CHE 3473

Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

Room A-235, SEC
M, W, F, 9:30-10:20 AM

Lecture 2
Force, Temperature, Pressure

From the previous lecture

Thermodynamics is important and
maybe interesting (agreed?!)
Exam data & time
- M1, Oct. 2 (Fr)
- M2, Oct. 28 (We)

7:00 9:00 pm, A-235?

- M3, Nov. 23 (Mo)

- Final, Dec. 15 (Tu), 8:00 10:00 am, A-235

Q & A
Q: Quiz schedule?
A: No, pop quiz for tophat, written quiz in class
Q: tophat and textbook, mandatory?
A: Yes to both
Q: Eqn. sheet for exam & quiz?
A: I will provide if needed. You do not compose it.

Tophat.com
Join code: 827583 (well have the first quiz from tophat next Monday)

a. Take attendance

b. Others

Concepts
Energy: energy measures the ability to do work, and can take
various forms: mechanical (including KE, PE); chemical; nuclear;
electromagnetic (e.g.light); elastic and thermal.
Energy Conservation: First Law of Thermodynamics.
Equilibrium: System has no tendency to change
Equilibrium direction: Second Law of Thermodynamics.
Steady State: Fluxes are finite, but dont change with time.

Concepts
Equilibrium vs. Steady State
Please watch this video:
http://tll.mit.edu/help/equilibrium-vs-steady-state

What do we measure?
Length (m) Area (m2)
Volume (m3) Mass (kg)
Force (N) Time (s)
Velocity (m/s) Acceleration (m/s2)
Pressure (Pa) Temperature (K)
Energy (J) Power (W)

Force
Newtons second law: F=ma
In physics, a force is that which
can cause an object with mass to
accelerate. Force has
both magnitude and direction,
making it a vector quantity.
2

[F] = kg m s = N = Newton
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force#Units_of_measurement

Units of Force
SI [F] = [ma] = kg.m.s-2=N=Newton, the
force needed to accelerate 1 kg by 1 ms-2
English: 1 lbf = the pound force
= the force needed to
accelarate 1 lbm by 32.174 ft/s2

1
Newtons Law becomes: F = ma
gc
.
" = 32.174
. 2

.
" = 1
. 2

Force and Weight

English Units: 1lbf = (1/gc)x1lbmx32.174 fts-2
i.e. gc = 32.174 9 (lbm)(lbf)-1(ft)(s)-2
1 lbf is equivalent to 4.4482216 N
Weight = force of gravity on a body (in N or lbf)

Force
An example:
An astronaut weighs 730 N in Oklahoma,
2
where g = 9.792m s
What is:
(a)The mass of the astronaut;
(b)His weight at the moon where

g = 1.67m s

Force
Solution:
(a) We have F=ma=mg
F 730kgms 2
m = =
= 74.55kg
2
g 9.792ms

(b)
2

Fmoon = mgmoon = 74.55 1.67kgms = 124.5N

Temperature

[Simply stated] Temperature is the degree of

hotness or coldness of a substance, as
measured on a thermometer.

Temperature
T is a measure of a molecules average kinetic energy:

1
3
2
m v = kT
2
2
k = Boltzmanns constant=R/NA=1.38066x10-23 JK-1; T =
absolute temperature (K)
Exercise: What is the average velocity of O2 molecules in a
gas at 300 K?

Temperature
Average velocity of O2 molecules at 300 K:
v 2 = 3kT / m = (3)(1.3807 1023 )(300)(6.023 1023 ) / 0.032

m 2 / s2

= 233,886.1 m 2 /s 2
v = 483.6 m/s

1081 mi/hr

Why I don't feel O2 moving around?

Note: As we raise T molecules move faster, and if we lower T they

move slower. At the absolute zero, T=0 K, molecules stop moving.

Temperature Conversions
Fahrenheit
oF = (9/5 oC) + 32
Celsius or Centigrade
oC = 5/9 (oF - 32)
Rankine
R = oF + 459.67
Kelvin
K = oC + 273.15

Temperature: Fixed Points

Phase changes for common substances occur
at certain fixed temperatures and we use these
fixed points to establish a temperature scale.
At standard atmospheric pressure water boils
at 100oC (=212oF=373.15 K)
At standard atmospheric pressure water
freezes at 0oC (32oF)

Absolute Zero
If we cool to a sufficiently low temperature
the molecules cease moving and we call this
the absolute zero of temperature,
T=0 K
t = -273.15 C = -459.67 F

Temperature Measuring Devices

Expansion Thermometers
Liquid in glass (Hg, EtOH)
Bimetallic
Filled system / distant reading

Pyrometers
Thermocouple
Resistance
Radiation and optical pyrometers
http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometer

Pressure
Normal force exerted on a unit area
Measured in Pa (other units: bar, atm, mm Hg)
Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 101325 Pa,
1 atm, 760.0 mm Hg
Exercise:
Which exerts more pressure, a 2000 pound elephant
with a 0.5 ft radius foot, or a 150 pound woman
rocking on her heels with a 0.5 in. radius?

Pressure
For an elephant :
W = 2000 pound;
r = 0.5foot = 6 inch S = r 2 = 113.1 inch 2 ,4legs
W
2000
pound
P =
=
= 4.4
4S
4 113.1
inch 2
For an woman :
W = 150 pound
r = 0.5 inch S = r 2 = 0.79inch 2 ,2heels
W
150
pound
P =
=
= 94.5
2S
2 0.79
inch 2

Gage and Vacuum vs.

Absolute Pressure
- Absolute Pressure = Atmospheric Pressure + Gauge Pressure
- Vacuum = Atmospheric Pressure - Absolute Pressure
(No absolute pressure gages)

1 bar = 14.5038 psi

Pressure Measuring Devices

Manometer
Bellow Gauge
http://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/manometer.cfm

http://www.tpub.com/content/fc/14104/css/14104_234.htm

Pressure Calculation
Example 1:
A mercury manometer at 27 oC reads 60.5 cm.
2
The local gravitation acceleration is g = 9.784ms
What pressure does this correspond to ?
At 27 oC,

= 13.53g cm 3 for Hg

P = h g
= 60.5cm 13.53gcm 3 9.784ms 2
13.53
= 0.605m
(100)3 kgm 3 9.784ms 2
1000
= 0.605 13.53 1000 9.784kgm 1s 2
= 80090Pa = 80.090KPa = 0.8009bar

Units
1. Online Unit Conversion (over 5,000 units, and 50,000 conversions)
http://www.onlineconversion.com/
http://www.unitconversion.org/

2. Free Softwares
For Windows:
A free Engineering unit conversion software called Uconeer,
Version 2.4 could be downloaded from
http://www.katmarsoftware.com/Uconeer.htm
For Mac:
Search in the Dashboard for the free widget named
Unit Converter, easy to install, and easy to use.