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Wiekert Visser
Oil field
Depth (km)
2
Immature
Mature
3
? Source rock B (JJ) ?
Source rock A (KK)
Condensate
Oil
n.a.
>45
<45
<1%
< 15 %
> 20 %
Methane content
> 95 %
60-85 %
< 20 %
> 100.000
3000 100.000
< 3000
API gravity
GOR (scf/bbl)
Methane
C1
Pentane
C5H12
Saturates: naphtenes
H2
Non-saturates
H2
H2
H2
H2
Cyclo-hexane
C6H12
n-Alkanes: CnH2n+2
Iso-C6
Paraffins/Alkanes
H2
Cyclo-pentane
Pentane
C5
n-alkanes
Cyclo-alkanes
(Naphtenes)
iso-alkanes
H H H H H
|
|
|
|
|
HCCCCCH
|
|
|
|
|
H H H H H
Benzene
C6H6
Naphtalene
Aromatics
16 API
Volume percent
0
<2
16
42
39
Weight percent
10
3
37
50
(Reservoir) Engineering
i
% Saturates,
% Aromatics
% Hetero compounds
Specific gravity
Oil
Degrees API=
141,5
-131,5
specific gravity
Condensate
R
Tambaredjo Oil
These data are from the Jurassic Madbi marly shales in Yemen
Interpreting Sulfur
Sweet low sulfur crudes indicate the source is:
High API gravity shaly marine
Lacustrine (in case of elevated wax content)
Landplant (in case of high wax content)
Carbon isotopes
The atom Carbon has three different isotopes 12C, 13C, 14C, with atomic
weight of 12, 13, and 14 gram/mol respectively.
12C is most abundant, and living organisms prefer 12C over 13C
14C is least abundant and is radio-active. It can be used as dating tool.
13
C =[
13
12
13
12
C / C (sample)
C / C (standard)
] -1 *1000
The standard is the belemnite from the PeeDee Formation in South Carolina
13
PDB C = 0
-80
-60
-40
-20
20
Atmospheric CO2
Marine HCO3
Marine Carbonate Minerals
Marine Plants
Plankton
Wood
-35
-30
Peat
-25
-20
Monterey
Coal
Kimmeridge
Cretaceous
Oils/SR
Bakken Shale
Bacterial Gas
Phosphoria
Thermal Gas
North Sea
West Africa
Williston Basin
Wyoming
Ordovician Texas
Animal Bone
Diamond
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
13 CPDB ()
20
Isomers of alkanes
C2
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C11
C13
Possible
18
35
159
802
Significant in
crude oils
The number of isomers in crude oils explodes with increasing carbon number.
Analysing all these compounds required excellent separation techniques, such as
liquid and/or gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry
Branched alkanes
C7 ring compounds
3* Mono-branched
4* Di-branched
1* Tri-branched
CH3
CH3
C20
CH3
Pristane
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
C19
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
HO
Cholesterol
Cholestane
Conclusions