Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Module 1 : 1-14
Introduction to Tuberculosis and Revised National Tuberculosis
Control Program (RNTCP)
Module 2 : 17-98
Laboratory Diagnosis of TB and Quality Assurance
Module 3 : 101-175
Treatment Services
Module 4 : 189-196
Registering Cases and Monitoring Treatment
Course Introduction
About the Training Course
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health problem in India. This course provides
training relevant to managing RNTCP at the state, district and sub-district levels. A set of
nine modules provide uniform training material including management of TB-HIV co-
infection, MDR-TB, pediatric and extra-pulmonary TB, private sector involvement and other
related aspects
Learning objectives
• At the end of this course, participants are expected to effectively manage the
programme at their respective levels. The specific learning objectives for each of the
modules are detailed in each module.
• Facilitators: The training will be organized at the National level. Competent facilitators
are to be drawn from the faculty of the National RNTCP training institutes and State TB
Training and Demonstration Centers. The facilitator-trainee ratio should ideally be
around 1:7.
• Training Schedule: The training duration is 12 working days. The table on the following
page gives a broad outline to be followed in the training schedule.
Module 1
Introduction to Tuberculosis (TB) & Revised National Tuberculosis
Control Programme (RNTCP)
Learning Objectives........................................................................................... 1
Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1
Pathogenesis of TB ........................................................................................... 1
Post Primary TB ................................................................................................ 2
Extent of TB problem in India ............................................................................ 2
Annual Risk of Tuberculosis Infection (ARTI) .................................................... 3
HIV co-infection among TB patients .................................................................. 3
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) ....................................................... 4
Pediatric TB....................................................................................................... 4
Socio-economic impact of TB............................................................................ 4
Goal and Objectives of RNTCP ......................................................................... 5
Directly Observed Treatment Short Course (DOTS) Strategy ........................... 5
Stop TB Strategy ............................................................................................... 6
Involvement of Medical Colleges ....................................................................... 6
Public Private Mix .............................................................................................. 7
TB-HIV Collaborative activities .......................................................................... 7
RNTCP and DOTS-Plus services for MDR-TB.................................................. 8
Advocacy, Communication and Social Mobilization (ACSM)............................. 8
National Level ................................................................................................... 8
State Level ........................................................................................................ 10
District Level ...................................................................................................... 10
Sub-District Level ............................................................................................. 11
Peripheral Health Institution (PHIs) ................................................................... 12
Work Sheet ....................................................................................................... 13
Training Course for Program Manager
Module 1
Introduction to Tuberculosis and
Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme
Learning Objectives
In this module participants will learn about:
Introduction
India has had a National Tuberculosis Programme (NTP) since 1962. A comprehensive
review of the NTP in 1992 found that the NTP had not achieved its aims or targets. Based
on the recommendations of the 1992 review, the Revised National Tuberculosis Control
Programme (RNTCP), incorporating the components of the internationally recommended
DOTS strategy for the control of TB, was developed. RNTCP has now been implemented in
the country for more than a decade, and has been expanded geographically to achieve
nation-wide coverage in March 2006. The spread of human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV)
during the last two decades, emergence of various forms of drug resistant TB and
unregulated vast private sector pose additional challenges in effective TB control.
Pathogenesis of TB
Source of infection and exposure
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused predominantly by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. Patients suffering from smear positive pulmonary TB (PTB) constitutes the
most important source of infection. The infection occurs most commonly through droplet
nuclei generated by coughing, sneezing etc., inhaled via the respiratory route. The chances
of getting infected depend upon the duration, the frequency of exposure and the immune
status of an individual. The programme gives priority in detecting and treating smear
positive PTB, thereby aiming to cut the chain of transmission of infection. However, it needs
to be remembered that under RNTCP all types of TB cases are treated.
Primary Infection
Entry and establishment of bacilli in human body constitutes infection. It usually takes 6 - 8
weeks for the establishment and manifestation of infection. Infection is indicated by a
positive reaction to a tuberculin skin test (Mantoux test). Primary infection is an infection
occurring for the first time in susceptible individuals who are exposed to tubercle bacilli.
Droplet nuclei that are inhaled into the lungs, are so small (< 5µm) that they avoid the
muco-ciliary defenses of the bronchi and lodge in the terminal bronchiole or alveoli of the
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Training Course for Program Manager
lungs. Subsequently, the bacilli multiply and invade the hilar lymph nodes through the
lymphatics. The sub-pleural lung lesion, lymphangitis and hilar adenopathy together
constitute a “primary complex”. In most cases, the host’s immune defenses overcome the
primary infection, which generally passes unnoticed.
Secondary bacillary multiplication that occurs at the regional lymph nodes causes
bacillaemia resulting in the implantation of seedlings of bacilli in different parts of the body,
such as the apical & sub-apical areas of the lungs, the meninges & cerebral cortex,
intervertebral discs, renal parenchyma and the epiphysial ends of long bones. In such
environments, the bacilli continue to multiply as these environments favour their continued
growth and multiplication. In a few cases, the infection may develop into progressive
primary forms of TB disease such as meningitis and miliary TB. However, in majority of the
cases, the multiplication of the bacilli is contained by the host defense mechanism.
Post-primary TB
Post-primary TB disease occurs after a latent period of many months or even years after
the primary infection. Disease may occur either due to endogenous reactivation of dormant
tubercle bacilli acquired from a primary infection or by exogenous re-infection. Post-primary
TB disease usually affects the lungs, but can involve any part of the body.
Risk of infection
A smear positive pulmonary TB case in the general community may infect 10 – 15 other
persons in a year, and remain infectious for 2 to 3 years if left untreated.
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Magnitude of TB - Global and Indian scenario*
HIV prevalence
Incidence of Prevalence of
Mortality among incident
disease disease
cases
9.4 million 11.1 million 1.32 million
Global 15%
(139/lakh/year) (165/lakh/year) (19.6/lakh/year)
1.98 million 2.18 million 2.76 lakhs
India 6.7%
(168/lakh/year) (185/lakh/year) (23/lakh/year)
*Source: Global TB Report 2009-Update
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Training Course for Program Manager
rapidly than with a single infection. Amongst the AIDS cases, TB is the most common
opportunistic infection. The mortality due to TB in AIDS cases is also high.
Pediatric TB
Children in the first five years of their life are likely to suffer from serious and fatal forms of
TB, more so, if not vaccinated with BCG. Globally, it is estimated that about 1.1 million new
cases are reported and 1,30,000 deaths occur annually due to TB among children. Reliable
data on the incidence and prevalence of the disease is not available due to the difficulties in
diagnosis of pediatric TB under field conditions. However, limited data available reveals that
prevalence of TB among children in the age group 0-14 years is estimated to be 0.3% of
radiological cases and 0.15% of bacteriological cases.
Socio-economic impact of TB
The estimated loss in economic well-being from TB in India amounted to US$ 23.7 billion in
2006. Mortality accounts for the majority of this burden reflecting the greater number of life-
years lost due to premature deaths. The economic burden of TB has fallen by US$ 2.0
billion, or 7.8%, in absolute terms since 1990. On a per capita basis, the economic burden
of TB has fallen by 31.1% from US$ 29.9 in 1990 to US$ 20.6 in 2006. The majority of the
improvement since the mid-1990s has come through reduced mortality, due to the
implementation of RNTCP. Morbidity has also recorded a large improvement reflecting the
decrease in prevalence. However, TB remains a significant cause of loss in the health and
economic well-being of India’s population.
TB primarily affects people in their productive age group; with important socio-economic
consequences for the household. Almost 70% of TB patients are aged between 15 and 54
years. The disease is more common amongst the poorest and the marginalized sections of
the community. Whilst two-thirds of cases are male, TB takes a disproportionately larger toll
among young females, with more than 50% of cases occurring amongst females less than
34 years of age. In addition there is a devastating social cost with an estimate of more than
300,000 children forced to leave school because their parents have TB, and more than
100,000 women with TB rejected by their families. Previous studies suggest that on an
average, 3-4 months of work-time is lost as a result of TB, resulting in an average potential
loss of 20-30% of the annual household income. This leads to increased debt burden,
particularly for the poor and marginalized sections of the population.
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Training Course for Program Manager
However, the current focus is on ensuring universal access to quality assured TB diagnosis
and treatment services under the programme.
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Training Course for Program Manager
8. Operational research to improve the implementation and impact of TB/HIV
collaborative activities.
RNTCP reaffirms that the prevention of the MDR-TB is the priority task which can be
achieved only through the implementation of a good quality DOTS programme. Available
information suggests that prevalence of MDR-TB is relatively low in India. However, this
translates into a large absolute number of cases, estimated at over 99,000 in 2008. The
country is slowly gearing up to manage tens of thousands of MDR-TB patients annually by
2012-13. Specific measures are being taken by RNTCP for the diagnosis and management
of MDR-TB cases, based on a framework organized around similar five components as
those of the DOTS strategy.
National Level
At the central level, the Revised National TB Control Programme is managed by the Central
TB Division (CTD) of the Directorate General of Health Services, the technical arm of the
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoH&FW). A national programme manager - Deputy
Director General-TB (DDG-TB), is in-charge of RNTCP nation-wide. The respective Joint
Secretary of Health from the administrative arm of the MoH&FW looks after the financial
and administrative aspects of the programme. The CTD is assisted by 4 national level
institutes, namely the National TB Institute in Bangalore, the TB Research Centre in
Chennai, the Lala Ram Sarup Institute of TB and Respiratory Diseases in New Delhi and
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Training Course for Program Manager
the JALMA Institute of Leprosy and other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra. The Central TB
Division has five units assigned to managing the various areas of programme activities.
These units are headed by a Chief Medical Officer (CMO), and assisted by other technical
and secretarial staff. The five units are:
1. Supervision, monitoring and epidemiological surveillance unit
2. Human resource development unit
3. Procurement, supply and logistic unit
4. Finance unit and
5. Advocacy, communication and social mobilization unit.
An important area of co-ordination at the national level is with the respective office and staff
dealing with the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) within the MoH&FW.
State Level
At the State level, the State Tuberculosis Officer (STO) is responsible for the planning,
training, supervising and monitoring of the programme in their respective states as per the
guidelines of the State Health Society and CTD. The STO, based at the State TB Cell, is
answerable to their respective State Government, whilst implementing the technical policies
and guidelines issued by the CTD. The STO coordinates with the CTD and the respective
districts for execution of their duties mentioned above. It is required that there be a full-time
trained STO for RNTCP in each state.
The State TB Cells have been provided with equipment, infrastructure and RNTCP
contractual staff to carry out its functions. The staff at the STC are the State TB Officer,
Deputy State TB Officer, Assistant Programme officer/Epidemiologist, Medical Officer STC,
State IEC Officer, State Accountant, Secretarial Assistant, Pharmacist and Data Entry
Operator The functions of the State TB Cell and the responsibilities of their staff are listed in
the RNTCP Technical and Operational Guidelines
In most of the larger states, a State TB Training and Demonstration Centre (STDC)
support’s the State TB Cell. The STDC has 3 units: a training unit, supervision and
monitoring unit and an Intermediate Reference Laboratory (IRL). The functions of the STDC
are listed in the RNTCP Technical and Operational Guidelines.
It is essential to have a State Drug Store (SDS) for the effective management of anti-TB
drug logistics. For the long-term sustainability of the programme, decentralization to the
states of many aspects of drug management has been undertaken. One SDS per 50 million
population is established in all larger states.
District Level
The district is the key level for the management of the primary health care services. The
district level (or municipal corporation level) performs functions similar to those of the state
level in its respective area. The Chief District Health Officer (CDHO) / Chief District Medical
Officer (CDMO) or an equivalent functionary in the district, is responsible for all medical and
public health activities, including TB control. The District Tuberculosis Centre (DTC) is the
nodal point for all TB control activities in the district. In RNTCP, the primary role of the DTC
has shifted from clinical to managerial functions. The District TB Officer (DTO) at the DTC
has the overall responsibility of management of RNTCP at the district level as per the
programme guidelines and the guidance of the District Health Society. The DTO is also
responsible for involvement of other sectors in RNTCP and is assisted by a Medical Officer,
Statistical Assistant and other paramedical staff. For each district, there should be a full-
time DTO, who is trained in RNTCP at a central level institution. The functions of the
CDMO/CDHO, District TB Officer and other staff of the DTC are listed in the RNTCP
Technical and Operational Guidelines.
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Training Course for Program Manager
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Work exercises
1. District X has a population of 2 million, with 5 lakhs population residing in hilly tribal
areas. What is the number of TUs and DMCs that the district is expected to have in
place?
b. DTO
i.________________________________________________________
ii.________________________________________________________
iii._______________________________________________________
iv._______________________________________________________
v.________________________________________________________
c. MOTC
i.________________________________________________________
ii.________________________________________________________
iii._______________________________________________________
iv.______________________________________________________
v.________________________________________________________
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Training Course for Program Manager
POINTS TO REMEMBER
• TB is the number one killer of adults among all infectious diseases, in India.
• DOTS strategy is the globally accepted standard for diagnosis and treatment of
tuberculosis
• The Objectives of RNTCP are to achieve and maintain a cure rate of at least 85%
among newly detected sputum smear-positive cases and to achieve and maintain
detection of at least 70% of such cases in the population.
• RNTCP shifts the responsibility for TB cure from patient to the health system.
• A well managed TB control programme will save many lives and reduce the economic
burden
• Impact of HIV on TB
Risk of developing TB is higher in HIV infected persons.
Life-time risk of developing TB disease is 60% in persons infected with both HIV and
TB.
The rate of progression to disease is 10-30 times higher in HIV infected persons.
• Impact of TB on HIV
TB increases the risk of developing other Opportunistic infections among PLHA.
TB increases the rate of progression from HIV to AIDS.
TB shortens the life span of patients with HIV infection.
TB is a common cause of death in AIDS patients
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Table of Contents
Module 2
Introduction ....................................................................................................... 17
Symptoms of tuberculosis ................................................................................. 18
Pulmonary TB suspects .................................................................................... 18
Process of diagnosis of Pulmonary TB.............................................................. 22
Diagnostic Algorithm of Pulmonary TB .............................................................. 23
Diagnosis of TB among children ....................................................................... 25
Diagnostic Algorithm for pediatric Pulmonary Tuberculosis .............................. 26
Extra Pulmonary TB .......................................................................................... 27
Diagnosis of Pleural TB ..................................................................................... 29
TB in HIV positive patients ................................................................................ 29
Collection of sputum from tuberculosis suspects .............................................. 30
Transport of sputum specimens ........................................................................ 35
Exercise workbook E1 ....................................................................................... 37
Ziehl-Neelsen staining procedure ...................................................................... 39
Importance of grading of smears....................................................................... 40
Accuracy of the Tuberculosis Laboratory Register ............................................ 43
Recording of results of sputum smear examinations......................................... 44
Limiting administrative errors ............................................................................ 44
Documentation for referral for treatment ........................................................... 44
Monthly Summary ............................................................................................. 45
Exercise workbook E1 ....................................................................................... 46
Exercise workbook E2 ....................................................................................... 49
Exercise workbook E3 ....................................................................................... 52
Section – B ........................................................................................................ 53
• Introduction ............................................................................................. 53
• Quality Assurance (QA) for smear microscopy ...................................... 54
• External quality assessment (for lab quality assurance) ......................... 57
• Maintenance of adequate supply of quality consumables ...................... 64
• Supervisory visits to designated microscopy centres ............................ 65
• Checklist for laboratory supervision ....................................................... 67
• Exercise 5 ............................................................................................... 69
• Section – C ............................................................................................. 71
• Bio-Medical Waste Management under RNTCP by PHIs: ...................... 72
• Annexure A to Q .................................................................................... 74-98
Training Course for Program Manager
Module - 2
Introduction
Smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is the most common and infectious form of
tuberculosis and forms the major source of infection in the community. Every such case of
untreated case has the potential to spread infection to 10 – 15 persons annually. From the
public health point of view, it is of utmost importance to detect and treat such cases as early
as possible to cut the chain of transmission of disease in the community. Diagnostic
services for other forms of tuberculosis such as smear negative pulmonary TB, extra
pulmonary tuberculosis, pediatric TB, TB in HIV and drug resistant TB are also available
under programme.
Smear microscopy is the primary tool which is reliable, inexpensive, easily accessible and
rapid method of diagnosing PTB, where in the bacilli are demonstrated in the sputum
specimen of a patient suffering from PTB. Chest X-ray is a supportive tool for the diagnosis
of smear negative PTB.
• Symptoms of tuberculosis
• Pulmonary TB suspects
• Screening of TB suspects
• Process of Diagnosis
• Collection of sputum specimens
• Tasks to be performed before, during, and after collection of sputum
• Filling up of Laboratory Forms for sputum examination
• Transportation of sputum
• For smear microscopy from collection centres
• For Culture and DST from DMC/DTC
• Monitoring and documentation related to microscopy services
• Sputum smear examination ( ZN staining procedure)
• Documentation of smear microscopy in TB laboratory register
Symptoms of tuberculosis
Pulmonary tuberculosis
The most common symptom of PTB is a persistent cough of two weeks or more, with or
without expectoration.
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Training Course for Program Manager
Such patients should be selected and subjected for sputum examination. This enhances the
chances of detection of the bacilli in the smear microscopy.
• Enlarged cervical lymph nodes with or without discharging sinuses (TB Lymphadenitis)
• Chest pain with or without dyspnoea in pleural TB
• Pain and swelling of the joints in bone tuberculosis (fever, backache, deformity in spinal
TB)
• Signs of raised intra-cranial tension like irritability, headache, vomiting, fever, stiffness of
the neck and mental confusion in TB meningitis
• Painless haematuria or sterile pyuria in renal tuberculosis and infertility in genito-urinary
TB.
Pulmonary TB suspects
Pulmonary smear-positive tuberculosis patients expel tubercle bacilli into the air while
coughing/sneezing. Contacts of undiagnosed/untreated pulmonary smear-positive patients
become infected when they inhale these tubercle bacilli.
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Training Course for Program Manager
Generally, a PHI covering a population of 1 lakh and having a new adult OPD attendance of
atleast 100 per day is selected as a DMC. In difficult areas, more laboratories are required.
Hence, in such areas, a PHI may be allowed to function as a DMC even if it covers a
population of 50,000 and has a new adult OPD attendance of 60-100 per day. In addition,
DMCs can be established in private or NGO or other public sector undertakings (other than
Health Ministry) which fulfills the criteria.
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Training Course for Program Manager
4. Daily new adult OPD of at least 60-100 and / or workload of at least 3-5 sputum
smears per day for the Laboratory Technician in the laboratory.
5. The laboratory should be under functional RNCTP Quality Assurance Program.
RNTCP laboratory form for sputum examination has to be filled by the Medical Officer/
Health worker of the health facility appropriately and sent along with the patient for sputum
examination.
Sputum Microscopy
Sputum smear microscopy is the most widely used and acceptable testing tool for
diagnosing smear positive pulmonary TB. Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique is used in
RNTCP. Sputum microscopy has the following advantages:-
Therefore this is the key diagnostic tool used for case detection in RNTCP.
X-ray
Chest x-ray as a diagnostic tool is more sensitive but less specific with higher inter and intra
reader variation. However, it should be used judiciously. It should always be preceded by a
repeat sputum smear examination following treatment with antibiotics (refer to diagnostic
algorithm). It is also useful for diagnosing extra pulmonary TB like pleural effusion,
pericardial effusion, mediastinal adenopathy and miliary TB. The following are the
limitations of the chest x-ray as a diagnostic tool
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Training Course for Program Manager
• 40% patients diagnosed as having TB by x-ray alone may not have active TB disease
(over reading).
The conventional and newer rapid tools used for diagnosis are:
Liquid culture system –Mycobacteria growth indicator tube system (MGIT) available in
automated (MGIT-960) and MGIT manual systems. This can detect growth of mycobacteria
as early as 4 days from inoculation and DST will be available in 21-28 days.
Molecular Assays – PCR based technologies using various modifications are used for
detecting the presence of putative resistance genes (rpoβ for rifampicin, katG and inhA for
INH etc). The most widely evaluated and used assays are Line Probe Assays (LPA) which
are based on in-situ hybridization on nitrocellulose strips of specific genetic targets for
resistance genes. These are now available for RIF and INH resistance (MDR-TB) and will
be shortly available for XDR-TB (resistance to aminoglycosides, polypeptides,
fluoroquinolones and ethambutol)
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Training Course for Program Manager
In the laboratory the patients are given sputum containers with instructions to provide
quality sputum specimen which are then subjected for smear microscopy examination. If
the health facility is transporting the sputum specimen, it should reach the DMC and sputum
examination should be completed as early as possible not later than two days.
Two sputum samples are collected within a day or two consecutive days.
The MO / health worker / laboratory technician (LT) should instruct the patient about proper
sputum collection. If sputum collected is not of good quality and the patient has smear-
positive pulmonary tuberculosis, the diagnosis may be missed, and the patient may
continue to spread the infection to others.
The LT should label the sputum container properly by writing the patient’s laboratory serial
number on the side of the sputum container and not on the lid.
• Two sputum specimens (spot and early morning) should be collected in a day or
within two consecutive days).
• Sputum should be at least 2 ml in quantity and preferably mucopurulent
• Sputum samples should be transported and examined as soon as possible and
not later than two days after collection
• Results of sputum tests should be reported within a day
Definitions:
Smear-positive pulmonary TB
A patient with one or two smears being positive for AFB out of the two sputum specimens
subjected for smear examination by direct microscopy is diagnosed as having smear-
positive pulmonary TB.
Smear-negative pulmonary TB
A patient with symptoms suggestive of TB with two smear examination negative for AFB,
with evidence of pulmonary TB by microbiological methods (culture positive or by other
approved molecular methods) or Chest X-ray is classified as having smear negative
pulmonary tuberculosis
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Training Course for Program Manager
2 Sputum smears
1 or 2 positives 2 Negatives
Cough persists
Repeat 2 sputum
Examinations
1 or 2 positives Negative
X-ray
Suggestive of TB Non-TB
The diagnostic algorithm given above should be strictly followed. If not followed, patients
may either be treated unnecessarily based upon X-ray results or left untreated.
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Training Course for Program Manager
Patients with two or atleast one out of two sputum positive smear results are diagnosed by
the physician as having smear-positive pulmonary TB. They are further classified as a new
or re-treatment case based on their previous treatment history and appropriate regimen is
prescribed.
Patients who are negative for AFB in both the samples, will be prescribed a course of
antibiotics for a duration of 10-14 days. In such cases antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones
(Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin etc.), clavulunate macrolides,
rifampicin or streptomycin, which are active against tuberculosis, are not to be used.
Antibiotics of choice include Cotrimoxazole, Amoxycillin, & doxycycline. Most patients are
likely to improve with antibiotics if they are not suffering from TB. If the symptoms persist
after a course of broad spectrum antibiotics, repeat sputum smear examination (2 samples)
must be done for such patients.
In repeat sputum examination, patients with two or at least one out of two sputum positive
smear results are diagnosed by the physician as having smear-positive pulmonary TB and
prescribed appropriate treatment regimens after taking proper treatment history.
However, if repeat sputum examination turns to be negative, they are subjected for chest x-
ray examination. If chest x-ray is suggestive of pulmonary TB and they will be diagnosed as
smear negative pulmonary TB and treated accordingly. If chest x-ray is not suggestive of
TB, then they should be evaluated for other respiratory diseases.
For patients infected with HIV, antibiotic trial is not indicated and Chest X-ray needs to be
taken to avoid delay in diagnosis of smear negative TB.
Patients whose sputum smears are negative, but with positive test results by culture or
molecular methods from accredited laboratories are also included under the definition of
smear negative TB.
If good diagnostic practices are followed as indicated above, it is expected that among the
new pulmonary TB cases, at least 50% will be sputum smear-positive cases.
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Training Course for Program Manager
Diagnosis
Early and prompt diagnosis of TB in children is often difficult. A battery of tests is required
to arrive at accurate diagnosis of TB in children. Generally, diagnosis should be made by a
Medical Officer and the existing RNTCP case definitions are to be used for all cases
diagnosed.
High index of suspicion of TB in a child is the first step in the diagnosis. Tuberculosis
should be suspected among children presenting symptoms of prolonged / unexplained
fever and / or cough for more than 2 weeks, with no weight gain or history of failure to
thrive. It is to be remembered that cough may not be the predominant and constant
symptom unlike in an adult. Children presenting neurological symptoms like irritability,
refusal of feeds/failure to thrive, headache, vomiting or altered sensorium and convulsions,
may be suspected to have TB meningitis.
History of contact with a suspected or diagnosed case of PTB within the last 2 years
reinforces the suspicion of tuberculosis. Special efforts should be made to elicit the history
of contact with tuberculosis.
The diagnosis is further based on sputum examination wherever possible, Chest X-ray
examination and Mantoux test (tuberculin skin test) using standard tuberculin.
Sputum examination, if found feasible, is a very helpful tool in the diagnosis. It is pertinent
to remember that pulmonary TB among children is most often abacillary and there are
practical difficulties in obtaining good quality sputum. Wherever facilities are available, the
gastric lavage may be resorted to for isolation of AFB.
Tuberculin skin test using standard tuberculin is one of the reliable and relevant tool in the
diagnosis of TB among children. While administering Tuberculin skin test it is to be ensured
that a standard product - PPD RT23 with tween 80 is used and a dose of not more than
two tuberculin units is given to elicit specific reaction to M.Tb. Induration of 10mm and
above read after 48-72 hours of properly administered tuberculin indicates that the child is
infected.
Chest X-ray, also aids in the diagnosis of TB among children Features in chest X-ray
include hilar adenopathy infiltrations, pleural effusion etc.,
See flow chart given below for the diagnosis of pediatric TB.
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Training Course for Program Manager
Pulmonary TB Suspect
• Fever and / or cough 2 weeks
• Loss of wt/No wt gain
• History of contact with suspected
Or diagnosed case of active TB
Is expectoration present?
If no, refer to
Pediatrician
1 or 2 Positives 2 Negatives
Antibiotics
10-14 days
Cough Persists
Repeat 2 Sputum
Examinations
Negative 1 or 2 Positives
Sputum-Positive TB
Negative for TB Suggestive of TB
(Anti-TB Treatment)
Sputum-Negative TB
(Anti-TB Treatment)
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Extra-pulmonary TB
Extra-pulmonary TB comprises 10% - 15% of the total TB cases. Tuberculosis of organs
other than the lungs such as pleura, lymph nodes, intestine, genito-urinary tract, joint and
bones, meninges of the brain etc., is called as extra-pulmonary TB. Pleural tuberculosis is
classified as extra-pulmonary. Tubercular lymphadenitis and pleural effusion are most
common among extra-pulmonary TB.
(a) Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) and direct smear examination
(b) Excision / Biopsy of specimen for histopathological examination
(c) Fluid for cytology , biochemical analysis and smear examination
(d) X-ray of the involved region
(e) Ultra Sonography for Abdominal Tuberculosis
(f) Culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.Tb)
TB lymphadenitis
This form of TB is more common in children and adults who are less than 30 years of age
and more so among women. Though, lymph nodes in the neck are more frequently
involved, it is not rare to find TB in mediastinal and abdominal lymph nodes. Axilla/groin are
infrequent sites for occurrence of tuberculosis.
In addition, constitutional symptoms like fever, malaise, weight loss, anorexia, etc. may or
may not be present. Diagnosis based on clinical findings alone can lead to over-diagnosis
in a high proportion of cases. Therefore, attempt should always be made to confirm by
cytological or histopathological diagnosis by undertaking fine needle aspiration cytology
(FNAC) or excision biopsy. This procedure can be undertaken wherever facilities are
available. In addition, chest X-ray taken incidentally may reveal mediastinal widening
suggestive of hilar adenitis.
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Intermittent 6-month SCC regimen has been proven to be very effective in the treatment of
TB lymphadenitis.
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Diagnosis of Pleural TB
Tubercular plueral effusion is considered as extra pulmonary tuberculosis. Patients may
present with cough and/or chest pain with or without difficulty in breathing. Constitutional
symptoms like fever, loss of appetite may be present but not invariably. In pleural effusion,
chest X-ray features may include obliteration of costophrenic angle and varying degree of
effusion. Biochemical and cytological analysis of the aspirated pleural fluid will help in
confirming the diagnosis. Pleural fluid is generally an exudate with mainly lymphocytes and
few mesothelial cells. Pleural biopsy is confirmatory in a high proportion of patients.
In severely immune suppressed patients, the overall risk of TB is even higher, but it is more
difficult to distinguish TB from other serious chest diseases. In persons with advanced HIV
infection, disseminated and extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) are more common than in early HIV
infection and may be as common as pulmonary TB. The most common forms of EPTB seen
are lymphadenitis, pleural effusion, pericarditis, miliary disease and meningitis. In PTB, the
features of the disease are frequently atypical, resembling those of primary TB as
historically seen in children. Smear-negative TB is as common as smear-positive TB. The
chest x-ray pattern in advanced HIV infection may show any pattern. Hilar
lymphadenopathy is frequently observed and interstitial infiltrates tend to be common,
especially in the lower zones; features such as cavitation or fibrosis are less common.
Infiltrates may be unilateral or bilateral, and are seen more often in the lower lobes than in
the upper lobes.
Early Late
The advent of HIV has made the diagnosis of TB more difficult, and false diagnosis of TB
probably occurs frequently among patients affected by other HIV-related illnesses. These
false-positive diagnosis in most cases, however account for a very small proportion of all
forms of TB notified and thus do not negate the huge increases observed in TB notifications
in HIV-endemic areas.
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Training Course for Program Manager
All ICTC clients should be screened by the ICTC counselors for the presence of the
symptoms of TB disease (at pre, post and follow-up counseling). All clients who have
symptoms or signs of TB disease, irrespective of their HIV status, should be referred to the
nearest facility providing RNTCP diagnostic and treatment services. The detail guidelines
for operationalization of Intensified TB case finding at ICTCs is given in the Chapter VI.
• Either the patient may be referred to the nearest DMC for sputum examination or
• Sputum sample may be collected from such patients and transported to the DMC.
The above options may be left to the convenience of the patient in order to minimize the
possible delay in diagnosis and initiation of treatment or avoid repetition of visits by the
patient. If sputum microscopy is not possible on the day the patient visits the PHI due to any
unavoidable reason, his/her sputum sample should be collected on the same day and
sputum microscopy may be done on the following day.
The patients are given the sputum container with laboratory serial number
written on its side. The person collecting the sputum demonstrates how to
open and close the container, takes the patient to an open space away from
other people and demonstrates how to bring out sputum from the depth of
chest. The patient is instructed to inhale deeply 2–3 times with mouth open,
cough out deeply from the chest, open the container and spit out the sputum
into it, and close the container. This is the spot specimen labeled as ‘a’.
• Further, patient is given a labeled container with instructions to cough out sputum into
the container early in the morning after rinsing the mouth with water. This is the early
morning specimen. This is labeled as specimen ‘b’.
• If the health facility is not a DMC, then the patient is given a sputum container with
instructions to collect an early morning specimen and go with the sputum specimen to
the DMC where the spot specimen can be collected. In case the patient is not able to
travel to the DMC, then the spot specimen could be collected at the nearest health
facility or sputum collection centre and transported to the DMC.
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Training Course for Program Manager
• These two samples should be collected within a day or two consecutive days.
• To obtain good quality sputum specimens and to prevent contamination, the staff must
perform certain tasks:
Before sputum collection,
During sputum collection, and
After sputum collection.
The middle portion has to be filled up by the staff of the centre collecting and transporting
the sputum specimens to DMCs. This also provides information on date of sputum
collection and specimen identification number and signature of the person collecting the
specimens.
The results section, located on the lower half / reverse of the laboratory form, is completed
by the DMC after the sputum examinations. Sputum examination results of both the sputum
samples can be recorded in this form
Date
The date (day/month/year) on which the patient is examined and the form is filled up, is
written in the space provided.
Name of patient
The patient’s full name (also nickname, if any) is written in the space provided.
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Age
The age of the patient is written in the space provided.
Sex
The letter M is ticked if the patient is a male. The letter F is ticked if the patient is a female.
Complete address
Complete address of the patient with landmarks is written in the space provided. It is very
important to write the complete address of the patients, so that they can be easily traced
when they do not return to the laboratory or the outpatient department of the hospital for
their results. The contact telephone number (landline or mobile) has to be obtained and
recorded in the form.
Only ONE Laboratory Form for Sputum Examination is filled out for two sputum
specimens collected from an individual patient
Patient’s TB Number.
This is to be filled up only for patients who are undergoing follow-up sputum examination.
This is not available for patients undergoing the process of diagnosis. The TB number for
the patients diagnosed will be available after the process of registration in the TB register is
completed.
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Training Course for Program Manager
The middle portion of the form has the information related to transportation of sputum
samples in cases the sputum is collected and transported to the DMC.
If sputum is collected and transported to the DMC, the list of patients whose sputum is
being sent should accompany the samples and laboratory forms for sputum examination.
An example of such a list is given below.
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Training Course for Program Manager
Results The lower portion of the form deals with the information regarding
results to be completed by the laboratory technician of the DMC.
The name of the DMC where the sputum examination is done
Date of Examination: The date on which the first sample was examined is to
be entered under this column.
The visual appearance of the sputum specimen is to be entered in the relevant column.
Results declared are to be entered in the column as either positive or negative and if
positive, the appropriate grading is to be entered. This portion of the form should be duly
signed by the laboratory technician of the DMC with date before dispatching the same to
the Medical officer.
• A specimen collected under supervision is likely to be of good quality and yield better
results. The person guiding the patient for specimen collection should stand behind and
encourage him to cough from the depth of the chest and produce a quality specimen.
• Wherever possible, sputum should be collected in an open space / well ventilated room
meant for this purpose away from other crowded places in a health facility.
• The patient should be given a sputum container with the Laboratory Serial Number
written on its side. If the sputum is being collected at a location other than the DMC,
then the Specimen Identification Number (or patient’s name) is written on the side of the
container.
• For the diagnosis of tuberculosis, the two specimens of a patient i.e., one “SPOT-and
the other an early MORNING” sample are collected. The spot sample is designated as
‘a’ and the early morning sample as ‘b’ adjacent to laboratory serial number. For follow-
up sputum examination of patients, two specimens of sputum are collected. The
specimen collected in the early morning is marked as ‘b’ and spot samples collected
subsequently is marked as ‘a’.
• The person collecting the specimen demonstrates how to open and close the container.
The patient is instructed to inhale deeply (2–3 times), cough out sputum from the chest,
spit into the container and close it.
• The person collecting the specimen should make sure that no one stands in front of the
patient who is trying to collect sputum. Sputum should not be collected in closed rooms,
toilets and ill-ventilated rooms.
• When a patient has only coughed up saliva or has not coughed up at least 2 ml of
sputum, the patient should be encouraged to give good specimen
• In case the container is soiled outside, it should be wiped dry using cotton swab and the
same is disinfected in a bin containing 5% phenol solution.
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Training Course for Program Manager
• If the sputum specimens are to be sent immediately to the laboratory, the person should
put the container into a special box meant for transport
• If the sputum specimens are not being sent immediately to the laboratory, these should
be stored in a cool and dark place in the referring health facility
• The person should wash hands thoroughly with soap and water whenever infectious
material is handled
• Patients should be instructed to collect the results of sputum examination. Alternatively,
sputum results may be sent to the referring health facility by hand.
1. The accompanying dispatch list contains the necessary data for all patients and clearly
identifies the referring health facility collecting the sputum.
2. The total number of sputum specimens corresponds to the total number in the
accompanying dispatch list.
3. The Specimen Identification Numbers on the sputum containers correspond to those on
the accompanying dispatch list.
4. One laboratory form for sputum examination is to be enclosed for each patient.
The health worker should then mark the date of dispatch on the dispatch list, put the list in
an envelope and attach it to the box outside.
Sputum specimens should be examined by microscopy not later than 2 days after
collection. The containers along with the sample MUST be disinfected with 5% phenol
solution and disposed off as per guidelines after the sputum smears results are recorded in
the laboratory register.
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Training Course for Program Manager
The completed form (with results) should be sent to the referring PHI within a day of the
examination.
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Training Course for Program Manager
REMEMBER, the health system is responsible to ensure that all diagnosed sputum
smear-positive patients are traced and put on treatment within 7 days of diagnosis.
Top Section
Please open Exercise Workbook E1 at this time.
For this exercise, assume that all patients are attending the same facility as the Designated
Microscopy Centre, called PHI 237, except where noted otherwise. Complete only those
Laboratory Forms for patients in whom sputum examination is indicated. The date is 3
September 2009. Sputum examination is not indicated for all patients. For patients in whom
sputum examination is necessary, sputum will be collected on 3 September and 4
September. For ease of reference, each patient is given a letter as well as a name. This
letter should be used for the Specimen Identification Number wherever required.
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Training Course for Program Manager
5. Sita Devi (Patient G) of 2586 Gali No. 3, Gobind Puri, Near Gurudwara, is an 80
year old woman who complains that she feels tired. She does not have cough or
fever. She has heard that people who are weak receive treatment at this centre and
get better.
6. Ashok Kumar (Patient H) of No. 55 Raja Garden, near Post Office, is a 31 year old
vendor who complains of cough and high fever for the past 10 days. He has
otherwise been healthy, but now feels very ill, and is short of breath when he walks.
He remembers that the fever came on suddenly.
7. Ghanshyam Singh (Patient I) of 124 JJ Colony, Rajiv Puram, is a 16 year old boy
who has slight difficulty in walking over the last two years. His right knee is swollen.
He saw a physician in town who took a biopsy which showed caseating granuloma.
He could not afford treatment from the physician, and was referred to the centre for
care. He has no cough.
8. Bhola Ram (Patient J) of Gobi Wali Gali No. 1704, near Mandir, is a 32 year old
farmer. He has had a cough for the past 4 months. He has lost weight.
9. Ravindra Mehrotra (Patient N) of No. 70 Masjid Ke Pas, Sultan Bazar, is a 40-year-
old woman who complains of rash on her scalp and trouble sleeping at night.
10. Kiran Kumar (Patient O) of No.15 Gulmohar Park is a 37 year old man. He has had a
cough for two months. Though he is able to carry on work, occasionally he feels
feverish and has lost weight. He had come to PHI 237 on 28th August and underwent
sputum examination and his 2 smears were found negative for AFB. His cough has
not subsided in spite of 2 weeks of antibiotics.
POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED
• Undiagnosed and untreated pulmonary sputum smear-positive TB cases are the source
of infection in the community and have the potential to transmit infection to others.
• The most common symptom of pulmonary TB is a persistent cough for 2 weeks or more.
• In RNTCP, sputum smear microscopy is the main tool for the diagnosis of TB cases.
• Two sputum smears should be examined (Spot—Early morning) for diagnosis.
• Sputum should be examined within 2 days of collection and the results should be
reported on the same day.
• It is important to elicit past history of anti-TB treatment from the patient.
• Extra-pulmonary cases and contacts of all smear-positive cases with cough should be
subjected for sputum examination irrespective of the duration of cough.
• On an average, about 2–3% of new adult out-patients in a general clinic (in rural PHC
settings) will be TB suspects and should be referred for sputum examination.
• On an average, 10% of the TB suspects, subjected for sputum examination (SOP) are
found to be smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis.
• Grading of smears is helpful as a quality assurance tool
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Training Course for Program Manager
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Training Course for Program Manager
Grading depends upon the number of Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) seen while examining the
slides. Generally, laboratory technicians should have no difficulty in reading and grading
the smear except in situations where the smears are scanty positive. The results should
be reported to the treating physician after the examination of the specimen.
1-9 AFB per 100 oil immersion fields 100 Scanty* Pos
Smear-positive results including those of scanty positives are always recorded in red ink in
the Tuberculosis laboratory register.
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Training Course for Program Manager
Consequences
• Patients suffering TB may be missed and he may continues to spread the disease in the
community.
• Wrong categorization
• Intensive phase treatment may not be extended for the correct duration, resulting in
inadequate duration of treatment
• Errors in declaring treatment outcome.
• Patients and the community may lose confidence in the programme
• Unnecessary repetition of investigations
Consequences
• Patients without TB may be put on anti-TB treatment unnecessarily
• Treatment may continue beyond the recommended duration
• Medicines are wasted
• Patients and the community may lose confidence in the programme
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Training Course for Program Manager
For TB suspect being evaluated, the technician ticks the Diagnosis column under Reason
for Examination. In case patients are undergoing repeat sputum examination for diagnosis,
the laboratory technician should write RE in the column for diagnosis and for patients
undergoing follow-up sputum examination, follow-up column under reason for examination
is ticked. Also mention the month of follow-up sputum examination and category of
treatment.
• TB number
• Treatment regimen being given to smear positive patients residing in the same TU
• Action taken, in brief, for patients belonging to other TU/districts, (e.g., “Referred to
Udaipur districtt” In this case, as soon as the TB No. is received from Udaipur district,
the TB No. along with treatment regimen is entered in the remarks column, e.g., 234/04
New case – smear positive).
• Referral details and remarks on un-blinded rechecking of slides during OSE visits by the
STLS, etc.
Assistance of STS/STLS can be sought for recording entries in the remarks column.
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Training Course for Program Manager
The results of examination of up to TWO sputum specimen can be recorded for each
patient in one line of the Tuberculosis Laboratory Register.
• Laboratory register should not be used for recording results of any test / investigation
other than sputum.
• The Laboratory Serial Number should begin with a new serial (number 1) every
calendar year.
• The Laboratory Serial Number is also written in the Tuberculosis Register as well as
the TB Treatment Card.
• By using the name of the patient and his Laboratory Serial Number from the
Tuberculosis Register, the MO of the DMC can easily locate the results of sputum
examinations in the Tuberculosis Laboratory Register.
• The MO of DMC should check the Tuberculosis Laboratory Register and make sure
all the columns have been completed. For example, it may be found that a patient’s
address or name of referring health facility is missing or incomplete in the
Tuberculosis Laboratory Register.
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Training Course for Program Manager
If the sputum smear examination is intended for diagnosis or for repeat examination for
diagnosis, the name of the health facility referring the patient should be written in the
column meant for name of referring health facility (e.g. Dr CU Shah, Private Practitioner, or
XYZ Hospital). If the TB suspect has attended the OPD of the DMC on his own, the name
of the DMC should be mentioned in this column. If the patient has been referred from ICTC
or ART centre, the same should be mentioned in this column. If the sputum smear
examination is for follow-up examination, the name of the health facility where the patient is
undergoing the treatment should be written in the Name of Referring Health Facility column.
The Tuberculosis Number of all TB patients, with their respective category of treatment,
should be recorded in the remarks column, and the Tuberculosis Number of all patients
whose sputum is examined for follow-up must be written in the space provided.
• The LTs should ensure that the Laboratory Serial Number on the Laboratory Form
for Sputum Examination matches with what is written on the side of the sputum
container and on the slide used for smear preparation. Other health facilities which
collect specimens and transport them to the DMC should assign Specimen
Identification Numbers and write it on the side of the containers.
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Training Course for Program Manager
• A “Referral for Treatment” register (dealt in detail in the next module) should be
maintained in DMCs situated in bigger hospitals including that of medical colleges
that are referring large number of patients to other health facilities for treatment.
Monthly summary
The laboratory technician should summarize the information on sputum smear
examinations done during that month. This information should be summarized in the
prescribed format at the end of each month, printed in the Laboratory Register itself. The
STLS should write the monthly supervisory abstract after the last entry of the month. A new
page is used every month for recording the sputum examination undertaken.
Ensure that two sputum samples are examined for both diagnosis and follow- up
cases irrespective of the results of the first sample
If only one sputum specimen was examined, patient should be traced and second sample
should be examined. MOs are responsible for ensuring that the patient is traced. A smear-
positive patient may be missed if the second sputum is not collected and examined. To
minimize the proportion of ‘false’ smear-negative patients, at least 2 smear-negative
sputum specimens should be available.
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Training Course for Program Manager
Start with Laboratory Serial Number 501. The appearance of the specimen is given in
brackets. Specimens are examined on 4 September 2009. Sign your own name.
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REVISED NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL PROGRAMME
LABORATORY REGISTER
• If sputum is examined for diagnosis, put a tick (3) mark in the space under “Diagnosis” sputum is examined for repeat diagnosis, put
‘RE’ in the space under” Diagnosis”
• If sputum is for follow-up of patients on treatment, write the patient’s TB No. in the space under “Follow up”, treatment regimen and
month of follow up
• Points to be mentioned in the remarks column: date of starting treatment, treatment regimen, TB No, Referral details, MDR-TB suspect
identified and remarks on unblinded rechecking of slides during OSE visits by the STLS, etc.
Monthly abstract of the Laboratory activities
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Signature of the MO
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Training Course for Program Manager
Exercise 2
Review the sample page of the Tuberculosis Laboratory Register on the following
page and identify the errors for each patient registered.
Lab Sl.No. Name of the patient Errors identified
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REVISED NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL PROGRAMME
LABORATORY REGISTER
Complete Reasons for Examination* Results
Name of
Lab. Sex address (for
referring Diagnosis Follow-up
Serial Date Name in Full Age M/ F new Signature Remarks
Health a b
No. patients) TB Regimen
Facility Month
Phone No. No. NT/PT
499 30/3 Sita Dixit F 211, Pocket 3, Modern TB RE Neg Neg Joshi
Mayur Vihar Clinic
500 30/3 Krishna Kanth 54 F 40 Sector II, Jamnagar 9 Neg Joshi
Jamnagar Health
Centre
501 30/3 Aswani Rai 39 F 225, Block 4, Jamnagar 9 Scanty Joshi
Bapu Nagar Health
Centre
502 30/3 Abdul Hazan 44 M Gali No.7, JJ Aligarh 20 PT 5th 2+ 2+ Joshi MDR-TB suspect
Ram Rani Dispensary month
Coloni
503 01/4 Rama 38 422, Sector III, Modern TB 102 Neg Neg Joshi
Rohini Clinic
504 01/4 Alex chopra 45 M M.G. Road ART Centre 9 1+ 1+ Joshi Referred out
KRH
504 Renu Sharma 37 F Jamnagar 9 1+ 2+ Joshi
Health
Centre
505 02/4 Kumar Bhatia 58 M BB22/Block 4, Jamnagar 9 Neg
Nehru Place Health
Centre
506 02/4 Deepak 28 M ICTC KRH 9 1+ 2+ Joshi
Dhawan
507 02/4 Preeti Chandra 26 F 62, Lane No. RE Neg Neg Joshi
820, Kailash
Colony
* If sputum is examined for diagnosis, put a tick (3) mark in the space under “Diagnosis”
* if sputum is examined for repeat diagnosis, put ‘RE’ in the space under Diagnosis
* If sputum is for follow-up of patients on treatment, write the patient’s TB No. in the space under “Follow up”, treatment regimen as NT (new cases) or PT
(previously treated cases) and month of follow up.
• Points to be mentioned in the remarks column: date of starting treatment, treatment regimen, TB No, Referral details, MDR-TB suspect identified and remarks
on unblinded rechecking of slides during OSE visits by the STLS, etc.
Exercise 2: Complete the pages of the Laboratory Register using the laboratory form you have completed in
Exercise workbook 1
REVISED NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL PROGRAMME
LABORATORY REGISTER
.Complete Name of Reasons for Examination* Results
Lab.
Sex address (for referring Diagnosis Follow-up
Serial Date Name in Full Age Signature Remarks
M/ F new patients) Health a b
No. TB Regimen
Phone No. Facility Month
No. NT/PT
* If sputum is examined for diagnosis, put a tick (3) mark in the space under “Diagnosis”
* if sputum is examined for repeat diagnosis, put ‘RE’ in the space under Diagnosis
* If sputum is for follow-up of patients on treatment, write the patient’s TB No. in the space under “Follow up”, treatment regimen as NT (new cases) or PT
(previously treated cases) and month of follow up.
• Points to be mentioned in the remarks column: date of starting treatment, treatment regimen, TB No, Referral details, MDR-TB suspect identified and remarks
on unblinded rechecking of slides during OSE visits by the STLS, etc.
Training Course for Program Manager
EXERCISE 3
1. A laboratory technician wants to know about the usefulness of sputum smear
grading. Can you explain it to him?
2. An STLS supplied 100 slides to a PHI. The laboratory technician listed 120 smear-
negative cases and 20 smear-positive cases in the Tuberculosis Laboratory
Register. Please comment.
3. Tick the correct answer. Once a sputum specimen reaches a laboratory the
laboratory technician gives a Laboratory Serial No. The number is subsequently
entered
4. In Ziehl-Neelsen staining
5. Ram is a laboratory technician, who has assigned a Laboratory Serial No. to each
sputum specimen. What is your comment?
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Training Course for Program Manager
Section B:
Quality Assured Laboratory Services
Introduction:
An effective quality assurance (QA) system of sputum smear microscopy network is crucial
for reliability of data generated under RNTCP. QA is a system consisting of internal quality
control (QC), external quality assessment (EQA), and continuous efforts for quality
improvement (QI) of laboratory services. The system also provides credibility of laboratory
results and motivation of staff for further improvement of their efficiency.
Quality assurance = Internal Quality Control + External Quality Assessment +Quality Improvement
The Central TB division is advised on all technical issues by the National Laboratory
Committee which includes members from all the four NRLs and representatives from WHO
& CTD.
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Training Course for Program Manager
out good quality diagnosis by providing technical training to the STOs, STDC Directors,
Microbiologists and Lab Technicians of States.
Bold line indicates direction of feedback and dotted line indicates reporting direction
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Training Course for Program Manager
Staining reagents:
Preparation of 1% Carbol Fuchsin:
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Training Course for Program Manager
o One set of QCP & QCN to be used by the STLS while preparing each new batch of
Staining reagent and entry made in the batch register (IQC document)
o One set of QCP & QCN to be supplied to the DMC LT by the STLS along with each
batch of reagent. The DMC LT to stain and examine the QCP & QCN slides and
enter the results in the IQC document.
o All Quality control slides should be stored at least for a period of three months.
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On-site evaluation at DMCs should also include examining five positive and five negative
smears to observe the quality of smear and staining as well as condition of the microscope.
At the DMC, the LT arranges all the slides in the slide box serially as per laboratory register
and preserves all the slides after examination (LT has to preserve all the slides till RBRC
process is complete and feed-back is given). The supervisor (STLS) re-checks monthly in
an unblinded manner, on his onsite evaluation visits, 5 positive and 5 negative slides
selected from the lab register by systematic random sampling procedure. STLS marks in
the Laboratory register with a small ‘x’ sign and makes entries in his OSE-checklist and
“remarks” column of the lab register. STLS should discuss discrepant slides with the LT,
identify the cause of error, if any and provide specific corrective measures.
Checklists are developed to assist both laboratory and non-laboratory supervisors during
the field visit and to allow for the collection and analysis of standard data for subsequent
remedial action. Checklists may be refined to focus on problems that are frequently
identified or most likely to occur, such as preparation of stains or errors in grading. Copies
of the checklist should be left behind in the unit receiving the on-site evaluation. This will
provide written documentation of the visit and findings and will also assist subsequent
evaluations to monitor improvements. When poor performance is identified through any of
the above-mentioned activities,additional visits by STLS are mandatory for evaluation of all
laboratory procedures.
Comprehensive checklist for on-site evaluation of DMCs is provided in the annexure A. The
checklist contains open, non-leading questions and recommended observations along with
objective criteria for acceptable practices. Use of a simple standardized checklist even by
well-trained district supervisors (e.g. DTO), can reduce the time necessary to evaluate a
laboratory effectively.
B. Panel Testing
Panel testing is a method of EQA that is used to determine whether a laboratory technician
can adequately perform AFB smear microscopy. This method evaluates individual
performance in staining and reading, and not all the laboratory activities. Utilization of panel
testing for EQA is considered to be less effective than random blinded re-checking of
routine slides because it does not monitor routine performance.
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Training Course for Program Manager
detect problems associated with very poor performance. The proficiency of laboratory
technicians after training can be evaluated.
Panel testing under RNTCP is used for supervisory lab staff of STDCs/ IRLs and DTCs,
and will be conducted under the supervision of the visiting lab team during their annual on-
site evaluation visit. A panel will consist of 5 unstained smears per laboratory personnel.
Panel testing is not performed as a routine in the DMCs, as they will have regular on-site
evaluation and blinded re-checking.
Random blinded re-checking of routine slides from the DMCs is implemented throughout
the RNTCP laboratory network. A system utilizing Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS)
method is used to calculate the sample size (See Table 1).
• The STLS selects from lab register RBRC sample slides for random blinded rechecking
(RBRC) on the advice of the DTO
• These slides are selected using a systematic random blinded sampling procedure and
the results of the slides selected are circled in the Lab register by STLS.
• The LT will enter the slide numbers that are selected by STLS in ‘Annexure B’ along
with results;
• Encloses the annexure B in a sealed envelope;
• Arranges the slides in a separate box supplied by DTO and marks on the top of box as
well as envelope with the title: RBRC slides, Name of DMC, TU and the month &
year.
• STLS picks up the box and envelop and hands them over to DTO.
• DTO conducts RBRC and gives feed-back and corrective actions to LT through MO-
DMC.
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Training Course for Program Manager
1. DTO receives sealed envelopes with Annexure B and slide boxes from the respective
STLS.
2. DTO will code the boxes A, B, C, D or 1, 2, 3, 4….etc as per his convenience. Same
DMC should not get same code every month. Coding of boxes is an important activity of
DTO and blinding of slides must be ensured by DTO.
3. DTO should maintain a register where he would enlist the codes given to each DMC for
each of their RBRC months. The register should also show how DTO has allotted the
codes to the STLSs. STLSs should be allotted the coded DMC boxes taking care to see
that DMC allocation is not repeated to the same STLS who is supervisor of that DMC.
Rotation of DMCs amongst different STLSs should also be ensured over consecutive
RBRC monthly cycles.
4. DTO retains sealed Annexure B in his possession.
5. DTO will make a roster from 11th of the OSE month onwards giving one or two or three
days (based on no. of samples to be re-checked) for each STLS to come to DTC for the
re-checking. No two STLS should come for re-checking at the same time. All STLSs are
informed of the OSE month’s Blinded re-checking roster.
6. STLS to read and record results for slides as per Annexure C - one slide box at a time.
7. After getting results from STLS, DTO transfers the results of LT from Annexure-B to
Annexure-C (for each DMC).
8. DTO identifies the discordant slides. Discordance for the purposes of identifying the
slides for re-checking by second controller (called Umpire reader) is any slide with
‘positive’ smear result of LT (of any grade) being read as ‘negative’ by STLS and vice-
versa and for ‘positive’ slides having a difference of more than one grade between LT
and first controller.
9. DTO takes out the discordant slides in a separate box and gives it to an Umpire reader
who could be any STLS.
Umpire has to de-stain and re-stain the slides before reading. De-staining is performed by
dipping the slides in absolute alcohol for 5 mins. These are re-stained by ZN staining
method. The format for giving these results to Umpire reading is as follows, which is
maintained in a separate note book with DTO. Results 1 and 2 should not indicate the
identity of the either LT or STLS and are interchanged frequently to maintain the
confidentiality of the original readers.
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Training Course for Program Manager
10. STLS/DTO/MO-TC to evaluate results and give feedback to each DMC (MO and LT) as
per annexure D, with information to the CMO/Civil Surgeon.
11. DTO receives a copy of the monthly on-site supervision report from STLS through MO-
TC and decides on the next course of action in consultation with MO-TCs.
12. DTO sends a copy of the monthly report on random blinded rechecking to STDC/
IRL/STO every month (as per annexure E), Monthly lab abstract of district, DMC-wise
(Annex M for district) and a copy of OSE summary report of EQA (Annex F) to STDC/
IRL every quarter and percentage of DMCs with high false error in the district, in district
PMR report to STO/Central TB Division every quarter.
13. The pattern of errors that are likely to occur, possible causes for these errors and
suggested investigation steps to be taken by the RNTCP Lab supervisors including
DTOs/ MO-TCs/ STLS are given in Annexure K
14. DTOs and MO-TCs should familiarize themselves with these in order to effectively
supervise the DMCs under their area.
15. The DTOs and MO-TCs have to report the EQA activities in their respective Quarterly
report on Programme Management.
Quality improvement ( QI ) :
• A process by which all components of smear microscopy diagnostic services are
carefully analyzed with the aim of looking for ways to permanently remove
obstacles to success.
• Appropriate data collection, data analysis, correct interpretation of the results
and creative problem solving are the key components of this process.
• Involves continued monitoring, identifying defects, followed by remedial action
including retraining when needed, to prevent recurrence of problems.
• Relies on effective on site evaluation
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1 Based on LQAS method applied to the negative slides with sensitivity of 80%, specificity
of 100%, acceptance number d=0, and 95% confidence Interval. Each sample size was
then increased proportional to the positivity rate to yield the final sample size that include
both positive and negative slides.
1 DMCs with less than 5% SPR should analyze the reasons for the same and should
undertake the necessary corrective action.
1 The monthly sample size has been rounded off to the next higher number and annually
adds up to equal or more than the annual sample size.
1 The status of DMCs with Annual negative slides volume (ANSV) of ≤300 should be
reassessed. If they cannot be improved then they should be discontinued as DMCs. Till
their status is finalized, those DMCs with ANSV less than 301 will use the sample size for
301-500 ANSV as applicable for the respective SPR range. If the ANSV is less than the
indicated Annual Sample Size (ASS), the respective DMCs should submit all their slides for
blinded re-checking. For example, a DMC with ANSV <243 & SPR <4.9%, or ANSV <154 &
SPR 5.0-7.5%, or ANSV <114 & SPR 7.49-9.0%, or ANSV <89 & SPR 10-14.9%, or ANSV
<62 & SPR ≥15% should submit all slides for blinded re-checking.
Suggested Reading
External Quality Assessment for AFB Smear Microscopy, IUATLD, WHO, JATA, and
KNCV, the CDC and APHL, 2002
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Training Course for Program Manager
STLS
Designated microscopy
centre
DTC
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It is made sure that there is an adequate stock of reagents and other materials in the at all
levels.
It is very important for the laboratory to maintain an adequate stock of reagents and other
laboratory materials. If the laboratory has less stock of any items, it is ensured that supplies
are provided to the laboratory from the district or sub-district stock. LTs are reminded to
exhaust the old supplies before starting to use the new supplies. Old reagents should not
be mixed with the new supplies. They should be kept in separate containers.
It is ensured that the reagents are of good quality. It should be freshly prepared at the DTC
and supplied to the DMCs on monthly basis. In case the TU has adequate infrastructure
and equipments (Weighing balance, water bath, round bottom flasks etc,), the reagents
may be prepared at TU level as well. The LTs himself should stain and examine the Quality
Control slides supplied to him by STLS after receiving the fresh batch of reagents.
Reagents should not be used beyond 3 months from the date of its preparation.
Commercially available ‘readymade’ laboratory reagents should not be used. It is ensured
that the binocular microscope is in good working condition. Regular arrangements have to
be made by the DTO for maintenance of the microscope through Annual Maintenance
Contract. In case the microscope is under warranty, the supplier may be contacted for
undertaking its repair.
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In this section, DTO/MO-TC/MO will learn how to prepare for visits to designated
microscopy centre, review the items to be checked during the visit to a laboratory and will
develop a checklist to use the same during supervision visit.
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3. Decide when to check each item. Some items, such as the Tuberculosis Laboratory
Register, should be checked during each visit. Other items including stocks of sputum
containers, slides and reagents may be checked periodically.
4. Decide how to check each item. Depending on the time available for the visit, decide
the best ways to collect information:
(i) Review the Tuberculosis Laboratory Register. Check the Tuberculosis
Laboratory Register to make sure it is filled completely and accurately. Make sure
that all smear-positive patients in the Tuberculosis Laboratory Register have
either the TB No. mentioned in the remarks column or have the name of the PHI
where the patient has been referred (if s/he belongs to another TU/district). Verify
that patients who were examined for diagnosis had correct number of sputum
specimens examined. Also verify that the details of follow up examination (TB
no., regimen and month) have been entered in the reasons for examination
column. Make sure that LT is writing the monthly summary correctly. Lastly verify
whether in the remarks column there are any entries mentioning about MDR
suspects and sample sent for C & DST
(ii) Talk with the laboratory technicians. Make sure that they understand the
importance of examining the correct number of sputum specimens. Also, make
sure that they understand the importance of limiting administrative errors and
accurately recording the results of sputum smear examinations on the Laboratory
Form for Sputum Examination. In addition, make sure that the laboratory
technicians keep the examined sputum smear slides of all patients until the EQA
procedure is completed. Reiterate that regarding every follow up positive, LT
should inform the treating physician immediately.
(iii) Examine supplies. Check to see if there are adequate numbers of sputum
containers, slides, reagents, forms and other laboratory supplies.
5. Develop a checklist. Once it is decided what to look for when one goes to the
designated microscopy centre and how to check each item, it will be helpful to
organize the information into a ‘checklist’. In general, the checklist should be just long
enough to remind the supervisor about the important items/activities that needs to be
checked. It should be easy to use. Include important general information, such as the
name of the centre and supervisor, and date of the visit. A more comprehensive
checklist is given below. Review it now. This checklist is longer than the one that
should be used during supervisory visits, but is provided for reference. You should
develop your own checklist based on this.
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EXERCISE 5
Be sure to include the following information in the checklist:
Part A
A site visit to a designated microscopy centre may occur during this training. If so, your
facilitator will give the details of the visit. Use the checklist you have developed. After the
site visit, there will be a group discussion about any problems your group found and the
solutions you recommend.
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Training Course for Program Manager
POINTS TO REMEMBER
• DTO and MO-TC are responsible for supporting laboratory services
• STLS is responsible for supervisory activities of all the designated microscopy
centres in the sub-district
• Tuberculosis Laboratory Register should be used to record information about sputum
smear results only.
• All smear-positive (including scanty) results should be recorded in red ink in the
Tuberculosis Laboratory Register
• Slides once used should not be reused.
• Contaminated materials should be disinfected and disposed safely.
• Only one Laboratory Form for Sputum Examination is used for one patient and only
one Laboratory Number is given for 2 sputum examinations both for diagnosis and
follow-up examination.
• Grading of smears increases the accuracy of results and helps in quality control
measures. Grading is resorted to enhance the concentration of the laboratory
technician while reading the smears.
• Follow-up sputum smears done at scheduled time help in monitoring treatment
• Accurate recording of results of sputum smear examinations on the Laboratory Form
for Sputum Examination ensures correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment
• Ensuring quality of each and every designated microscopy centre is an essential
feature of RNTCP
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SECTION C
INFECTION CONTROL
There is the risk of transmission of tuberculosis infection occurring in health care facilities
including the laboratory when patients remain undiagnosed and untreated for tuberculosis.
This may be curtailed by early diagnosis and immediate initiation and adherence to RNTCP
treatment regimens. This prompt and timely action will make infectious TB patients rapidly
non-infectious.
It is now mandatory that any Infection Control plan of the facility should include infection
control for TB and TB/ HIV. Broadly, infection control needs to be addressed at three
different levels: administrative, environmental and personal.
• Giving priority for patients with cough for clinical and laboratory investigations for early
detection of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients
• Reducing delay in starting appropriate RNTCP treatment once diagnosed
• Avoiding unnecessary admission for inpatient care
• Assessment of health care workers training needs requirements under RNTCP
Sputum collection should ideally be done outside the facility and away from the people. It
should not be done in closed areas such as toilets and in ill-ventilated rooms. Processing
specimens for smear microscopy (after sputum collection) has not been documented to
cause any increased risk to laboratory personnel. However, TB suspects amongst health
care workers should be subjected to screening procedures.
Second priority is environmental control, which is used to reduce the generation and
concentration of droplet nuclei in the air in high-risk areas. High-risk areas that increase
transmission include exposure in relatively small, enclosed rooms in health facilities, which
lack adequate cross ventilation in the form of open windows and doors to “clean” the
environment through dilution or removal of infectious droplet nuclei. Hence, the TB IC plan
should also include educating the patients regarding cough hygiene (covering the face
while coughing and avoiding indiscriminate spitting), frequent identification of risk areas
within the facility and providing good cross-ventilation to the area.
Wearing of surgical masks made of cotton wool/ gauze/ paper for personal protection
does not protect the person who is wearing the mask from inhaling the droplet aerosols and
hence is not recommended as a means to prevent hospital infection. As mentioned above,
early identification and prompt initiation of RNTCP treatment under direct observation would
protect all health care workers from hospital TB infection.
The key to reducing the risk of tuberculosis transmission at health facilities is early
diagnosis and prompt initiation of RNTCP treatment regimens until cure. Infectious
TB patients become rapidly non-infectious once they are started on directly observed
treatment under RNTCP.
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All health care workers working at the district level should receive onsite training at least
once in two-years regarding the basic concepts of M. tuberculosis transmission and
airborne infection control. The training should include the following: Signs and symptoms of
TB, increased risk of TB disease in persons who have HIV infection and other
immunosuppressive conditions and prevention of airborne infection with M. tuberculosis.
An Infection control plan for TB-HIV may include precautions to be observed for HIV, in
addition to that observed for TB, especially when streptomycin injections are being
provided. The risk of acquiring HIV following percutaneous exposure (needle stick/ needle
prick with inoculation) from an HIV-positive source is extremely low: 0.25- 0.3%. This is
because the concentration of HIV in peripheral blood is extremely low (104 infectious virions
/ml). On the other hand, the risk of acquiring hepatitis virus (HBV) following similar
exposure ranges from 9-30% because the concentration of HBV in blood is high
(>10,000,000 infectious doses /ml). The chance of acquiring Hepatitis C is approximately 3-
10%. Disposable/ adequately sterilized needles and syringes should be used for
streptomycin injection. Following streptomycin injection needles should be destroyed using
needle cutters/ destroyers wherever available. Needles and syringes should be disposed
using prevailing hospital waste management system.
Health care workers can effectively prevent infections acquired through
contaminated blood by the adoption of “Universal Precautions” or “Bio-safety
Precautions”.
The RNTCP is integrated into the general health system of the states. Waste management
is a component of overall facility management of the respective state health system
institutions where RNTCP centres are located. Accordingly, the waste generated by
RNTCP should not be viewed in isolation, but is to be integrated in the broad
framework of the peripheral institutions’ waste management practices. The peripheral
health institutions would be responsible for disposal of the wastes and reporting to their
respective PCBs.
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Training Course for Program Manager
LTs and support staff handling biological waste should wear gloves.
Step 2 : Dispose off the autoclaved/ pressure boiled slides into a pit for sharps.
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I General Information
DMC:
District:
Number of Technicians:
Qualifications of current staff:
(Separate sheet to be attached to
indicating information for each of Lab
staff, if they are different from the
previous visit)
Supervisor/MO of DMC:
Date of Visit:
Name of visiting STLS:
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V. Review of five positive and five negative slides from RNTCP TB Lab Register:
(Systematic sampling, separately for positive and negative slides)
a) Of the 5 Pos slides, number re-read as positive by STLS __________
b) Of the 5 Neg slides, number re-read as negative by STLS __________
Tick appropriate column or write letter as indicated below table
Sl. Slide AFB result / Specimen
Staining Size Thickness Evenness
No. No. Grade by Quality
≥10 < 10
LT of Poor Poor Poor
STLS WBC/ WBC/ Good Good Good Good Poor
DMC (U/O) (B/S) (K/N)
field field
1 2 3 4 5 6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Summary
a) Operational problems (both pending and new)
c) Overall remarks
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d) Action Required
Date_____________
Remarks by DTO
Signature of DTO
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Sl. No. Lab No. Result of LT of DMC, including grade for positive
smears
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Total
1: MC result to be entered under supervision of DTO only after form completed by STLS
2: Tick appropriate column
3: Tick if good; write ‘U’ if under-decolourized, ‘O’ if over-decolourized
4: Tick if good; write ‘B’ if too big, ‘S’ if too small
5: Tick if good; write ‘K’ if too thick, ‘N’ if too thin
Overall remarks:
Specimen quality: Needs improvement Yes No
Smear size: Needs improvement Yes No
Smear thickness: Needs improvement Yes No
Smear evenness: Needs improvement Yes No
Staining: Needs improvement Yes No
Remarks:
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ANNEXURE – D:
RNTCP Quality Assurance Report on Sputum Microscopy
Microscopy centre: _____________________ TU and District: ______________
Month/Year: _________________
Result of controller *
Result of MC-
1-9 AFB/ 100
LT Negative 1+ 2+ 3+
fields
Negative Correct LFN HFN HFN HFN
1-9 AFB/ 100
LFP Correct Correct QE QE
fields
1+ HFP Correct Correct Correct QE
2+ HFP QE Correct Correct Correct
3+ HFP QE QE Correct Correct
False(+)ve
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ANNEXURE – E: District Monthly Report to IRL on Randon Blinded Re-checking
District monthly report to IRL on random blinded rechecking
SI No. DMC Annual Annual Slide Nos. of HFP HFN LFP LFN QE Total Remarks
name Slide positive positively slides number
volume* slides* rate rechecked of
(SPR)* during the errors
months@
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Annexure G
IRL annual report to CTD and NRL on random blinded rechecking
SI. No. Name of Total Information on Information on Slides Information on DMCs
the number of Slides
district DMCs
Annual slide Annual No. of slides Number and type of erros in slides Number of DMCs in % of % of
Volume* positive rechecked Rechecked cumulative in the the district with HF DMCs DMCs
slides* during year@ district during the year errors with HF with
errors HFP
errors
HFP HFN LFP LFN QE HFP HFN Both
HFP &
HFN
Total
* For the previous year
** Each HFP or HFN error committing DMC is counted only once in the reporting year
@ LQAS Annual sample size for 80% sensitivity, 100% Specificity and d=0 confidence limit = 95%
Training Course for Program Manager
v. Methylene blue:
1. The chemical name: Methylthionine chloride
2. The chemical structure: C16H18ClN3S.
3. Molecular Wt: 319.9
4. Dye content: Should be available on the container. Approximately
82% (to calculate the required amount of Methyl blue, divide the
actual amount by dye content. For example: Dye content = 82%,
actual amount = 1 gms, required amount = 1/0.82 = 1.22 gms.)
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b. Immersion oil:
i. Immersion oil supplied by the manufacturer of microscope with refractive
index closer to that of Glass or 1.515
2) Shelf life of prepared reagents: Carbol fuchsin, sulphuric acid, methylene blue
reagents may be kept for a maximum period of 4 months.
3) Identification: All reagents should have a label with name of the reagent, name of
the TU, name of MC, the date of preparation and the expiry date. The containers of
Carbol fuchsin, Sulphuric acid, Methylene blue reagents should in addition have the
name of the person preparing the reagent. Freshly prepared reagents should not be
mixed with old stock.
4) Equipment:
a. Slides:
i. Size: 76 mm x 26 mm,
ii. Thickness: 1.3 mm
iii. Edges: Polished
iv. Sealed in a moisture absorbing dessicant pack
b. Balance:
i. Type: Electronic or Analytical balance
1. Electronic balance:
a. General purpose table top laboratory balance, 220-230 V,
stainless steel platform, keypad auto calibration function,
auto off, prolonged battery life, overload and under load, low
battery LCD indicator.
b. Range: Wide range, 0.01 – 120 gms, (two digit decimal)
c. Resolution: 0.01 gm
2. Analytical balance:
a. Enclosed in a glass box with shutters, dimensions of the box
in cms: 46 x 34 x 20
b. Oscillator type of balance, with levelling screws, two
aluminium pans, plumb line for adjusting horizontal level
c. Weighing capacity: 1 mg to 200 gms, with fractional weight
and regular weight in boxes including rider and forceps to
handle weights.
c. Binocular microscopes:
i. Specifications: As per Expert Committee recommendations.
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A. PREAMBLE
Binocular Microscopes are required for detecting acid fast bacilli in sputum smear and
other materials for use in Tuberculosis Control Programme laboratories, including those
at Peripheral Health Centres. The usage requires long hours of viewing through the
microscopes.
B. Specifications
1. Body Binocular, sturdy, stable base body with focus adjustment controls in a
position comfortable for prolonged use. The body should be powder
coated.
2. Eye Piece Paired, high quality, (image of the object as seen through the binocular
eyepiece should be well defined centrally in least 2/3 field of view),
achromatic, widefield, 10x without in built pointer. The eyepiece should
be aplanatic and have a minimum field number of 18. Diopter
adjustment must be present on one/both eye pieces or on the eye piece
tube.
3. Objectives Three objectives: 10x, 40x, 100x.
10x and 40x objectives should have numerical apertures of 0.25 and
0.65 respectively and should be of spring loaded type or otherwise.
100x should have numerical aperture of 1.25 and should be of oil
immersion and spring loaded type. Suitable prominent marking should
be provided on 100x for easy identification.
Unbreakable containers to be provided for storing the objectives. All
objectives should be widefield, achromatic and parfocal.
Marking for the Objectives
Each objective should be engraved with the following information:-
a) Name/insignia of the manufacture.
b) Magnification and numerical aperture, for example, 10x/0.25.
c) 100x objective should be engraved with the world ‘Oil’
In Changing from one objective to another or reintroducing the same
objective by rotation of the nosepiece, the object at the center of the
field should not appear displaced by more than 0.02 mm in the object
p[lane in any direction.
4. Nose piece Revolving nose piece to accommodate a minimum of three objectives
with click stops. It should be provided with ribbed grip for easy rotation
mounted on a precision ball bearing mechanism for smooth and
accurate alignment. Extra ports if any should be fitted with dust proof
metallic/ebonite caps.
5. Stage Uniformly horizontal, mechanical stage having dimensions of length 140
mm (+ 20 mm) & breadth 140 mm (+ 20 mm) with fine venire
graduations (minimum reading accuracy of 0.1 mm). The stage should
be provided with spring loaded slide holder for exact positioning of
specimen/slide. It should be designed with convenient sub-stage vertical
coaxial adjustment for slide manipulation. The stage should have ball
bearing arrangement to allow smooth travel in transverse direction i.e.
80 mm (+5mm) and front to back direction, 50 mm (+5mm).
6. Sub-stage Abbe-type condenser, numerical aperature (N.A) 1.25, focusable with
condenser rack and pinion arrangement incorporating an a spherical lens and an
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and lens cleaning solution (100 ml) should be provided with each
microscope.
viii). One piece of anti static cleaning brush should be provided with
each microscope for cleaning purpose.
ix). Each microscope should be supplied with Blue filter. The blue
filter should be packed in the box and not fixed on the
microscopes.
11. Spare parts Each microscope should be supplied with spare parts as under: (as
mentioned in Schedule of Requirement)
i). 100x oil immersion objective (as per the specifications given
under B3)-One
ii). Halogen bulb, (6 volts, 20w)-6 Nos.
iii). Fuses – 6 Nos.
12. Warranty Performance warranty of three years from the date of supply. For any
malfunction, the supplier shall replace the parts or repair the same at the
user site free of cost within 15 days of the receipt of the complaints.
During warranty period all services/replacement ensuring smooth
functioning of the Microscopes must be done free of cost by the supplier.
13. Requirement The supplier should have adequate after sale service facilities covering
of service all region of the country. They should have the infrastructure and trained
centre for manpower to attend to any complaints within 15 days of receipt of the
after sales complaint.
services
14. Testing & i). The successful vendor should supply a type test-certificate of the
calibration relevant optical & mechanical tests from a recogniszed competent
authority at the time of supply.
ii). The manufacture/supplier shall provide duly calibrated (by
accredited authority) measure instruments and demonstrate
specifications for the purpose of inspection.
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ANNEXURE – K:
Investigation of Errors
SI Pattern of errors Possible causes Suggested investigation steps
No.
1. HFP and HFN Unusable microscope Examine a 3+ using that microscope
Staining problems, poor stains, Check stains and staining procedure
insufficient staining time or heating
Technician cannot recognized AFB Test with clear-cut positive & negative slides and good microscope
Gross neglect, overworked, lack Exclude other causes
motivation
2. HFP with or without LFP Administrative error Compare lab-register and verify correct slide number and result?
Poor registration routine Check accuracy of lab-register and other record keeping
Staining problems/Fading Check stains and staining procedure, consider re-staining for
rechecking. Assess concentration of Phenol, Basic Fuchsin and
Methyllene blue.
Technician unclear on AFB Look for inconsistent result of suspects (regularly single pos / low
appearance positive) in lab register.
3. Many LFP, with or without occasional Problem with controllers Technician Evaluate controllers
HFP unclear on AFB appearance Recheck sample of LFP from laboratory register
Contaminated stain/reagents Test stain with known negative smears, check the distilled water
used for stain preparation.
4. HFN with or without LFN Administrative error Compare lab-register with QC-listing: correct slide number & result?
Very thick smears and/or poor light Evaluate quality of smear preparation, check microscope
Gross neglect Exclude other causes
Staining problems Check stains and staining procedure, consider re-staining for
rechecking. Assess concentration of Phenol, Basic Fuchsin and
Methylene blue.
Poor smearing – technique Test stain with known negative smears
Problems with microscope Check microscope with positive slide
Careless microscopy Exclude other causes
5. Very high proportion LFN. Reading error As above
Concentrated Methylene blue
6. Many QE (too low grading) Poor staining
Problems with microscope
*Refer RNTCP LT Module, Mannual and STLS Module for causes of False Positive and False Negative results.
Annexure L
Possible reasons and suggested corrective actions for DMCs with unacceptable ANSV and SPR
SI Finding Possible reasons Suggested corrective actions
No.
1. Low ANSV (<500) Inadequate referral of suspects Educate Medical Officers and Health Workers on Chest
symptoms
Non-involvement of private Involve private sector, without increasing the number of
sector DMCs in the area
Many DMCs in the area Reassess the criteria for selection of DMCs.
Generally health facilities with <60 daily new adult OPD
attendance should not be involved as DMCs.
2. Low SPR (<5%) Improper or over selection of Educated Medical Officer and Halth Workers on chest
TB suspects symptoms
More of false negative smear Action as required for frequent HFN and LFN
result Re-stain and test with known positive slides
3. Low ANSV and SPR As above Evaluate as above and if required consider closing the
concerned DMC
4. High ANSV (>5000) High OPD attendance worlload Train more than one LT for AFB smear microscopy
5. High SPR (>15%) Slective referral / delayerd Educate Medical Officers and Health Workers on Chest
identification of TB Suspects symptoms
More of false positive smear Action as required for frequent HFP and LFP / test with
results known negative slides.
ANNEXURE – M:
Tuberculosis Monthly Abstract
1.5M
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Annexure N
IQC Formats
Treatment Services
Learning Objectives ............................................................................................................... 101
Gold and Objectives of Treatment ....................................................................................... 101
Scientific basis of Treatment of TB ........................................................................................ 101
Domiciliary Treatment........................................................................................................... 102
Short Course chemotherapy ................................................................................................. 102
Basis of Chemotherapy.......................................................................................................... 102
Directly Observed Treatment (DOT)...................................................................................... 104
Disease classification ............................................................................................................. 105
Treatment regimens .............................................................................................................. 106
Patient wise boxes ................................................................................................................. 108
Treatment of Pediatric TB ..................................................................................................... 109
Non-DOTS (ND) treatment regimen under RNTCP................................................................ 110
Organization of DOT and flow of patients for treatment...................................................... 111
Flow of patients for treatment .................................................................................................... 113
Documentation for referral for treatment .................................................................................. 113
Patient Provider Interaction ........................................................................................................ 115
Filling up of the treatment card ................................................................................................... 118
General Information of Patient.................................................................................................... 118
Data related to DOT ..................................................................................................................... 119
Administration and monitoring of treatment .............................................................................. 120
Retrieval action in interruptions of treatment ............................................................................ 125
Determination of treatment outcome with date ........................................................................ 126
Chemoprophylaxis ....................................................................................................................... 128
HIV related data ........................................................................................................................... 129
Management of patients with treatment interruptions.............................................................. 132
Adverse reaction to Anti-TB drugs ............................................................................................... 134
Management of patient in special situations .............................................................................. 137
Procedures during hospitalization ............................................................................................... 138
Management of Hospitalized Patient .......................................................................................... 139
Multidrug Resistant TB and DOTS-Plus ........................................................................................ 142
Management of MDR-TB ............................................................................................................. 143
Improving Interpersonal Communication skills in RNTCP Training: ............................................ 148
Type of Communication .............................................................................................................. 149
How to use the section ................................................................................................................ 153
Demonstrate good interpersonal skills yourself .......................................................................... 154
Role play for doctors .................................................................................................................... 156
Interpersonal communication .................................................................................................... 157
Role Play Scenarios ..................................................................................................................... 163
Formats of Records – Annexure .................................................................................................. 167
Training Course for Program Manager
MODULE 3
Treatment services
Learning objectives
In this module, the participants will learn about the following:
Goal and objectives of treatment
Scientific basis of treatment
The previous module has dealt with the provision of quality assured laboratory services.
This module deals with the technical and operational aspects of the treatment services
provided by the programme.
RNTCP uses short course chemotherapy given intermittently - thrice weekly under Direct
Observation for both pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis patients.
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• Intermittent regimen
• Direct observation of treatment
Domiciliary treatment
Domiciliary chemotherapy has been proved to be as effective as sanatoria treatment.
Studies in India have shown that smear positive TB patients treated on a domiciliary basis
have achieved high cure rates as good as those when treated at sanatorium besides having
other social benefits of being at home. The patients after the initiation of treatment on
domiciliary basis also did not pose extra risk as a source of infection among contacts at
home.
Basis of chemotherapy
(a) Bacteriological basis
There would be appreciable numbers of mutants resistant to any single drug before the
start of the treatment that are capable of multiplying and will not be affected by a single
drug, e.g. isonaizid. This accounts for frequent failures observed with monotherapy of
patients harbouring large number of bacilli. Thus, if two or more drugs are given
concurrently, in the initial Intensive Phase when the bacterial load is high the chances of
survival and selection of drug resistant organism to any drug would be very small as
mutants resistant to one drug are as a rule susceptible to other and vice versa. This is
the basis for the use of multi-drug therapy in the treatment of tuberculosis.
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mutants. An optimal minimum duration of two months in new cases is essential for
achieving smear conversion of 90% and above, thereby significantly reducing the
infectiousness of the patient.
A H B
Extra-cellular
R intermittently
Extra-cellular multiplying <105
rapidly S
multiplying ≥108 E
C
Intra- and extra-
cellular, acidic
D No drugs environment slowly
Dormant multiplying
<105
The bacillary sub populations B and C are referred as semi-dormant or persisters which are
difficult to eliminate and are the source of relapse.
Isoniazid (H): Isoniazid is a potent drug exerting early bactericidal activity, prevents
emergence of drug resistant mutants to any companion drug and has low rates of adverse
drug reactions.
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Rifampicin (R): Rifampicin is a potent bactericidal and sterilizing drug acting on semi-
dormant bacilli which multiply intermittently and causing relapse
The ranking of the drugs with respect to their type of activity is indicated in the following
table.
Prevention of
Drugs Early bactericidal Sterilizing activity emergence of
drug resistance
Isoniazid ++++ ++ ++++
Rifampicin +++ ++++ +++
Streptomycin +++ - ++
Pyrazinamide ++ +++ +
Ethambutol + - ++
Intermittent treatment
Intermittent regimens should only be used in a programme of directly observed
treatment (DOT). The formulation of intermittent regimens in the treatment of TB is based
on the principle of existence of lag period. There is no need to maintain blood levels of
drugs for 24 hours in the treatment of tuberculosis. The ability of the drugs to continue to
exert its antimicrobial activity even after their withdrawal is called as lag period, this renders
the intermittent regimen possible
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the treatment, thereby ensuring adherence. Many patients who do not receive directly
observed treatment stop taking drugs once they feel better. It is neither possible to predict
who these patients will be nor to prevent non-adherence through health education. Studies
have shown that there will be poor treatment outcome and high death rates in the absence
of DOT, even when regular supply of drugs is ensured. Hence, by providing DOT, RNTCP
ensures that patients receive the right drugs, in the right doses, at the right intervals and for
the right duration.
Disease classification
Tuberculosis cases are classified as either pulmonary or extra pulmonary.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Pulmonary TB is characterized by the formation of lesions in the lungs.
Pulmonary TB is further subdivided into smear-positive and smear-negative cases.
Smear-positive pulmonary TB
A patient with one or two smears positive for AFB out of the two sputum specimens
subjected for smear examination by direct microscopy is classified as having smear
positive pulmonary TB.
Smear-negative pulmonary TB
A patient with symptoms suggestive of TB with two smear examination negative for
AFB, with evidence of pulmonary TB by microbiological methods (culture positive or
by other approved molecular methods) or Chest X-ray is classified as having smear
negative pulmonary tuberculosis.
Extra-pulmonary TB
Tuberculosis of organs other than the lungs such as pleura, lymph nodes, intestine, genito-
urinary tract, joint and bones, meninges of the brain etc., is called as extra-pulmonary TB.
Pleural tuberculosis is classified as extra pulmonary.
If a patient has both smear-positive pulmonary TB and extra-pulmonary TB, the patient is
classified as having pulmonary TB and the site of extra-pulmonary TB is recorded as well.
Type of cases
New
A TB patient who has never had treatment for TB or has taken anti-TB drugs for less than
one month is considered as a new case.
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Transferred in
A TB patient who has been received for treatment in a Tuberculosis Unit, after starting
treatment in another TB unit where s/he has been registered is considered as a case of
transferred in.
Failure
Any TB patient who is smear-positive at 5 months or more after initiation of treatment is
considered as failure.
Chronic
A patient who remains smear-positive after completing regimen for previously treated but
not initiated on MDR-TB treatment
Relapse
A TB patient who was declared cured or treatment completed by a physician and who
reports back to the health facility and is now found to be sputum smear positive is a relapse
case.
Others
A patient who does not fit into the any of the types mentioned above. The reasons for
labelling a patient under this type must be specified in the Treatment card and TB Register
Treatment regimens
For the purpose of treatment regimen to be used, TB patients are classified into two
groups, namely, “New” or “Previously Treated”, based on the history of previous treatment.
Regimen for New cases: This regimen is prescribed to all new pulmonary (smear positive
and negative), extra pulmonary and ‘others’ TB patients.
The regimen is 2H3R3Z3 E3 / 4 H3R3.
Treatment is given in two phases. For “New” patients, the intensive phase consists of
isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R), pyrazinamide (Z) and ethambutol (E) given under direct
observation thrice a week on alternate days and lasts for 2 months (8 weeks, 24 doses).
This is followed by the continuation phase, which consists of 4 months (18 weeks; 54
doses) of isoniazid and rifampicin given thrice a week on alternate days with at least the
first dose of every week being directly observed. If the sputum smear is positive after 2
months of treatment, the intensive phase of four drugs (H, R, Z and E) are continued for
another one month (12 doses) and sputum examined after the completion of the extension
of intensive phase. Irrespective of the sputum results after this extension of the intensive
phase, the 4 months (18 weeks) of the continuation phase is started. If the sputum smear is
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positive after 5 or more months of treatment, the patient is declared as a “Failure” and is
placed on the “Previously Treated” treatment regimen afresh, and sputa sent for culture
and drug susceptibility testing (C&DST) to an accreditated RNTCP C&DST laboratory.
Regimen for Previously Treated cases: This regimen is prescribed for TB patients who
have had more than one month anti-tuberculosis treatment previously. These patients are
at a higher risk of having drug resistance. Hence, 5 drugs are prescribed in the intensive
phase, and the total duration of treatment is 8 months. Relapses, Treatment After Default,
Failures and Others are treated with this regimen.
Treatment is given in two phases. For “Previously Treated” cases, the intensive phase
consists of two months (24 doses, 8 weeks) of isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R), pyrazinamide
(Z), ethambutol (E) and streptomycin (S), followed by one month (12 doses, 4 weeks) of
isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol, all given under direct observation thrice
a week on alternate days. Patient is subjected for follow up sputum examination at the end
of three months. If the sputum smear is positive at the end of 3 months of treatment, the
intensive phase drugs (H, R, Z and E) are extended for another one month (12 doses, 4
weeks). Irrespective of the sputum results at the end extended intensive phase, 5 months
(22 weeks) of continuation phase is started. If the sputum remains positive at the end of the
extended intensive phase, sputum is sent to an accreditated RNTCP C&DST laboratory for
culture and drug susceptibility testing. The continuation phase consists of 5 months (22
weeks; 66 doses) of isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol given thrice a week on alternate
days, with at least the first dose of every week being directly observed.
Experience in India and elsewhere has shown that this treatment regimen, if taken
regularly, is effective and cures most patients. Relapse cases generally have better
outcomes than those who are ‘Failure’ or ‘Treatment After Default’ cases. But even
these latter types of patients generally respond well to treatment, provided they take it
regularly and complete the treatment.
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The table below indicates the treatment regimen, type of patients and regimens prescribed.
1
Regimen
Treatment
Type of patient Intensive Continuation
groups
Phase (IP) Phase (CP)
Sputum smear-positive
Sputum smear-negative 2H3R3Z3E3
New* 4H3R3
Extra-pulmonary
Others
Smear-positive relapse
Previously Smear-positive failure 2H3R3Z3E3S3
5H3R3E3
Treated** Smear-positive treatment after default / 1H3R3Z3E3
2
Others
1. The number before the letters refers to the number of months of treatment. The subscript after the letters refers
to the number of doses per week.
The dosage strengths are as follows: Isoniazid (H) 600 mg, Rifampicin (R) 450 mg, Pyrazinamide (Z) 1500 mg,
Ethambutol (E) 1200 mg,Streptomycin (S) 750 mg.
• Patients who weigh 60 kg or more receive additional rifampicin 150 mg.
• Patients who are more than 50 years old receive streptomycin 500 mg. Patients who weigh less than 30 kg,
receive drugs as per Paediatric weight band boxes according to body weight.
2. In rare and exceptional cases, patients who are sputum smear-negative or who have extra-pulmonary disease
can have recurrence or non-resonse . This diagnosis in all such cases should always be made by an MO and
should be supported by culture or histological evidence of current, active TB. In these cases, the patient should
be typed as ‘Others’ and given treatment regimen for previously treated
* New includes former categories I and III
** Previously treated is former category II.
The table below indicates the blisters and doses in the regimen:
Regimen for New cases treatment consists of total 78 doses and for previously treated
cases consists of 102 doses.
IP* CP
Regimen for Extended IP
Blisters Doses blister and Blisters Doses
doses
New cases 24 24 12 18 54
(Cat-I)
Previously 36 36 12 22 66
treated cases
(Cat-II)
* Prolongation of IP for one month (12 doses) is given to new cases and previously treated cases who remain positive
at the end of Intensive Phase
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2
Rifampicin (R) 450mg 1 x 450 mg
3
Streptomycin (S) 0.75g -
1
Adult patients who weigh <30kgs receive drugs in PWBs from the respective weight band suggested
for paediatric patients
2
Patients who weigh ≥60 kg at the start of treatment are given an extra 150 mg of rifampicin
3
Patients over 50 years of age are given 0.5 g of streptomycin
Treatment of Pediatric TB
Pediatric cases are to be treated under RNTCP with the same thrice weekly short course
chemotherapy regimens (“New” or “Previously treated”) given under DOT as for adult
patients. They are to be registered in the respective RNTCP TB Register. Pediatric patient-
wise boxes are available with different dosages as two product codes to be used under four
weight bands for children weighing 6 to 10 kgs, 11 to 17 kgs, 18 to 25 kgs and 26 to 30
kgs..
Wherever possible, before a child is started on the “Previously Treated” regimen, s/he
should be examined by a Pediatrician or TB expert.
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Pediatric patient wise boxes for new cases according to weight band
For New cases Prolongation of IP
Weight band
IP CP
6-10 Kg PC 13
PC 15
11-17 Kg PC 14
PC 16
18-25 Kg PC 13 + PC 14 PC 15 + PC16
26-30 Kg* PC 14 x 2 PC 16 x 2
* For children weighing >30 kgs, adult PWB are to be used
Pediatric patient wise boxes for previously treated cases according to weight band
Prolongation
For previously treated cases
Weight of IP
IP CP
(PC 13+ PC15) (PC 13 + 54 Tab E 200 mg) PC 15
6-10 Kg + +
(24 vials inj sm*) (PC 15 without Z)
(PC 14 + PC16) (PC 14 + 54 E 400 mg) PC 16
11-17
+ +
Kg
(24 vials inj sm*) (PC 16 without Z)
(PC 13 + PC 14 + PC 15 + (PC 13 + PC14 + 54 Tab E 600 PC 15 + PC
18-25 PC 16) mg) 16
Kg + +
(24 vials inj sm*) (PC 15+ PC 16 without Z)
(PC 14 x 2)+ (PC 16 x 2) (PC 14 x 2+ 54 Tab E 800 mg) PC 16 x 2
26-30 + +
KG (24 vials inj sm*) (2 x PC 16 without Z)
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treatment in an RNTCP area. The justification for initiating patient on non-DOTS treatment
should be specified in the “Remarks” column of the treatment card and TB register.
Isoniazid - 300 mg
Ethambutol - 800 mg
Streptomycin - 750 mg (500 mg for those >50 years of age).
Those who weigh less than 30 kgs receive dosages calculated as per body-weight.
For the purpose of identifying an ideal DOT provider and an appropriate DOT Centre, a
DOT Directory should be maintained at PHI level. This directory should contain a locality-
wise list of DOT Centres / DOT Providers in the area. It should be updated regularly. DOT
can be provided by anyone other than the member of patient’s family. It is the responsibility
of the Government field staff (PHWs / MPWs) to organize and ensure DOT for the patient.
They would also monitor and supervise the community DOT Providers in their respective
sub centres.
If the patient is to be given DOT by a Peripheral Health Worker (PHW) / community DOT
Provider, a duplicate treatment card will be prepared and given to the PHW. The MO of the
PHI will give the patient-wise box containing drugs for the entire duration of treatment to the
PHW and records the same in the drug stock register maintained at the PHI.
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The PHW visits the house of the patient as soon as possible for confirmation of the
residential address and has a detailed dialogue with the patient and other members of the
family. Patient should be started on treatment within a week. Emphasis is given to the
points similar to the ones mentioned above for the MO-PHI. This opportunity should also be
used for screening of contacts. The initial home visit should be recorded in treatment card
in the space provided. A convenient location for drug administration and a suitable DOT
provider is decided mutually by the PHW and the patient.
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• Organizes DOT
MO PHI • Identifies DOT provider
• Sends PWB with duplicate treatment card
to DOT Provider
• Refers to ICTC
• Address verification
• Motivation ,
PHW • Contact tracing
• Arranges for DOT
• Updates original treatment card at PHI
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Peripheral health worker should visit patient’s residence before the commencement
of the treatment. However this should not result in delay in treatment initiation
A community DOT provider is a person who has volunteered to administer DOT as per the
programme guidelines and is:
• from the community where patient resides,
• but not a Government health worker and
• not a member of the family
For example a school teacher, shop-keeper, Anganwadi worker, NGO volunteer, priest,
ASHA could be the DOT providers.
In case, the DOT is organized through a community DOT provider, then duplicate TB
treatment card, patient wise boxes and TB identity card are handed over by the PHW.
Sputum container for collection of morning samples for follow-up sputum examinations is
also provided. The name of the DOT center and name and designation of the DOT provider
should be entered in treatment card in the space provided. On the spot training has to be
imparted for the community DOT provider, by the PHW, regarding directly observed
treatment, adverse reactions, follow-up sputum examination and recording of drug intake,
before starting treatment. The DOT provider should also be trained to impart health
education to the patient. The PHW is responsible for supervising and ensuring DOT and
updating of the original treatment card at the PHI on a fortnightly basis. In case the patient
interrupts treatment, PHW will help the community DOT worker in retrieving the patients.
The MO of the PHI (where treatment card was opened) and the STS should also supervise
DOT on a regular basis. DTO and MO-TC should support them in their efforts through field-
visits.
During the intensive phase of treatment, each and every dose is taken under direct
observation of the DOT Provider. DOT is administered at a place which is convenient to
both patient and DOT provider. This place is designated as DOT center. However, in
situations where patient is bed-ridden, DOT should be administered under supervision at
the patient’s home by the PHW or community DOT Provider.
The DOT provider indicates the drug administration by a tick mark against the days in the
appropriate box on the tuberculosis treatment card. Patient is also asked about adverse
drug reactions and, if necessary, referred to the MO. Patient is referred to the Designated
Microscopy Centre (DMC) for follow-up sputum examinations. When patient reports to the
DMC along with an early morning sputum sample on the scheduled day, a spot sputum
sample is also collected.
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During the continuation phase (CP), at least the first dose of the weekly blister must be
administered under direct observation. The patient collects rest of the drugs for the week
from the DOT Provider and consumes them at home. Patient should be explained the
method of taking the remaining part of the blister. When the patient reports for next weekly
collection of drugs, empty blister pack of the previous week should be returned to the DOT
provider and the same is retained in the PWB.
Patient should be referred for follow-up sputum examinations at the prescribed intervals.
• Diagnosis
• Cause and spread of disease
• Treatment related information
1. Reassuring that TB is curable
2. Importance of regular and complete treatment
3. Importance of treatment being given under DOT.
4. Duration of treatment, Intensive phase & Continuation Phase
5. Adherence to follow-up schedules
6. Early disappearance of symptoms is not a sign of cure, treatment to be stopped only
when advised by the treating physician.
7. Treatment is available free of cost
8. Other important issues:
• Role of isolation, rest and diet
• Cough hygiene and sputum disposal
• Provision of transfer facility during treatment
• Referral for HIV counselling and testing
• Smoking / alcohol abuse
• Co-morbid conditions for example diabetes, renal failure, patient on immuno-
suppressive drugs
• Sensitization on adverse reactions
• Importance of screening symptomatic contacts and children below 6 years and
chemoprophylaxis
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Information is to be provided at the treatment initiation and periodically during the treatment.
Patients are reassured that they are being provided effective, high-quality curative care.
Patients are encouraged to continue their treatment by drawing their attention to the gain in
weight and relief of symptoms. In RNTCP, the patient is the VIP and should be treated
accordingly.
Cause and spread of disease: Efforts should be made to clear the taboos associated with
the disease. It should be explained to the patient that TB is caused by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis through droplet infection from patient suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis.
The disease neither runs in the family (hereditary) nor is a curse.
DOT and its necessity: It is important for the patient to take the drugs under observation.
The real purpose of direct observation is to develop a human bond with the patient and not
to mechanically watch the patient swallow the drugs. Patients if given self administered
treatment are likely to take it irregularly or discontinue the treatment upon relief of
symptoms. Early Disappearance of symptoms is not a sign of cure. It is very important
for the patient to know the duration of treatment and understand the necessity of taking all
prescribed drugs regularly. It is dangerous to take only part of the prescribed drugs
because in such cases the disease may become incurable.
A place mutually convenient to the patient and the provider can be chosen for provision of
DOT. The necessity of direct observation of every dose of drugs taken during the intensive
phase and the first dose of the weekly blister pack during the continuation phase should be
emphasized to the patient. Patient is also explained about the importance of sputum smear
conversion at the end of 2(3) months and at the completion of treatment. Patient should be
made aware that treatment services are provided free of cost.
Role of rest, special diet and isolation: Patient and family members are made to
understand that once the treatment is started, patient ceases to spread the infection and
there is no need to isolate him in terms of accommodation, use of utensils and clothes. At
the same time, health staff should be careful enough not to over emphasize on special diet
and rest. They can be told to take the food they can afford and rest only if constrained by
physical weakness. Patient should be impressed that it is the treatment alone which cures.
Cough hygiene and sputum disposal: Patient should be educated in exercising the
cough hygiene- not resorting to indiscriminate coughing and spitting and covering mouth
while coughing or sneezing.
Provision of transfer facility during treatment: In case the patient wishes to shift or
migrate to other TU / district / state after the initiation of the treatment, patient should be
informed that there is a provision of transfer facility for treatment. Any such event should be
duly informed to the treating medical officer for completing the formalities for transfer and
necessary arrangement for further treatment.
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Referral for HIV counselling and testing: All the patients diagnosed as TB cases should
be encouraged and referred to the nearest ICTC for HIV testing.
Adherence to follow-up schedules: The patients should be impressed upon the necessity
of complying with periodic follow-up sputum examination schedule as advised. This will help
in objective assessment of response to the treatment. Conversion to smear negativity is a
fore-runner of successful treatment.
Smoking: It should be impressed upon the patient that smoking of tobacco will adversely
affect the treatment outcome. The patients should be protected from passive smoking. The
environment of the patient has to be smoke free at home / office and at clinic. Smoking
status of the TB patient should be checked at every interaction. The Medical Officer has to
help the patient with simple tips to quit smoking. However, if this does not yield any positive
result, he should be referred to the smoking cessation clinic.
Alcohol abuse: History of addiction to alcohol should be elicited. If found alcoholic, the
patient should be advised to strictly refrain from alcohol as it would increase the chances of
patient developing hepatitis (Jaundice), irregularity in drug intake and adverse treatment
outcome. The patients should be encouraged to give up alcohol with the help of frequent
motivation, family and social support.
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Age and sex : Age and sex of the patient is recorded. Estimated age is recorded if actual
age is not known.
Complete address and phone number of the patient: Complete address with land marks
is recorded which will facilitate in locating patients residence in case of interruption of
treatment. The same has to be verified at the time of initial home visit by the health worker.
The telephone numbers both landline and mobile of the patient if available are also to be
recorded along with the address.
Occupation of the patient: Occupation may be specified. If unemployed, the same may be
stated. Nature of occupation will help in arranging suitable DOT facility and retrieval in case
of interruptions. For example a truck driver who needs to travel out for a long time, one of
his colleagues can be made DOT provider.
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Name, address and phone number of the contact person: Name and address of a
person, identified by the patient and known to him and residing in same locality is recorded.
DOT provider and member of the family residing in the same house are not considered as
contact person. A relative not from the same household, community/tribal leader, village
doctor, community volunteer could be contact persons. This person can be contacted in
case the patient is not traceable following interruption of treatment. Relationship of the
contract person to the patient may be specified.
TB number with year: TB number will be assigned by the STS within a month of initiation
of treatment in the TB register. The same number is reflected in the treatment card. It is
easy to identify the patient by number rather than by name. This number will facilitate
monitoring of the treatment and cross checking the data in other related documents. For
example, it is denoted as 12 / 2008. Here, 12 indicates the TB Number and the 2008
indicates the year in which it was registered.
Name of the PHI: Name of the PHI where the treatment is initiated is recorded.
Name, designation and contact number of DOT provider: Designation of the DOT
provider namely Anganwadi worker/staff nurse/ ANM/ Health Inspector/, ASHA, NGO/,
Health Visitor/ Laboratory technician/ Pharmacist/ is indicated. While identifying the DOT
provider, care is taken to ensure that member of the family is not chosen.
DOT centre: A place which is mutually convenient for the patient and DOT provider where
Directly Observed Treatment can be administered is identified and the same is recorded.
For example a PHI, sub-centre, school, shop, etc.
Initial home visit: Name and designation of the person undertaking the initial home visit for
address verification with date are recorded. This will ensure accountability and authenticity.
Initial home visit will ascertain the reliability, completeness of address and changes if any. It
is necessary to confirm the residential status of the patient from the neighbourhood. The
details regarding the work place will also benefit in retrieving patient in case of interruption
of treatment.
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History of previous anti TB treatment: This is crucial for deciding the treatment
regimen. Patients should be assured that revealing of facts about previous history of
treatment for TB is in their best interest. The medical officers should impress upon the
patients the importance of providing the complete facts, without any apprehension of
discrimination with regard to subsequent treatment. Detailed and carefully elicited previous
history of disease and the intake of anti-TB drugs helps in deciding the type of patients and
treatment to be administered. While eliciting the history, emphasis should be given for
ascertaining the following:
Previous history from patients Review of available record / documents
Treatment Regimen
Usually the MO of the PHI (where the treatment has to be initiated) will decide which
treatment regimen a patient should be prescribed. Treatment regimen prescribed for the
patient is ticked appropriately in the box provided. Number of tablets of the drugs
prescribed in the regimen is also recorded in the boxes provided. In case an extra capsule
of 150mg of rifampicin is prescribed for patients weighing 60 kg or more it is denoted as
1+150mg. For recording the administration of Streptomycin injection, the strength of the
streptomycin given like 0.5gms / 0.75 gms is indicated in the box meant. Patients aged
over 50 years or weighing less than 30 kgs are given 0.5 g of streptomycin.
Intensive phase
Month and year
Month and year of initiating the intensive phase is recorded.
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The date/day (for example on 10th April) on which patient fails to attend for DOT, is denoted
by a circle (0) in the appropriate box. In case the patient attends to collect the drug the next
day (for example on 11th April) the drugs missed are administered on that day and
continues to take the drugs as per scheduled day (for example on 12th of April).
Month
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
/ year
April
10 √ √ √ S √ 0 √ √ S
On the other hand, if the dose is entirely missed and the patient does not report to the
health facility even on the next day then the dose is given on the next scheduled day. It
should be ensured that all the doses in the intensive phase, should be administered before
the continuation phase is initiated. For example, patient was scheduled to come on 17th
April but does not turn up on 17th or even on 18th but reports on 19th. Hence, the dose due
on 17th is given on 19th and so on and so forth.
Month
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
/ year
April
10 √ 0 √ S √ √ √ S
Continuation phase
Drug administration in the continuation phase is recorded on the reverse side of the
treatment card. Treatment regimen prescribed for the patient is ticked appropriately in the
box provided. Number of tablets of the drugs prescribed in the regimen is also recorded in
the boxes provided above the drugs.
During the continuation phase of treatment, patients collect the weekly blisters once a week
on a designated day. First dose of the weekly blister is administered under direct
observation and the remaining doses in the weekly blister are given to the patient for self-
administration. The month and the year in which the patient will be collecting drugs during
the continuation phase are written under the Month and year column in the table on the
reverse of the Tuberculosis Treatment Card. An ‘X’ is recorded in the appropriate box
(according to the dates of the month 1 – 31 as the case may be) to indicate the day the
drugs were consumed under direct observation. A line is drawn through the remaining days
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of the week (after the X) to indicate that the drugs for the remaining period of the week
have been given (recorded as X------------------------) for self administration.
If the patient misses a weekly drug collection in the continuation phase completely, a circle
is recorded on the day of the missed collection. On day of the subsequent visit the
treatment is given and recorded as follows leaving the boxes blank as shown below:
Month /
year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
June S
S X S X
10
Monitoring of drug administration can be done by comparing the stock of drugs available in
the patient-wise boxes with the dosages given and marked in the Tuberculosis Treatment
Card. Any observed variation should be looked into and remedial measures taken.
Two sputum samples are to be collected, one as early morning and the other as spot
sample. The follow-up schedule for sputum collection and smear examination is provided
in the table below.
End of IP Extended IP * 2 months into CP End of treatment
Give sputum cup
Collect sputum #
Collect sputum #
#
Result by end of
Collect sputum
the treatment
sputum and
Category
Collect the
Result by
Result by
Result by
New ** 22 23 24 34 35 36 8 9 10 17 18
Previously 34 35 36 46 47 48 8 9 10 21 22
Treated
* The Intensive Phase is extended by four weeks (12 doses) in initially smear positive PTB patients who
continue to be positive at the end of the2 months of IP.
# Early morning and spot specimens will be collected on this day.
** The numbers during the IP represent doses, whereas during the CP they represent weekly blister packs
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It must be ensured that the patients undergo the follow-up sputum smear examination as
scheduled and the last follow-up sputum examination is done before the completion of the
last dose of treatment.
The results of follow up sputum smear examination done at the end of treatment should be
available not later than two week of completion of treatment, so that appropriate outcome
for the patient can be given in the TB Treatment Card.
The patient is to be seen by the treating physician on the following occasions:
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Follow up clinically
Refer to Pediatrician / TB
specialist for assessment
Clinical assessment and X-ray
(consider sputum examination)
at completion of treatment
Failure
review diagnosis
extend IP by 1 month
Regimen for
previously treated
No improvement = Pediatric
non-responder
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If a patient in the intensive phase (IP) does not take medication as scheduled, s/he should
be traced and given the medication on the next day. The medication for the following day is
given as per schedule. For example, if a patient is receiving DOT on Mondays,
Wednesdays and Fridays, but does not take medication on Wednesday, the patient should
be found on Thursday and given medication (late dose), and should take the next dose of
medication on Friday, returning to the previous schedule.
If a patient entirely misses any dose of medicine (does not come on two consecutive days
in IP or 7 days in CP), these doses must be made up at the end of the scheduled period. If
the DOT Provider is not successful in retrieving such patients, it should be reported to next
higher level of supervisors (e.g. MPW, MO-PHI, STS, MO-TC etc.). If the patient misses
DOT on two occasions in the intensive phase, DOT Provider should arrange a visit by the
MO-PHI to the patient’s home. The MO-PHI can review the reasons for the same, give
intensive counseling to the patient and, if required, ensure that DOT is made more
convenient for the patient.
Despite all efforts, if the patient does not return for treatment within 2 months of interruption
of treatment, the outcome of treatment should be recorded as “Defaulted” and the reason
should be mentioned in the “remarks” column of the treatment card and the patient wise
box should be returned to the PHI, and thereafter to the DTC for reconstitution
The number of doses to be administered must be strictly adhered to. The total duration of
interruptions in IP and CP should not exceed two months.
In DOT centres with large numbers of patients, Tuberculosis Treatment Cards should be
organized according to the day of scheduled drug administration and the phase of
treatment (i.e. one box for intensive phase and one box for continuation phase). When the
patient consumes the medication under direct observation, the Tuberculosis Treatment
Card should be placed behind the divider for the next scheduled observation (e.g. from
Monday to Wednesday during the intensive phase). In this manner, the Tuberculosis
Treatment Cards of patients who do not present for treatment will be apparent on the same
day, facilitating appropriate retrieval action of patients.
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Patient Transfers:
A new treatment card has to be opened while initiating the treatment for ‘transfer in’ cases.
The previous Treatment Cards of such patients have to be retained in the health facility
where the patient was originally initiated on treatment till the final outcome is reported.
In a case of ‘Transfer in’, a Tuberculosis Transfer Form (refer to format of records at the
end of the module is filled up and sent along with a copy of the Tuberculosis Treatment
Card from the “transferring unit”, i.e., referring health facility / TU to the “receiving unit”, i.e.,
health facility/ TU where the patient will receive further treatment. The transfer form has four
parts and should be filled up in triplicate.
The first part of the form contains general information of the patient, disease, treatment
details and address of the transferring unit. This information should be used to complete a
new Tuberculosis Treatment Card for the patient. When the patient reports to the receiving
unit, the lower most (fourth) part of the form is completed by the receiving unit and
returned to the transferring unit as a receipt of an acknowledgement. The third and second
part are meant for communicating the results of sputum at the end of intensive phase and
treatment outcome respectively, to the transferring unit.
- Type of patient
- Recording of drug administration
- Follow up sputum smear results
- DST Reports
- Recording in remarks column
The relevant outcome along with the date is recorded in the line provided for this on the
reverse of the treatment card. A patient will have only one outcome at a time.
For determination of ‘Cure’ and ‘Treatment completed’, the date of outcome is the date on
which the last tablet in the weekly blister was consumed.
For the determination of date of outcome in cases of Failure, the date on which the sputum
was found to be positive during the treatment is taken as date of outcome.
For ‘Defaulted’, ‘Transferred out’ and ‘Died’ the date on which the event occurred is taken
as a date of outcome.
The treatment outcome has to be recorded on the Treatment Card and in the TB register
within one month of the event. Declaration of the treatment outcome has to be decided
upon and signed with date by the MO.
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Cured
Initially sputum smear positive patient who has completed treatment and had negative
sputum smears on two occasions, one of which is at the end of the treatment is declared as
cured.
Treatment completed
• Initially sputum smear positive patient who has completed treatment with negative
smears at end of the intensive phase / two months in the continuation phase, but none
at the end of treatment, the outcome is declared as treatment completed.
or
• Initially sputum smear negative patient who has received full course of treatment and
has not become smear positive at the end of the treatment
or
• Extra pulmonary TB patient who has received full course of treatment and has not
become smear positive during or at the end of treatment is also declared as treatment
completed.
Died
Patient who died during the course of treatment regardless of cause is declared as ‘Died’.
Failure
Any TB patient who is smear positive at five months or more after starting the treatment is
considered as ‘Failure’.
Defaulted
A Patient after treatment initiation has interrupted treatment consecutively for >2 months
Transferred out
A patient who has been transferred to another TU / district / state and whose treatment
outcome is not available is considered as ‘Transferred Out’.
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Chemoprophylaxis
Preventive chemotherapy with isoniazid (H) is administered to all the children aged 6 years
and below who are in contact with smear positive pulmonary TB case. The number of such
children residing in the household should be enquired during the initial home visit. The
parents are advised to bring children to the Health Centre for screening for the evidence of
TB. They are examined and investigated to rule out TB disease. If found to be suffering
from disease they should be treated appropriately. Children found eligible for
chemoprophylaxis after ruling out the TB are to be administered preventive chemotherapy
with INH 5mg/kg body weight daily for 6 months.
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The number of children below 6 years of age, the number screened for TB and the number
put on chemoprophylaxis should be mentioned on the reverse of the treatment card (see
below).
Nos. of children below 6 Nos. put on chemoprophylaxis
Nos. screened for TB
Yrs
Remarks column
The following information has to be recorded in the remarks column
• Adverse drug reactions, if any
• Reasons for unsupervised dose(s)
• Reason for discontinuation of drug collection (e.g., patient transferred to another district)
• Details of hospitalization if any during the treatment
• Information on dispatch of sputum for culture of sensitivity tests
• Any other relevant information about the patient such as smoking, diabetes mellitus,
pregnancy status etc.,
1.
2.
3.
1. HIV Status:
i. HIV testing is a voluntary procedure and not mandatory. Patients not willing for
HIV testing or sharing their HIV test result should not be forced to undergo testing
or disclose their HIV status.
ii. If HIV status of the patient is known, tick the appropriate box (‘Pos’ or ‘Neg’) and
record the date of test along with PID Number if available. If the HIV status is not
known, don’t tick any box initially.
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iii. Patients already on HIV care should not be required to show proof of HIV test
result
iv. If the HIV status is ascertained during the course of TB treatment, the latest
information should be updated on the card.
v. If HIV status of the patient remains unknown at the end of the treatment, tick the
appropriate box (‘unknown’), at the time of declaring treatment outcome for the
patient.
Exercise 1
Case 1: Raju
Review the TB Treatment Card on next page and give your comments
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Treatment Card
State: Karnataka City / District with code: Mysore TB Unit with code_____________ Patient TB No / Year: 4299
Name: Raju Sex M F Age: 52 Occupation_________________
Complete Address & Telephone number ____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Name, Address & Phone No. of contact Person: Krishna Rao, surpanch
Name and designation of DOT provider & Phone.No ___________________________________PHI: __________________________
Name of DOT Centre __________________________________ Signature of MO with date _____________________________
Initial home visit by __________ Ph.No.___________Date ________ Smear Patient
Month Date DMC Lab. No.
Result Weight
Pretreatment 4/4 A 128 2+
Disease Classification Type of Patient End of IP/Extended IP 29/5 246 1+
Pulmonary New Relapse 2 Months X CP 26/7 210 NEG
Extra Pulmonary site Transfer in Treatment Failure End Treatment 30/9 S 506 NEG
______________ TAD Others Specify)________
H R Z E H R Z E S
Month/
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
year
April 97 S S 0 S S
May 97 S 0 S S S 0
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CPT:
• If the patient is HIV-infected, and not already being provided CPT from any other
source, MO (PHI) is to prescribe CPT by ticking in the section on CPT in TB ID
Card.
• Institutional DOT provider on seeing the ticked box provides monthly supply of
CPT and records the same on Original treatment card.
All the above information elicited will help in choosing the strategy of managing the
interruption (see flowchart ).
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Treatment Interruption
Continue same Initial treatment of <1 month Initial treatment of >1 month
treatment to complete
all doses
Repeat smear examination
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Hepatitis: Anorexia / Isoniazid, STOP all anti • Rule out other causes of
Nausia / vomiting / Rifampicin or TB drugs, hepatitis
Jaundice Pyrazinamide Refer patient • Do not restart treatment
for evaluation till symptoms resolve
and liver enzymes return
to baseline levels
• If liver enzymes cannot
be performed wait for 2
weeks after jaundice has
disappeared to restart
treatment
• Restart treatment with
one drug at a time
starting with Rifampicin
INH Pyrazinamide.
• In patients with severe
disease in whom
treatment cannot be
stopped use a non
hepatotoxic regimen
consisting of
Streptomycin and
Ethambutol
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Situation Management
Hospitalization Some of the indications for hospitalization:-
Extremely ill patients.
Patients with frequent haemoptysis, pneumothorax or
massive pleural effusion leading to breathlessness
Cases requiring surgical intervention.
Tuberculous Patient should be referred to the hospital. Streptomycin is to
meningitis replace ethambutol in IP. The continuation phase should be
extended by 3 months in both new and previously treated
cases. Steroids should be given initially and gradually
tapered over 6–8 weeks.
Treatment of TB Streptomycin is absolutely contraindicated during entire
during pregnancy pregnancy. Breast feeding can be continued even when
and postnatal mother is on treatment for TB but mother should continue to
period practice cough hygiene. Child should be administered
preventive chemoprophylaxis as per guidelines.
Treatment in Rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide can be safely given
patients with renal as they are excreted in entero-hepatic circulation. Dosage of
failure streptomycin and ethambutol, should be adjusted according
to the creatinine clearance.
Women on oral Rifampicin decreases the efficiency of oral contraceptives by
contraceptive pills increasing their metabolism. Increase in dosage of the oral
contraceptive or switch over to alternate methods of
contraception is advisable
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If the patient is not residing in If the patient resides in the same TU area, on
the same TU area, on discharge he is sent to the PHI nearer to
discharge patient is his/her residence to continue and complete
transferred to PHI/TU nearest treatment
to his/her residence, to
continue and complete
treatment
All indoor patients treated under RNTCP, should be registered under the local TU where
the hospital/Medical College is located. The smear conversion and treatment outcome of all
the transferred patients should be sent back by the TU where the patient was transferred to
the TU of the hospital/medical college. (Refer to the flow chart below for Management of
Indoor Patients).
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HIV-infected TB patients should be promptly referred to the nearest ART centre by the
treating physicians and ICTC counsellors. This visit to the ART centre, should preferably
occur at least two weeks after initiation of TB treatment, to ensure reduction in the potential
of TB transmission from these patients prior to the visit to the centres being visited by large
numbers of HIV-infected persons. TB patients referred to ART centres should be carefully
educated on cough hygiene.
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having a Medical Officer and an institutional DOT centre. The CPT should be procured,
packed and supplied in monthly pouches at the state level. The local distribution is to be
supervised by RNTCP staff in coordination with NACP. In this mechanism, CPT is delivered
by the peripheral health institute staff, and not community DOT providers, to maintain
confidentiality regarding HIV status within the health-care system.
Treatment of TB in HIV positive patients on second line ART/ alternate First Line with
Protease Inhibitors (PI) based regimen
Another rifamycin, Rifabutin is a less potent inducer of CYP 3A4 liver enzyme as compared
to rifampicin, while being equally safe and effective for treatment of TB. It can be
administered in the presence of PI-containing ART regimen without compromising the
efficacy of ART or Anti TB treatment. In the presence of the boosting drug like Ritonavir
(PI), rifabutin metabolism is also altered, and less rifabutin is needed than would be without
ritonavir.
Therefore in patients taking lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) based ART regimens, NACP and
RNTCP have recommended the substitution of rifabutin for rifampicin for the duration of TB
treatment. The dosage of rifabutin during the administration of second line ART regimen
containing LPV/r shall be 150 mg Rifabutin, dosed thrice-weekly for all patients >30 kg
weight.
The rifabutin will be supplied through the respective State TB Cell on individual basis.
Hence the past and present history of tobacco smoking (cigarette / beedi / pipe / cigar /
hukka) should be elicited from each TB case at the time of initiating treatment. Smoking
cessation advice to current smokers should become an integral part of TB case
management. Such interventions may help improve outcomes of anti-TB treatment and
reduce transmission of infection in the short term, and improve the quality of life of TB
cases by preventing chronic respiratory and other disease associated with smoking in the
long term. Tobacco cessation advice has been demonstrated to be successful in TB cases
even in the absence of costly Nicotine Replacement Therapy.
Patients who smoke should be motivated to make an informed decision to stop smoking. All
cases should be informed personally about the harmful effects of smoking on health in
general and the potential for poorer outcomes of anti-TB treatment with continued smoking.
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The potential benefits of stopping smoking to the health of the individual should be suitably
communicated. The patient’s past experience with cessation and relapse of smoking may
be discussed in an understanding atmosphere. Patients may be told that they can be
successful even if they have not been able to quit smoking at earlier attempts. During the
conversation, the patients are asked to identify situations and moods that trigger smoking
(working/getting out of bed/having a cup of coffee/pleasant moments/while dealing with
personal or professional problems/ group smoking). They are encouraged to devise their
own ways to respond to the circumstances that encourage smoking.
Patients should also be advised not to smoke in the presence of others, since increased
frequency of coughing due to smoking increases the risk of TB infection among their
household and other contacts. That smoking is prohibited in public places according to
‘Prohibition of Smoking in Public Places Rules, 2008’ may be clearly communicated to
them.
This is a form of counseling. Before saying anything to motivate the patient to quit tobacco
use, the health professional needs to identify the tobacco user and find out the stage of
readiness to change that the patient is in, by asking a few questions.
If the patient is at least thinking about (contemplating) quitting, the doctor can find out the
patients roadblocks (barriers) to quitting and help the patient see ways to overcome these.
This process may be enough to help the patient get ready to quit (without pushing).
At the next visit, this process should be repeated so that the information about relevance,
risks of continuing and rewards of quitting can sink in a little more and some roadblocks
removed.
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As you can see, the doctor must try to make the tobacco user think about quitting. This is
important because there are so many other forces acting that are difficult to control,
physiological compulsions to use tobacco, learned habits, social pressures, accessibility
etc,. Engaging the mind of the tobacco user, bolstering it with new knowledge and a sense
of caring by the person counseling can help motivate him/her to change. Follow-up is
important to help keep the tobacco user on track until he or she is confident about
remaining tobacco free.
However in general the treatment for TB in patients with diabetes is the same as for those
patients who are non-diabetic. In a few cases, rifampicin may induce early phase
hyperglycemia due to augmented intestinal absorption. Although relapse rates themselves
are unchanged, in diabetics who relapse the prognosis is poorer.
Selection of appropriate treatment regimen for patients by medical officer, after eliciting
history of previous treatment, is very important. The diagnosed patients should be
explained why it is essential to reveal previous TB treatment and to take drugs under direct
observation. Similarly, DOT Providers should be educated and convinced about the
importance of Directly Observed Treatment (DOT). DOTS has been documented to not only
prevent the emergence of multidrug resistant TB, but also to decrease its prevalence in the
community.
Prevention of MDR-TB is given priority under RNTCP rather than its treatment
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Management of MDR-TB
National guidelines and plans for scaling up the management of MDR-TB have been
developed under RNTCP. In the interim, while RNTCP DOTS Plus services are being
expanded across the country, all health care providers in the public and private sector
managing MDR-TB cases, need to adhere to the national guidelines.
Identification of MDR-TB suspects: The following are the criteria to label a patient as
MDR-TB suspect.
• A new smear positive patient remaining smear positive at the end of fifth month.
• A new smear negative patient becoming smear positive at the end of fifth month.
• A patient treated with regimen for previously treated remaining positive at fourth month
• Smear positive contacts of an established / confirmed MDR-TB case
Diagnosis of MDR-TB
For patients in whom drug resistance is suspected, diagnosis of MDR-TB should be done
through culture and drug susceptibility testing from a quality-assured laboratory. On being
diagnosed as an MDR-TB case, the patient will be referred to a designated state level
DOTS-Plus site. These sites are specialized centres which are limited in number. At least
one such center is expected to be in each state which has ready access to an RNTCP
accredited culture and DST laboratory. The DOTS-Plus site will be supported by qualified
staff available to manage patients using the second-line RNTCP MDR-TB regimen given
under daily DOT and standardized follow up protocols. There will be a mechanism to deliver
ambulatory DOT after an initial short period of up to one week of in-patient care to stabilize
the patient on second line drug regimen. Logistics and standardized information will be
made available in such place.
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Duration of treatment
At least Intensive Phase (IP) should be given 6 months. It is extended up to seven / eight /
nine months in patients who have a positive culture result taken in fourth / fifth / sixth month
of treatment correspondingly. Continuation Phase (CP) is given for 18 months following
the IP.
Follow-up schedule
Smear examination should be conducted monthly during the IP and at least quarterly during
the CP. Culture examination should be done at least at 4, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of
treatment.
To reduce the risk of development of resistance to second-line anti-TB drugs and promote
optimal treatment outcomes, all efforts should be made to administer treatment under direct
observation (DOT) over the entire course of treatment.
If DOT is not possible, attempts to ensure treatment adherence should be made by:
• checking empty blister packs;
• follow-up visits at least every month.
• documentation of treatment
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Exercise - 2
Remember that you must make up for missed doses. For this exercise, names and
addresses of contact persons are not given. In practice, the names and addresses of
contact persons must be filled up to aid in retrieving patients who have interrupted
treatment. Use the Laboratory Forms for Sputum Examination you completed in Exercise
Workbook E1 to complete the Tuberculosis Treatment Cards.
Parvathi Sinha (Patient A) is a 16-year-old female who weighs 29 kg. She has never been
treated for tuberculosis before. She has pulmonary and extra-pulmonary (lymph node)
tuberculosis. She started treatment on 8 September. The first 24 doses were all observed
as scheduled except for dose 21 which was given one day late. On follow-up at two
months, she is smear-negative (29 October, Lab No. 612), weighing 45 kg. She then
defaulted on 17 November.
Lakshmi Kumari (Patient B) is a 46-year-old woman who weighs 62 kg. She has never
been treated for tuberculosis before. She started treatment on 15 September and her
sputum is negative at the end of 2 months (31 October, Lab No. 623, 64 kg), 4 months (31
December, Lab No. 720 66 kg) and 6 months (4 March, Lab No. 125, 70 kg). She takes
every dose as prescribed, under direct observation thrice a week in the intensive phase and
once a week under direct observation in the continuation phase.
Kailash Nath (Patient C) is a 35-year-old man who weighs 39 kg. He has been treated for
more than one month for three occasions for TB earlier and has interrupted treatment for
more than 2 months. He starts treatment on 15th September. His drugs are administered
under direct observation in the intensive phase, but doses 12 and 16 were given one day
late. His sputum is positive (1+) at the end of 3 months (3rd December, Lab No. 619, 42 kg).
Dose 40 was given one day late. His sputum is positive at the end of 4 months (2 January,
Lab No. 657). He received all weekly collections in the continuation phase of treatment,
except the fourth week dose which he took one day late. His sputum is positive at the end
of 6 months (23rd February, Lab No. 55, 45 kg) and 9 months (25th May, Lab No. 195, 50
kg). What action should have taken for this patient?
Kiran Kumar (Patient F) is a 37 year old man with two negative sputum smear
examinations, living at 15, Gulmohar Park, whose cough did not improve after a 10 day
course of co-trimoxazole. The sputum examination was repeated on 8th September and
again yielded negative results for two samples. Chest X-ray showed infiltrates in the right
upper and left lower lung fields and it was decided that he should receive a full course of
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anti-TB treatment. He was not treated for Tuberculosis before. His initial weight was 45
Kgs. He began treatment on 15th September. He was referred to ICTC on 22nd September
and found to be HIV positive on 23rd September. He was administered CPT from 24th
September. He was referred to ART center immediately and his CD4 count was 155/Cmm.
He was initiated on ART on 10th October. He missed doses 12 and 18 entirely. His sputum
smear is negative at the end of intensive phase (5th November, lab no. 638, 48 Kg) and 6
months (6th March, Lab No. 146, 50 Kg). No collections were missed during the
continuation phase.
POINTS TO REMEMBER
• Under RNTCP, there is a provision to treat all types of TB patients both in adults and
children irrespective of their HIV status. Facilities for treating MDR TB under DOTS
Plus is being implemented in phased manner.
• Eliciting previous history of treatment for tuberculosis is essential for proper allocation of
treatment regimen to the patient
• A suitable DOT provider and DOT centre should be selected in consultation with the
patient
• All doses in the intensive phase and at least the first of the thrice-weekly dose in the
continuation phase should be given under observation.
• Treatment Card should be filled accurately and it must be complete and up-to-date
• Initial counseling (at the health facility and at patient’s home) is important to achieve
treatment compliance
• Patients missing doses should be traced and put back on treatment within one day in
case of IP and within one week in case of CP
• Streptomycin injections, where required, should be given after the oral drugs are
administered
• Contacts aged six years and below of smear-positive patients must be screened for TB.
If diagnosed as TB, they should be treated for the same. If not, must be administered
chemoprophylaxis.
• Mothers on treatment for TB can continue to Breast feed their infants irrespective of
their sputum status.
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DEFINITIONS: THE REVISED NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL PROGRAMME
Case definitions Type of cases Treatment outcomes
Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Smear New
Positive A TB patient who has never had treatment
for TB or has taken anti-TB drugs for less
Cured
TB in a patient with atleast one smear than one month
Initially sputum smear positive patient who has completed treatment and
positive for AFB out of the two initial Relapse
had negative sputum smears on two occasions, one of which was at the
sputum smear examination by direct A TB patient who was declared cured or
end of the treatment
microscopy treatment completed by a physician and
Treatment completed
who reports back to the health facility and
Initially sputum smear positive patient who has completed treatment with
Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Smear is now found to be sputum smear positive
negative smears at end of the intensive phase / two months in the
Negative Transferred in
continuation phase, but none at the end of the treatment is declared as
A TB patient who has been received for
treatment completed. or
A patient with symptoms suggestive of TB treatment in a Tuberculosis Unit, after
Initially sputum smear negative patient who has received full course of
with two smear examination negative for starting treatment in another TB unit where
treatment and has not become smear positive at the end of the treatment
AFB, with evidence of pulmonary TB by s/he has been registered.
or
microbiological methods (culture positive Treatment after default
Extra pulmonary TB patient who has received full course of treatment and
or by other approved molecular methods) A patient, who has received treatment for
has not become smear positive during or at the end of treatment
or Chest X-ray is classified as having TB for a month or more from any source
Died
smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis and returns for treatment after having
Patient who died during the course of treatment regardless of any cause
defaulted i.e., not taken anti-TB drugs
Failure
Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis* consecutively for two months or more and
Any TB patient who is smear positive at five months or more after initiation
found to be smear-positive
of the treatment and not put on MDR-TB treatment
Tuberculosis in any organ other than Treatment failure
Defaulted
lungs (eg. pleura, lymph nodes, intestine, Any TB patient who is smear-positive at 5
A Patient after treatment initiation has interrupted treatment consecutively
genitor-urinary tract, joint and bones, months or more after initiation of
for >2 months
meninges of the brain etc). treatment.
Chronic
Transferred out
The diagnosis should be based on strong A patient who remains smear-positive after
A patient who has been transferred to another TU and whose treatment
clinical evidence with the following completing regimen for previously treated
outcome is still not available.
investigations but not initiated on MDR-TB treatment
Switched over to MDR-TB Treatment
• Smear / Culture from extrapulmonary Others
A patient who has been diagnosed as having MDR-TB by an RNTCP
sites A patient who does not fit into the any of
accredited laboratory, prior to being declared as “Failure”, and is placed on
• Histopathological examination or the types mentioned above. The reasons
the RNTCP MDR-TB treatment regimen
• Radiological examination or for labeling a patient under this type must
• Biochemical and cytological be specified in the Treatment card and TB
examination including FNAC Register#
* Pleurisy is classified as extra pulmonary tuberculosis, * A patient diagnosed with both smear positive pulmonary and extra pulmonary TB should be classified as pulmonary TB #
Others can come both under new and previously treated.
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Annexure II
IMPROVING INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN RNTCP
TRAINING: KEY CONCEPTS AND SAMPLE ROLE PLAYS
The principles of the RNTCP are:
• Political and administrative commitment
• Good quality diagnosis, primarily by sputum microscopy (using microscopy to examine
sputum smears among patients in health facilities)
• Uninterrupted supply of Good quality drugs (short-course chemotherapy, patient-wise
boxes)
• Direct Observation of treatment (The right treatment, given the right way)
• Systematic monitoring and accountability (outcome of each and every case initiated on
treatment).
Successful application of each of these principles depends, in part, upon developing and
maintaining positive relationships among the individuals who work in the Programme, as
well as with the community and patients who are served by the Programme. While technical
and clinical aspects of the Programme must be adequately addressed, social and
communication dimensions are equally necessary to make this information acceptable, and
to encourage Programme participation. Interpersonal communication (IPC) skills are
invaluable at all levels of the RNTCP, and are powerful tools to help cure patients, and
thereby, to control TB.
For example, quite often patients discontinue treatment as soon as they start feeling better.
They may not understand about drug-resistant TB and that it can be very difficult to cure.
This sort of information needs to be conveyed to patients and their families without causing
undue alarm. Service providers should be able to communicate with the patients in a way
that makes patients feel comfortable and ensures that patients develop confidence in the
service providers and ultimately in the services received. The best way to make a patient
comfortable is to communicate in a language that is easily understood by the patient.
Sympathy and concern about the patient and his/her disease should invariably emerge
during the conversation. Good IPC encourages patients to complete treatment and also
consult the service provider in case of any questions or concerns (such as adverse effects
of the medications). Willingness to contact the service provider to clarify any apprehensions
is an important indicator of good IPC between patients and providers.
In addition to improving interactions with patients, good IPC skills will help RNTCP staff
obtain participation from officials, laboratory personnel, public sector physicians, and
treatment observers.
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Support: To succeed, most of us receive some form of support. Support comes from
something we find within ourselves and/or from peers, family, health workers and others
who are important to us.
To help people change their behaviour, good IPC, or “counseling” skills will work toward
providing information, motivating, helping people to overcome obstacles, and providing
support to try to change.
Types of Communication
There are two types of communication—verbal and non-verbal. Verbal communication is for
correctly providing facts. This is important, but is only one component of communication.
The other component is non-verbal communication.
Non-verbal communication creates the atmosphere of the interaction. It can create either a
welcoming, caring environment that makes the facts acceptable and easy to understand, or
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a formal, confusing, or even hostile environment that makes it difficult for the facts to be
understood or accepted.
The development of good verbal and non-verbal communication by improving IPC skills is
the focus of this module. It will help trainers and trainees to develop insights into and
improve their own behaviour. Role plays are a good way to practice interacting with others
and to improve IPC skills.
Listening and understanding involve more than simply being present while someone is
speaking. Active listening means genuinely hearing the other person’s words. Often, we
think we are listening, but we actually do not pay close attention or do not really hear what
the other person is trying to say. Some key points for improving listening and understanding
skills include:
DO:
• Offer a seat before interacting with the patient
• Allow sufficient time for the interaction
• If time must be limited, give your full attention during the time you have and the same
should be apparent to the patient
• Be prompt so the other person does not have to wait a long time for your attention
• Sit with the other person so you are at their level
• Maintain eye contact
• Move your head to indicate you are paying attention
• Apologize for any unforeseen interruptions
• Ask open-ended questions (questions that cannot be answered with “yes” or “no”) such
as questions that begin with “What”, “Why” or “How”. These questions require more than
just a few words in the answer
• Periodically summarize what the other person has said to ensure that you have
understood; use their own words to repeat the ideas back to them.
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DON’T:
• Interrupt while the other person is speaking
• Yell at the other person
• Ask questions that can be answered with just one word (for example, questions that
begin with “Do”)
• Perform other activities during the meeting
• Ask difficult/embarrassing questions
*******************
You can demonstrate that you care by expressing your understanding of the feelings and
concerns of the other person and by letting them know that you want to help them. You can
reflect the other person’s emotions back to them with facial expressions that show you are
concerned. You can also provide verbal feedback to them to show acknowledgement and
recognition of their fears and concerns. Some key points are:
DO:
• Greet the patient
• Say, “Hello, please be seated.”
• Address the person by name or appropriate title but always with respect
• Acknowledge and respond to each of their concerns
• Emphasize that your job is to help them
• Ask about family members
• Treat the person with respect
• Smile.
DON’T:
• Minimize or dismiss their concerns
• Put down the other person
• Act superior
• Assume the person knows their way to another person/room/office; give them proper
guidance to their next destination
• Argue with the patient.
*******************
After listening, understanding and showing that you care, you can then use your knowledge
of the RNTCP to discuss ways you can work together to solve any problem the other
person has with participating in the Programme. Some key points for this include:
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DO:
• Listen carefully to their point of view
• Paraphrase and summarize frequently to make sure that you understand the problem
Use non-technical words
• Help them to comply
• Demonstrate that you are concerned about the patient
• Convey that you understand their fears and apprehensions
• Make them comfortable
• Identify obstacles to their participation
DON’T:
• Assume you know all the answers
• Use technical words
• Treat them as your student
• Tell them to comply
• Assume you know their condition
• Expect compliance without explanation.
*******************
Finally, you can use all of the knowledge, understanding and trust you’ve gained during
your interaction to continue to motivate each person to maintain involvement in the
Programme. Here are some of the main points to keep in mind for motivating:
DO:
• Repeat important information in different ways each time you meet
• Emphasize that your job is to help them
• Emphasize that they will be cured
• Use examples from your own experience
• Tell them that this is what you would recommend to your family members
• Compliment the other person on what they have done well
• Recognize their progress
• Emphasize that their welfare is your concern/job
DON’T:
• Use technical words
• Ignore the efforts the other person has made so far
• Overlook their fear and anxiety
• Ignore or minimize practical barriers
• Criticize their omissions/commissions.
*******************
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The section begins with a role play that should be performed by the trainer(s) to exhibit as
many poor IPC skills as possible. The trainer(s) should tell the group to watch this role play
looking for poor IPC behaviours. The trainer(s) will perform the scene using many of the
“DON’Ts” listed earlier and performing as many incorrect IPC skills as possible. Stress
these poor behaviours to the point of comedy. It must be made clear that poor IPC
behaviours are NOT acceptable for good IPC.
After the performance, have the group make a list and discuss the exhibited poor IPC skills.
Then, address each of these behaviours in turn, and discuss ways that good IPC skills
could be substituted for the poorer ones. Finally, the trainers should perform the same role
play again, using only good IPC skills. After this performance, discuss with the participants
the differences between the two scenes. Also have the participants discuss how they think
each person in the scene felt and the differences in their feelings between the first and
second scene.
Once this discussion is finished, you will have the participants form smaller groups of no
more than six people per group. Then, ask the group members to perform relevant scenes
listed in this book using as many effective IPC skills as possible. Participants who play the
role of patient or person being supervised should be told that they should freely add/invent
details which are realistic. Groups do not need to perform ALL of the scenes listed, but
continue to have them perform scenes until you feel the important points have been
covered sufficiently and everyone in the group appears to be able to exhibit good IPC skills.
Trainers and participants should invent more role play scenes that depict their own
experiences and use these in addition to or instead of the role play scenes in this book.
Motivate the participants. If they are reluctant to do role plays because they feel they are
not “actors”, tell them that they do indeed act every day. Everyone does. Each time they
interact with another person, they are acting. Whenever they try to convince someone to do
something, they are acting. If they are tired but must appear energetic toward their boss,
they are acting. When they first met their wife or husband and wanted to impress them, they
put on their best behaviour. This is normal, natural behaviour and is acting.
Give them these and other examples from your own experience to help them realize they
already have the skills to do the role plays.
During the role plays, observe each group but avoid interrupting them; interrupt only if the
participants are having extreme difficulty or are going totally out of context.
It will be your job to answer questions, talk with the participants about the role plays, lead
group discussions and generally give participants any help they need to successfully
develop better IPC skills. To do this, you will need to be very familiar with the material being
taught.
Ensure that each participant understands what they are expected to do in the role play
exercises. By participating in the role play scenes, they will be able to:
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• observe and practice the desired practical responses to patients and others
• discuss and share ideas with each other about the situations
• use what they have practised when they encounter these situations during the course of
their own work.
Role plays should be used to sharpen IPC skills so that these skills will come naturally
during RNTCP work.
Check to see if participants are having problems, even if they do not ask for help
If you show interest and give each participant undivided attention, they will be more
motivated. Also, if the participant knows that someone is interested in what they are doing,
they are more likely to ask for help when they need it. Be available to the participants at all
times; remain in the room and look approachable.
Answer participants’ questions willingly and encourage them to ask questions when they
arise rather than waiting until a later time. Call the participants by name when you talk with
them. Maintain eye contact with the participants. Present information in the form of a
conversation rather than by just reading it. Move around the room and use natural hand
gestures. Speak clearly. Vary the pace and pitch of your voice. Paraphrase and summarize
frequently to keep participants focused and clear on a particular idea and to keep
discussions on track. Demonstrate enthusiasm for the work that the participants are doing.
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Manage
Make sure participants have access to supplies and materials when they need them (for
example, chalk and board to write) and that there are no major obstacles to learning (such
as too much noise, not enough light or not enough work space). Make the course
interesting by giving examples from real work situations. Think about the skills taught in the
role plays and how they can be applied to the participants’ jobs. Add these to the points to
be made when introducing or summarizing the role play. Discuss the application of new
concepts to real problems. Ask participants whether they can use the skills that were
taught, and discuss any potential difficulties in implementation of these skills. Do not
summarily reject alternative methods suggested by the participants; discuss alternative
methods thoughtfully and positively.
Role plays are fun and effective methods of developing good IPC skills. This will
benefit all levels of the RNTCP staff to help reach the Programme’s goals. The use of
this section will serve to improve your own IPC skills as well as those of your
colleagues.
*******************
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10. Doctor is meeting with an urban, literate patient on previously treated regimen who is
afraid of injections because he is afraid of HIV transmission
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INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
INTRODUCTION
For developing good interpersonal communication (IPC) skills, you, the trainer, will need to
be aware of the duties that the doctors have to perform. These include explaining to the
patient about TB and the importance of continuing treatment. They also include developing
a strong bond with the patient to help motivate them to continue participation in the
treatment. Doctors also need to be able to gain the trust of the patient’s family and
community. In addition, doctors must provide an example to their staff about how to interact
with patients.
In this section, you will help the doctor participants become better at these duties through
role plays. Through the role plays, poor IPC skills and good IPC skills will be demonstrated.
Demonstrating poor IPC skills develops insight into common behaviours that occur in real
situations. Identification of these will help in working towards developing good IPC skills.
Therefore, for the role plays to be effective, two sessions will have to be done for each
scene; one highlighting poor IPC skills and the other showing good IPC skills. In order to
help the participants understand the importance and potential pitfalls of non-verbal
communication, perform the following exercise: Tell the participants to just observe you
without making any comments. Then, sit down in a chair with your arms and legs crossed,
your body turned slightly away from the participants, and an annoyed expression on your
face. Swing your legs and gaze around the room. After about 30 seconds, ask the
participants to describe what they were feeling when you were sitting in front of them. List
their responses on the board or flip chart.
Then discuss:
• Do we communicate without words?
• Describe ways that we communicate without words.
Discuss with them that we need to be aware of what we are communicating non- verbally,
for example, boredom, dislike, superiority, impatience We also need to be aware of what
our patients and others communicate non-verbally, such as fear, embarrassment,
discomfort and shame.
After this discussion, you will tell the participants that you are going to enact a role play
scene for them. Tell them to watch for behaviours that depict poor IPC skills.
Next, choose another trainer (if available) or a participant (if no other trainer is available) to play
the part of the patient in the following role play. A trainer should play the part of the Doctor. You will
then enact the following role play scene using as many poor IPC skills as possible (for example, you
will yell at the patient, you will have them stand while you sit, you will tell them facts using big words
that they don’t understand, and so forth).
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After you have completed enacting the scene, ask the participants to list the poor IPC skills.
Write these on the chalk board or flip chart. Then, go through each item listed and discuss
the ways in which the poor behaviours could be improved. Spend as much time as needed
to thoroughly discuss the poor behaviours. Be sure to discuss non-verbal communication
elements such as eye contact, posture, nodding, encouraging or discouraging sounds, etc.
Also discuss the messages about the RNTCP that were conveyed during the scenario.
Discuss the accuracy of the messages and, for inaccurate messages, discuss how they
could be more accurately conveyed.
Once the discussion is finished, perform the scene again using only good IPC behaviours.
Afterward, ask the participants to discuss the differences in the two role play scenes.
Encourage them to discuss how the two different scenarios made them feel and how they
think the patient and Doctor felt in each scene.
After this discussion, inform the participants that everyone in the group is now going to
practice IPC skills by doing role plays themselves, with the other participants. Tell them that
you will be handing out their roles and that they will perform the scene twice; once using
poor IPC skills, followed by a group discussion on how the behaviours can be improved,
and then again using good IPC skills.
Split the group of participants into smaller groups of no more than six people per group.
Make sure each small group contains an even number of participants. Then, choose
scenarios from the list of “Role Play Scenarios for Doctors” which can be found at the end
of this chapter and write the roles on separate pieces of paper to give to the participants in
each small group. You can also use your own experiences to come up with other role play
scenarios and roles. Make sure that everyone receives a role.
After you have handed out the roles, give the participants a few minutes to think about how
they will act out their role. Then, have the participants play each scenario in front of their
small group using good IPC skills.
During the play by the trainees, circulate to each group to ensure that participants are
exhibiting the appropriate IPC skills, such as smiling, sitting with the patient or other person,
looking at the other person when speaking, pausing after asking questions, asking open-
ended questions, etc. Also, use the following list of “Key Messages” to guide you as you
watch the role play. After each role play by the participants, stop and have the group
discuss the good ideas and IPC skills that were exhibited in the role play scene, and also
discuss things that could improve IPC skills and improve the accuracy of RNTCP
messages.
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“Do you know that other people in your house can contract TB from you?”
“Do you know that till complete investigations are done we cannot assess the degree of
damage that has been caused?”
“The tests to detect TB are simple and will have to be done at regular intervals to monitor
improvement in your condition.”
“You will have to take your medicines as prescribed so that your illness does not get
worse.”
“If you do not take medicines as prescribed, you can develop a more dangerous form of TB
and you will spread the same to your family.”
“Covering your mouth when you cough can prevent the spread of TB to others.”
Demonstrating caring
“TB is not a disease which should cause worry as it is curable if drugs are taken regularly.”
“We want to make sure that you are completely cured.”
“By following the treatment schedule you will also make sure that you do not spread the
disease to your near and dear ones.”
“All treatment is free here, so please don’t even think about money.”
“Anti-TB medicines are strong drugs that must be taken under direct observation. This will
ensure that you not only take the medicines regularly but also in the right dosage. This way
I can know that you are responding well to treatment and if you have any problems.”
“Anti-TB drugs can have side-effects in some people. If you take them under our
supervision, we will make sure you do not have any uncomfortable side-effects and if you
do we will be able to tackle them at the earliest and prevent any problems.”
“At times people develop resistance to certain drugs and show no improvement when taken
irregularly. If you take the medicines under our supervision, we will be able to observe that
the drugs are having the required effect and you will continue to constantly getting better.”
“If you have any doubts regarding the duration of treatment, the dosages of the drugs or
any side-effects, please feel free to clarify your doubts with me.”
“To make sure that I have explained things well, please show me on this calendar [show the
patient a calendar] how long you must take medicines.”
“I want to make sure that I give you the best medicines. That is why a sputum test is so
important—so we can be sure that you are getting the right medicines.”
“We don’t want to unnecessarily give you a strong medicine, which is why all the tests are
important. The tests will tell us how severe your condition is and we can give you the best
medicines.”
“If you have any doubts about the disease or the medicines, do not hesitate to ask me.”
“It is my responsibility to cure you.”
“I am not only worried about you, but if you have TB and are not treated then your family
may get sick, and obviously I do not want that to happen and I am sure you also don’t want
that to happen.”
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“After only a few days on the medication, you will stop infecting others, but you will have to
continue on your medication for the full duration of 6/9 months.”
“We will arrange for medicines to be provided near your home.”
“I can understand that it is difficult for you to come thrice a week. We will find a treatment
observer near your place of work.” Or “We will arrange for the treatment observer to give
you medicines before you go for work.”
“If I had TB, I would certainly come thrice a week for treatment for the first two months and
hence you will also be required to come.”
“I understand that you do not want others to know that you have TB. We will be careful
about that. But it is equally important that others do not get TB from you. If you do not take
your medicines as advised, you will spread TB to others at home and work.”
“Although TB is curable, cure can only take place through constant monitoring. This helps
us to assess your response to the drugs. We have to make sure that there is continuous
improvement and no untoward effects of medicines and that is why you are required to
come on alternate days thrice a week for the first two months.”
“TB can be cured completely only if treatment is uninterrupted. And the only way to ensure
regular treatment is to monitor it.”
“Every dose is crucial and the treatment is designed for your complete cure.”
“It is not in your interest to take medicines home. Medicines can be lost. It is also easy to
forget to take medicines every day.”
“If you forget to take even a few doses of medicine, you may fall ill again, in which case the
dosage and duration of treatment may increase and would be very expensive and your
chances of getting fully cured will be reduced.”
“If you come in thrice a week, we can make sure you are getting better and we can observe
if you are having any problems with the medicines.”
“Once you are cured you will be able to work much better and earn more. So it is in your
interest to complete the entire course and come for regular check-ups as prescribed. These
are all aimed at curing you completely.”
“You don’t want your wife and children to get tuberculosis from you. So for their sake you
should get well and for that you must take the prescribed treatment regularly and
completely.”
“If any of them have symptoms of the disease, they also need to be examined and treated.”
“If your children are infected, they will be physically weak and may not be able to help out
with the household chores or in the fields. More money will be spent on medications. So it is
better that you get yourself fully treated so that the question of their getting infected does
not arise and they enjoy good health.”
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Doctor: You are a doctor who is seeing a patient diagnosed as having TB by a private
doctor on the basis of an X-ray report.
Patient: You are a newly diagnosed TB patient who wants free drugs without further
examination.
******************
Scenario 2: Doctor is meeting with a newly diagnosed TB patient, a daily wage-earner who
is reluctant for direct observation because he does not want to miss work
Doctor: You are a doctor who is seeing a newly diagnosed TB patient in your office.
Patient: You are a TB patient who is a daily wage-earner and you do not want to come for
direct observation because you do not want to miss work.
******************
Scenario 3: Doctor is meeting with a chest symptomatic patient who is reluctant to give 3
sputum samples and is ready to bribe the doctor
Doctor: You are a doctor who is seeing a new patient in your office.
Patient: You are a person who has had a cough for several weeks with blood in your
sputum and you have come to see the doctor. You do not want to give three samples of
sputum and you are ready to bribe the doctor to just give you medicines without the sputum
samples.
******************
Scenario 4: Doctor is meeting with a newly diagnosed schoolboy who does not want to
disclose his illness
Doctor: You are a doctor seeing a schoolboy who has been newly diagnosed with TB.
Patient: You are a schoolboy who has been told you have TB and you do not want to
disclose your illness to your family or your friends.
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Scenario 5: Doctor is meeting with a newly diagnosed patient who is a truck driver and who
says he will have difficulty coming to the local facility for DOTS when he is working
Doctor: You are meeting with a newly diagnosed patient in your office.
Patient: You are a truck driver and it is difficult for you to come to the local DOTS facility
when you are working.
******************
Scenario 6: Doctor is meeting with a chest symptomatic patient from a tribal area who
insists on hospitalization
Patient: You are a woman who has had symptoms of TB for several weeks and you want
to be hospitalized until you feel better.
******************
Scenario 7: Doctor is meeting with a newly diagnosed married woman who does not want
her husband or family to know about her illness
Doctor: You are a doctor meeting in your office with a woman who is a newly diagnosed
TB patient.
Patient: You are a married woman who has been newly diagnosed with TB and you do not
want your husband or family to know about your illness.
******************
Scenario 8: Doctor is meeting with the father of a woman who is to be married and he does
not want the community to know that his daughter has TB
Doctor: You are a doctor meeting with a man who is not one of your patients but wants to
talk with you.
Father of TB Patient: You are the father of a woman who is being treated for TB and you
do not want the community to know that your daughter has TB.
******************
Scenario 9: Doctor is meeting with a newly diagnosed TB patient who wants to leave the
area
Patient: You are a newly diagnosed TB patient who wants to leave the area.
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Scenario 10: Doctor is meeting with an urban, literate patient on regimen for previously
treated cases who is afraid of injections because he is afraid of HIV transmission
Doctor: You are a doctor meeting in your office with a patient on previously treated
regimen who is to start re-treatment.
Patient: You are an urban, literate patient on regimen for previously treated cases who is
afraid of injections because you know that needles are one of the effective means of HIV
transmission.
******************
Scenario 11: Doctor is meeting with a newly diagnosed sputum-positive TB patient who is
reluctant to bring in her family members for examination because she feels guilty about
possibly having infected them
Doctor: You are a doctor meeting in your office with a newly diagnosed sputum-positive TB
patient and you would like her to bring in her family members for examination.
Patient: You are a newly diagnosed sputum-positive TB patient who is reluctant to bring in
your family members for examination because you feel guilty about possibly having infected
them.
******************
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FORMATS OF
RECORDS - ANNEXURES
REVISED NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS CONTR4OL PROGRAMME
Treatment Card
State________________ City / District with code ___________ TB Unit with code_____________ Patient TB No / Year _____________
Name _______________________________________ Sex M F Age:_______ Occupation________________________
Complete Address & Telephone number ____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Name, Address & Phone No. of contact Person ______________________________________________________________________
Name and designation of DOT provider & Phone.No ____________________________________PHI: __________________________
Name of DOT Centre __________________________________ Signature of MO with date _____________________________
Smear Patient
Initial home visit by __________ Ph.No.___________Date ________ Month Date DMC Lab. No.
Result Weight
Pretreatment
Disease Classification Type of Patient
End of IP/Extended IP
Pulmonary New Relapse
Extra Pulmonary site Transfer in Treatment Failure 2 Months X CP
______________ TAD Others Specify)________ End Treatment
H R Z E H R Z E S
Month/
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
year
II Continuation Phase
Regimen for new cases Regimen for Previously Treated
3 times / week 3 times / week
H R H R E
Enter X on date when the first dose of drugs have been swallowed under direct observation and draw a horizontal line (x_________) to indicate the period during
which medicines will be self administered as shown below
Month/
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
year
x
Front Reverse
Revised National Follow up sputum examination
Tuberculosis Control Programme
IDENTITY CARD
Name of Patient: ________________________ Lab
Time point Date Result
No.
Complete address:______________________ Pretreatment
______________________________________ End of IP/extended IP
TU / district name ___________________
________________________Ph__________ 2 months in CP
___________________________________
Type of Patient Treatment
• New regimen for Signature and stamp of MO with date:
• Relapse New cases
• Treatment after default Previously
• Treatment Failure treated cases REMEMBER
• Transfer In 1. You can be cured if you take treatment as advised.
• Other-Specify _____ 2. You may infect your near and dear if you do not
CPT take your medicines as advised
3. Keep your card safe
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HIV status
Disease Classification Type of Patient Treatment Most Recent Positive
Pulmonary New regimens Sputum Status
Negative
Extra-Pulmonary Relapse New cases Date:
Unknown
TAD Previously DMC:
Site___________
treated cases Lab NO:
Treatment Failure
Positive
Transfer in
Other(Specify)___ Negative
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For use by the receiving District/TB Unit Treatment outcome with date_______________________
Name of patent______________________
Old TB No (given at transferring TB Unit): ___________________ New TB No (given at receiving unit)______________________
Treatment outcome: Cured Treatment Completed Died Failure
Defaulted Transferred Out Switched over to MDR-TB treatment
Date ___________________________ Signature ___________________________
(at the end of treatment send this form to the transferring District/TB Unit where the patient was initially registered.)
(a copy of treatment card after completion of treatment may be sent to the transferring PHI)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For use by the receiving District/TB Unit if patient transferred in IP Conversion report
Name of patient:____________________________________________________________________________________
Old TB No (given at transferring TB unit) : ______________ New TB No (given at receiving unit):__________________
Sputum Results at the end of IP : Positive Grade ________ Negative
Date ___________________________ Signature ___________________________
(at the end of Intensive phase this form has to be sent to the transferring District/TB Unit where the patient was initially registered.)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Send this part back to the transferring District/TB Unit as soon as the patient has reported and has been registered in the
receiving TB Unit.)
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Signature of MO of DMC:
Smear results
( To be entered by LT of DMC and counter signed by MO of DMC)
Lab Serial No. DMC :
Date of Specimen Visual Results Positive(grading)
examination appearance (Neg or 3+ 2+ 1+ Scanty
(MM,B, S)* Pos)
*M= Mucopurulent, B=Blood stained S=Saliva ** Write actual count of AFB seen in 100 oil immersion fields
No growth reported 0
Date: Less than 20 colonies Report number of colonies
reported by (Name and Signature) 20-100 colonies +
More than 100 colonies ++
Innumerable or confluent +++
growth
IRL DST Results: (Note Enter ‘S’ if Susceptible, and if
resistant, include colony count(e.g. for Rifampicin. R25/2560 if 25 colonies are seen in S2 slope with estimated colonies of 560 in S2 drug
free slope’)
Laboratory
Date Taken Specimen No. S H R E Z Km Ofx Eth Others
Copies of completed form with results should be sent promptly from IRL to DOTS-Plus Hospital and
DTO
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_______________________________________________________________________________________
Remarks
Signature
Date referred Designation
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Serial Number______________________________
For use by the health facility where the patient has been referred
Name of patient __________________ TB No (if available)__________________________
Age ___________________ Sex M F Date of referral __________________________
Name of receiving health facility Name of TB Unit and District__________
The above patient has reported at this facility on _____________and has been put on __________treatment
regimen
Signature Designation
Date__________________________
This portion of the form has to be sent back to the referring unit as soon as the patient has been
initiated on RNTCP treatment
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FORMAT FOR REFERRAL FOR TREATMENT REGISTER
Diagnosis
Sex
Age
Name
Sl. No.
(Name)
Referred to
examination2
Date of sputum
Date of Referral
Sputum results2
Complete Address1
of starting treatment3
Date of Feedback / Date
P/EP
Type of patients
(N/R/F/TAD/O)
Treatment
regimen (New
/previously
treated)
1 Complete address of the patient where he/she will be residing during the course of treatment and can be contacted.
2 In an extra-pulmonary TB patient, it should be written whether the patient was diagnosed on clinical grounds alone or by an investigation should be specified.
3 The date of feedback from the receiving health facility and date of initiation of treatment along with the TB number should be written here.
Note: In case of non receipt of feedback from the receiving health facility within 14 days of the referral date, the STS of the referring health facility should be informed,
who in turn will take up the matter with the STS of the receiving health facility during the regular meeting.
Table of Contents
MODULE 4
SECTION – I
REGISTERING CASES
Learning objectives: in this section the participants will learn about the following:
• Purpose of registration
• TB register and contents
• Person responsible for registering cases
• Types of cases to be registered
• Timeline for registration
• Source of records for registration
• TB Registration number
• Cohort of patients
• Filling up of the TB register
• Ensuring registration of all TB patients
Introduction
In the previous module, we have learnt about treatment organization and treatment
administration under Direct Observation of Treatment. We have also learnt about
management of special situations and procedure for hospitalization. In the ensuing module
we learn about registration of cases, its importance and monitoring of treatment.
Registration is recording of the details of all TB patients who have been initiated on
treatment, in the TB register. The information recorded is periodically updated till the
declaration of the final treatment outcome for every patient.
Purpose of registration
• Helps in keeping a track of all the patients initiated on treatment till the completion of
their treatment in a systematic manner which facilitates monitoring of individual patients.
• Facilitates preparation of quarterly reports on case finding, sputum conversion,
treatment outcome and programme management and logistics.
TB register contains the following information in nineteen main columns spread over two
halves of the page side by side which is considered as one page (left and right hand side of
TB register) and are numbered serially. On the top there is a provision to record the quarter
and the year of registration on each page. This has sufficient number of pages which can
accommodate registration for more than a year. Usually one TB register is used for one
calendar year in a TU for recording the information.
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Timeline for registration: All tuberculosis patients should be registered within a month
after the initiation of the treatment, after patient’s home visit by the STS. Under no
circumstances the treatment should be delayed pending the registration of the patient. It is
reiterated that all indoor patients treated under RNTCP should be registered under the local
TU where the hospital/Medical College is located. On discharge, these patients should be
transferred out to the TU where the patient resides.
Source of records for registration: Treatment cards prepared after the initiation of
the treatment is the important primary record and the same is used for registering the
cases. For registration, STS transcribes the information on the Treatment cards maintained
at the PHI to the TB register.
The patient will be evaluated in a quarter in which he/she has been registered and not in
the quarter when he/she begins the treatment.
Filling up of TB register
The relevance of all the columns and the procedure of filling up all the columns are
explained below:
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serially. After TB number is written in the TB register, the same is recorded in the treatment
card also. TB number facilitates identification of the patient in the TB register and other
details pertaining to treatment. An individual TB patient may have more than one TB
number if he/she is re-registered (e.g. after declaring him/her as ‘defaulted’ and restarting
on treatment afresh or after declaring as ‘failure’ and initiating on regimen for previously
treated cases, details of which will be recorded in the remarks column).
Example:
Suppose today is 14 March and 3 patients are to be registered. The last TB No. in the
Tuberculosis Register is 64. The 3 patients are assigned Tuberculosis Numbers 65, 66, and
67.
Date of registration
The date on which the patient is registered is recorded in the Tuberculosis Register. It
should be written as: day/month/year (for example 22 May 2010 would be written as
22/5/2010). This is the date used for determining a ‘quarterly cohort’ for case finding, smear
conversion and treatment outcome reports.
Name (in full), Sex, Age, Complete Address and telephone number
This is self explanatory. This information is recorded from patient’s Tuberculosis Treatment
Card. It is ascertained that the information is correct before entering it in the Tuberculosis
Register.
Name of PHI
The name of the centre where the patient is initiated on treatment (i.e., where the original
card is kept) should be written as available from the treatment card.
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Regimen
Regimen for treatment prescribed is recorded in this column. This information is available in
the treatment card. The regimen prescribed in the treatment card would have been ticked
either as Regimen for new cases / Regimen for previously treated cases / ND1 / ND2 as the
case may be.
Disease classification
If the patient is classified as pulmonary tuberculosis, it is recorded as P and if extra
pulmonary TB it is recorded as EP. This information is available in the Treatment Card
under the Disease Classification. In the rare case of a patient who has both pulmonary
and extra-pulmonary TB, s/he should be classified as pulmonary and recorded as P.
Type of Patient
This information is available in the box meant for recording type of patient on the front side
of the treatment card. Appropriate type - New case / Relapse / Transfer in / Treatment
Failure / Treatment After Default / Others is ticked. In case of ‘others’ it may be specified as
New / Previously treated and basis for such classification explained in Remarks column.
HIV status
• HIV Status as provided in the original TB treatment card should be recorded in the
space provided at the time of registration. Status is recorded as ‘P’ for HIV-positive; ‘N’
for HIV-negative; ‘U’ for unknown.
• At the time of preparation of the quarterly report on case finding, all ‘blank’ entries in the
HIV Status column in the TB register should be considered as 'Unknown' for the
purpose of reporting.
• If the HIV status of the TB patient is initially not known and is later ascertained and
updated during the course of TB treatment, the same should be updated in the TB
register.
• Treatment cards and TB register should have been updated with the HIV status
information before the preparation of quarterly report on treatment outcome
If the HIV status on the TB treatment card remains blank for any reason it is to be recorded
as unknown in the TB register.
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Whenever smear results are positive at the end of IP either in new / previously treated
cases, the boxes are split by a forward slash and results and its details at the end of the
intensive phase are entered above the slash and results and its details after the extension
of the intensive phase are entered below the slash.
Remarks
This column is meant for recording entries such as:
• Details of x-ray reports for Smear-negative patients
• Site involved in case of EPTB
• Investigations done for EPTB such as histopathology etc.
• For recording DOT provision by community volunteer as “CV”
• Details regarding transfer
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• In case of patients has been started on Regimen for previously treated cases, previous
TB number (i.e. TB number when patient was on Regimen for new cases) and whether
treated under RNTCP or otherwise
• In case of treatment after failure and defaulted patients out of the new cases who are
eventually being initiated on Regimen for previously treated cases, the newly assigned
TB number is written.
• Reasons for initiating Non-DOTS regimen
• Information on starting patients on MDR-TB treatment regimen, results of the culture
and sensitivity examinations
• Patients entered in the Tuberculosis Laboratory Register as smear-positive, but are not
receiving treatment
• Patients receiving treatment and have a Tuberculosis Treatment Card, such as smear
negative and extra-pulmonary TB cases which may not find reference in the Lab
Register.
It is essential to trace the first type of patients (mentioned above) because they are
infectious and not receiving treatment for TB. At least half of the smear-positive patients, if
left untreated, would die from TB. In addition, each of these patients would spread TB
infection to at least 10-15 healthy uninfected family members and other members of the
community per year, as long as they live. These patients must be traced and placed on the
appropriate treatment immediately.
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Ensure that all patients started on treatment—both DOTS and RNTCP non-
DOTS—are registered in the same Tuberculosis Register.
During supervisory visits the STS and STLS should identify all such patients and make all
efforts to have them placed on treatment.
There are two ways of making sure that all patients are registered in the Tuberculosis
Register:
• During visits to the microscopy centre, all smear-positive patients who are entered in the
Tuberculosis Laboratory Register but not in Tuberculosis Register have to be identified.
• During supervisory visits to the hospitals and health facilities, any patients with
Tuberculosis Treatment Cards who are not registered should be identified and
registered.
Exercise -1
Using workbook E3, complete one page of left side of the TB register using five treatment
cards you have completed in exercise E2. The registration dates are shown against the
names. The last registration in the TB register was 615.
Parvathi Sinha (Patient A) 26th September 2008
Exercise-2
Complete the transfer form for the appropriate patient mentioned in module three.
Exercise -3
1. What information is recorded in the TB Register at the time of registration?
2. Who is responsible for registering patients and within what time should the patient be
registered?
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4. How do you identify whether the patient found sputum positive in the DMC lab register
has been registered in the TB Register
(a)
(b)
POINTS TO REMEMBER
• All patients initiated on treatment for tuberculosis (RNTCP DOTS or RNTCP non-DOTS)
must be registered in the TB register and assigned a TB number
• The STS is responsible for registering patients
• All patients must be ‘registered’ within one month of treatment initiation
• Only one Tuberculosis Register is maintained at each TU
• Tuberculosis Register contains patient-related essential information
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SECTION -2
MONITORING OF TREATMENT
Learning objectives
In this module the participants will learn about the following
• Methods of monitoring
• Smear conversion
• Follow up schedules for sputum examination
• Recording of follow up examinations
• Recording of the treatment outcome and date of treatment outcome
• Identification of MDR suspects and filling up of Mycobacteriology culture and drug
sensitivity test form
Introduction
Monitoring of treatment is a process of watching the response of the patient to the
treatment being administered. Monitoring of treatment can be undertaken by several ways.
Cases registered in the Tuberculosis Register can be considered as participants in a race.
Like watching participants in a foot race, the progress of TB patients can be watched as
they move towards the end point, i.e., monitoring their treatment as they progress towards
the completion of treatment and cure.
Methods of monitoring:
Monitoring of the treatment of patients can be undertaken in the following ways:
1. Periodic follow up sputum examination:
This is an objective method of assessing the response of the patients to treatment.
Smear conversion at end IP/ extended - IP is an early indicator of the success of
treatment regimen and also the efficiency of DOT administration.
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Smear conversion:
Smear microscopy is an objective method of assessing response to treatment. One of the
way to monitor the treatment results of a pulmonary smear-positive case is to check for the
conversion from smear-positive to smear-negative status. This is an early indicator that the
intensive phase of treatment is regular and effective. Smear-positive cases will convert to
smear-negative and will remain smear-negative if the patients take their medications under
direct observation on a regular basis for the prescribed period.
After end IP of treatment, more than 80% of new pulmonary smear-positive cases could
become smear-negative, and after entended -IP the rate of sputum conversion could
increase to more than 90%. Pulmonary smear-positive relapse cases should have almost
same rates of sputum conversion as new pulmonary smear-positive cases. Other smear-
positive previously treated cases, such as failures of new sputum smear-positive cases,
may have lower sputum conversion rates around 75%, after 3 months of receiving the
regimen for previously treated.
New smear positive patients remaining smear positive at the end of 2 months of treatment
and new smear negative cases becoming smear positive at the end of 2 months will have
their intensive phase extended by 4 weeks by administering 12 blisters from prolongation
pouch. They would be subjected for repeat follow up sputum examination at the end of 3
months. Irrespective of the smear results (whether positive or negative) at the end of third
month, continuation phase is started. Subsequently, the patient is subjected for sputum
examination at 2 months into the continuation phase i.e. at the end of 5 months of
treatment. The final follow up sputum examination is done at the end of the treatment. If
patients are found to be positive either at the end of 5 months or at the end of treatment
they are declared as failure and sputum is sent for culture and drug sensitivity testing.
Then, they are registered afresh and put on treatment regimen for previously treated.
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1. Identify the TB patients who have become eligible for follow up examination at the end
of the intensive phase, extended intensive phase, two months into the continuation
phase and at the end of the treatment.
2. This can be determined by looking into the date of initiation of the treatment, treatment
regimen prescribed and total number of doses administered.
3. The list of patients whose follow up examinations should have been completed and
results expected to be available in the health centers is prepared and the health center
visited accordingly.
If the smear conversion rate is less than 85% for new cases, at the end of 2(3) months, the
reasons needs to be examined and rectified why the conversion rate at 2(3) months is low.
Example:
In Nagpur District 220 New smear-positive patients were registered in a quarter, 190 New
smear-positive patients converted to smear-negative at the end of 2 months and another 10
New smear-positive patients converted to smear-negative at the end of 3 months.
Therefore, 200 (190 + 10) New smear-positive cases converted to smear-negative.
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End IP /
Extended IP Extd IP Extd Extd Extd Extd
IP IP IP IP
2 months CP
End treatment
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It is important to ensure that sputum has been examined at the correct intervals during
treatment and the results are recorded in the appropriate columns of the Tuberculosis
Register. For monitoring the regularity of sputum examination it is necessary to:
• Regularly identify pulmonary TB cases whose follow-up sputum examination is due and
confirm that results of the examination have been recorded in the Tuberculosis Register;
• During supervisory visits to health facilities, Tuberculosis Treatment Cards (or
Laboratory Form for Sputum Examination) are reviewed and compared with the results
of sputum smear examinations with those recorded in the Tuberculosis Register.
• Sometimes, during the visit to health facility, it is observed that the Tuberculosis
Treatment Cards are not updated. In such an event, as a backup during supervisory
visits by STLS to the DMCs, the details of every patient subjected to follow-up sputum
examination should be noted and shared with STS regularly to facilitate updating of the
TB register. The same information may be passed on to the concerned health facility to
update the records there. The MO of the health facility should be informed about the
same with a request to monitor this activity.
Recording in the TB register - The details of the follow up sputum examinations are
also recorded on the right hand side of the TB register under the column heads ‘End of IP’/
‘Extended IP’, second month into continuation phase, ‘End of treatment’.
TB register
• Treatment outcome has to be entered in the TB register as recorded in the TB treatment
card.
• The treatment outcome should be recorded in the TB register within one month of the
completion of treatment. Similarly, the patients declared as defaulted or died should be
recorded within one month of the event. (Example - patients interrupted treatment on 1st
March 2010. He was declared defaulted on 2nd May 2010. This should be recorded in
the TB register by 2nd June 2010).
• For transferred out cases it should be ensured that the treatment outcome as declared
at the centre where the patient was transferred is obtained and outcome is updated in
the TB register.
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A patient will have one and only one outcome. The outcome which occurs first is
considered and recorded in treatment card and subsequently in the TB register.
Tuberculosis Treatment Cards should be reviewed as soon as possible after a patient has
completed treatment.
The reverse of the treatment card is reviewed to verify whether the patient has consumed
all his drugs as scheduled.
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When Treatment Card, is found to be incomplete this should be enquired into during the
supervisory visit. For example, if a Tuberculosis Treatment Card is found to be incomplete
in continuation phase and there are no comments under Remarks, it needs to be verified to
find out whether the patient has been transferred, defaulted, died or just stopped coming
and the reason for the same.
Data on cases that were transferred from one district to another should be evaluated in the
district in which a patient was first notified and registered. On completion of treatment by
the patient, who was transferred into the district, results of the final follow up examination
should be sent to the district from where he was transferred along with the treatment card.
The best practice would be to obtain the TB number of the transferred patient from the STS
of the receiving TB unit within 1 month of the transfer. Thus, the information on follow up
sputum examination results can be easily obtained if the TB number assigned at receiving
TB Unit is available.
Exercise -4
Part 1
Using workbook E3 and the completed treatment cards in Exercise Workbook E2, complete
the right hand side of the Tuberculosis Register.
Part 2
Look at the single page (right and left side) of Exercise Workbook E3 Labeled ‘Tuberculosis
Register with Errors’. Every line of the Tuberculosis Register contains at least one error in
registration or in management. Note down the errors identified in the table below.
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EXERCISE 5
1. A patient started on regimen for new cases on 13.4.09, treatment stopped on 27.7.09.
The MPW reported that the patient expired on 30.10.09. Give the outcome of the
patient.
2. What do you need to know to determine schedule for a follow-up sputum examination?
3. If the sputum smear result is positive at the end of the intensive phase of treatment,
how will you record this in the TB register?
POINTS TO REMEMBER
• Smear conversion at the end of the intensive phase could be an early indication for
achieving high cure rates. This has to be ensured by regular monitoring of the treatment.
• Treatment of smear-negative and extra-pulmonary TB is monitored by regularity of drug
intake and clinical improvement.
• A patient initiated on treatment for tuberculosis will have only one of the seven
outcomes (cured, treatment completed, died, failure, defaulted, transferred out or
switched over to MRD-TB treatment).
• While determining the date of outcome in cure and treatment completed, the date on
which the last dose of drug consumed is considered and not the last date when drugs
were collected
• Tuberculosis Register contains all patient-related essential information
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Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme – TB Register Quarter ________ Year ___________
Date Complete Regimen Pre-treatment sputum exam HIV
Name Date of
TB of Name (in Sex Address & Cat- Class Status±
Age of Starting Type** DMC
No. Regis- full) (M/F) Telephone I/CatII/ND1, (P/EP) Date Lab.No. Smear (P/N/U)
PHI Treatment Name
tration Number ND2*
…………… ………………
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