations

Contains list of development organizations in the

country

Society

Link

United Nations Development

Programme (UNDP)

Un-political information on country's status on

environmental, social and financial situation

General

Link

Communicaid

Communicaid is a culture and communication

skills consultancy. They enable their clients to
create profitable international relationships by
building cultural bridges that enhance
understanding and establish trust.

Society

Link

Asia Pacific climate change policy

series Climate change
commitments in Asia Pacific: a
green revolution

Norton Rose

Environmental
Governance

Link

Energy Overview

European Chamber of Commerce

in Vietnam

Business

Link

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VIETNAM report

European Chamber of Commerce

in Vietnam

Business

Link

Business

Link

General

Link

The Institute of Energy Vietnam

General

Link

Norton Rose

General

Link

School of International and

Public Affairs, Columbia
University

General

Link

The Ministry of Industry and

Trade

Government

Link

The Ministry of Planning and

Investment

Government

Link

The Ministry of Finance

Government

Link

Electricity Regulatory Authority

Government

Link

The Institute of Energy Vietnam

General

Link

Strategies and Policies to Support

RE and EE development in Vietnam

Energy and Environment

Partnership - Mekong

Vietnam - Renewable Energy Action

Plan

Energy Sector Management

Assistance Programme (ESMAP)

Power Development Master Plan of

Vietnam, period of 2011-2020,
outlook to 2030

Nguyen Anh Tuan

Renewable energy in Asia Pacific

Solid Waste Management in
Vietnam

Thao Nguyen

The role of public involvement in

env. impact assessment in VIE:
towards a more culturally sensitive
approach

Hostovsky,
MacLaren,
McGrath

Development of EIA System in

Vietnam 1993-2010

Le Hoai Nam

Asia at a crossroads: New trends in

environmental governance in India,
China, Vietnam and Indonesia

Quitzow Rainer,
Br Holger, Jacob
Klaus

Journal of Environmental
Planning and Management

Bogazici University, Istanbul

Renewable Energy World

Presentation on regional forum "Building

Partnerships for Implementing RE and EE Projects
in Mekong Region"
ESMAP is a special global technical assistance
partnership sponsored by the UNDP, WB and bilateral official donors

Published: 3/2010, p. 405-425

Presentation at the 3rd meeting of signatories to
SEA Protocol and 14th meeting of Working Group
on EIA Geneva, 22-26 Nov 2010
Paper presented at the 9th International
conference of the European Society for Ecological
Economics, 14-17 June 2011

Environmental
Governance
Environmental
Governance
Business

Link

Cleantech Knowledge Hub

Business

Link

The World Council for Renewable

Energy

Business

Link

International Network for

Sustainable Energy

Business

Link

Business

Link

Business

Link

Nordic Development Fund

Conferences & Expo in Africa

Environmental
Governance

Project funding

European Biomass Industry

Association
Global Network on Energy for
Sustainable Development

GNESD is a knowledge network facilitated by UN

Environmental Programme

Government

Link

Global Village Energy Partnership

GVEP works with local businesses in developing

countries to increase access to modern energy

Business

Link

World Resources Institute

WRI works with governments, companies, and civil

society to build solutions to urgent env. Changes

Government

Link

Economy

Link

The World Bank