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Telugulanguage
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Telugu
(Englishpronunciation:/tlu/[5]

telugu,IPA:[t
el
uu])isa
DravidianlanguagenativetoIndia.
ItstandsalongsideHindi,English
andBengaliasoneoftheonly
languageswhichpredominatein
morethanoneIndianstate[6]itis
theprimarylanguageinthestates
ofAndhraPradeshandTelangana,
aswellasinthetownofYanam
whereitisalsoanofficiallanguage.
Itisalsospokenbysignificant
minoritiesintheAndamanand
NicobarIslands,Chhattisgarh,
Karnataka,Maharashtra,Odisha,
TamilNadu,andPuducherry,and
bytheSriLankanGypsypeople.It
isoneofsixlanguagesdesignateda
classicallanguageofIndiabythe
GovernmentofIndia.[7][8]Telugu
rankssecondbythenumberof
nativespeakersinIndia
(74million)(2001Census),[9]
fifteenthintheEthnologuelistof
mostspokenlanguages
worldwide[10]andisthemost
widelyspokenDravidianlanguage.
Itisoneofthetwentytwo
scheduledlanguagesofthe
RepublicofIndia.[11]
InloansfromSanskrit,Telugu
retainssomeofthefeaturesthat
havesubsequentlybeenlostin
someofSanskrit'sdaughter
languagessuchasHindiand
Bengali,especiallyinthe
pronunciationofsomevowelsand
consonants.[12]

Telugu

Nativeto

India

Region

AndhraPradesh,Telangana,Yanamandneighbouring
states

Ethnicity

Telugupeople

Native
speakers

75million(2007)[1]

Language
family

Dravidian

Writing
system

Telugualphabet(Brahmic)
TeluguBraille

L2speakers:ca.5million(19971999)[2]

Southern
SouthCentral
Telugulanguages
Telugu

Officialstatus
Official
languagein

Indiainthefollowingstatesandunionterritories:
AndhraPradesh
Telangana
Yanam
Languagecodes

ISO6391

te

ISO6392

tel

ISO6393

tel

Glottolog

telu1262
(http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/telu1262)

(Telugu)[3]
oldt1249
(http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oldt1249)

(OldTelugu)[4]

Contents
1 Etymology

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1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Earliestrecords
2.2 PostIkshvaku
period
2.3 MiddleAges
2.4 Vijayanagara
Empire
2.5 DelhiSultanate
andMughal
Influence

DistributionofnativeTeluguspeakersinIndia(asof1961)

2.6 Colonialperiod
2.7 Post
independence
period
3 Dialects
4 Geographicdistribution
5 Phonology
5.1 Vowels
5.2 Consonants
6 Grammar
6.1 Inflection
6.2 Gender
6.3 Pronouns
7 Vocabulary
8 Writingsystem
8.1 Numbersystem
8.2 Script
9 Literature
10 Telugusupporton
digitaldevices
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11 Seealso
12 References
13 Bibliography
14 Externallinks

Etymology
TheetymologyofTeluguisnotknownforcertain.Itisthoughttohavebeenderivedfromtrilinga,asin
TrilingaDesa,"thecountryofthethreelingas".AccordingtoaHindulegend,Shivadescendedasa
lingaonthreemountains:KaleswaraminTelangana,SrisailaminRayalaseemaandBhimeswaramin
CoastalAndhrainthelegend,thesemarkedtheboundariesoftheTelugucountry.[13]

History
AccordingtotheRussianlinguistAndronov,
TelugusplitfromProtoDravidianlanguages
between15001000BC.[14][15]

Earliestrecords
InscriptionswithTeluguwordsdatingbackto400
BCto100BChavebeendiscoveredinBhattiprolu
intheGunturdistrict.[16]TheEnglishtranslationof
oneinscriptionreads,"giftoftheslabbyvenerable
Midikilayakha".[17][18][19]

Kaleswaram
Srisailam

Bhimeswaram

PostIkshvakuperiod
Theperiodfrom575ADto1022ADcorresponds
LocationsofTrilingaKshetras
tothesecondphaseofTeluguhistory,afterthe
AndhraIkshvakuperiod.Thisisevidencedbythe
firstinscriptionthatisentirelyinTelugu,dated575AD,whichwasfoundintheRayalaseemaregion
andisattributedtotheRenatiCholas,whobrokewiththeprevailingcustomofusingSanskritandbegan
writingroyalproclamationsinthelocallanguage.Duringthenextfiftyyears,Teluguinscriptions
appearedinAnantapuramandotherneighboringregions.
TeluguwasmoreinfluencedbySanskritandPrakritduringthisperiod,whichcorrespondedtothe
adventofTeluguliterature.Teluguliteraturewasinitiallyfoundininscriptionsandpoetryinthecourts
oftherulers,andlaterinwrittenworkssuchasNannayya'sMahabharatam(1022AD).[20]Duringthe
timeofNannayya,theliterarylanguagedivergedfromthepopularlanguage.Itwasalsoaperiodof
phoneticchangesinthespokenlanguage.

MiddleAges
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Thethirdphaseismarkedbyfurtherstylizationandsophisticationoftheliterarylanguage.Duringthis
periodthesplitoftheTeluguandKannadaalphabetstookplace.[21]Tikkanawrotehisworksinthis
script.

VijayanagaraEmpire
TheVijayanagaraEmpiregaineddominancefrom1336tothelate17thcentury,reachingitspeakduring
theruleofKrishnadevarayainthe16thcentury,whenTeluguliteratureexperiencedwhatisconsidered
itsGoldenAge.[20]

DelhiSultanateandMughalInfluence
WiththeexceptionofCoastalAndhra,adistinctdialectdevelopedintheTelanganaStateandtheparts
ofRayalaseemaregionduetoPersian/Arabicinfluence:SultanateruleundertheTughlaqdynastyhad
beenestablishedearlierinthenorthernDeccanduringthe14thcentury.Inthelatterhalfofthe17th
century,Mughalruleextendedfurthersouth,culminatingintheestablishmentoftheprincelystateof
HyderabadbytheAsafJahdynastyin1724.ThisheraldedaneraofPersian/Arabicinfluenceonthe
Telugulanguage,especiallyamongthepeopleofHyderabad.Theeffectisalsoevidentintheproseof
theearly19thcentury,asintheKaifiyats.[20]
IntheprincelystateofNizam,AndhraJanaSanghamwasstartedin1921withthemainintentionof
promotingTelugulanguage,literature,itsbooksandhistoricalresearchledbyMadapatiHanumantha
Rao(FounderorAndhraJanaSangham),KomarrajuVenkataLakshmanaRao(FounderofLibrary
MovementinHyderabadState),SuravaramPratapareddyandothers.

Colonialperiod
The16thcenturyVenetianexplorerNiccolde'Conti,whovisitedtheVijayanagaraEmpire,foundthat
thewordsinTelugulanguageendwithvowels,justlikethoseinItalian,andhencereferreditas"The
ItalianoftheEast"[22]asayingthathasbeenwidelyrepeated.[23]
Intheperiodofthelate19thandtheearly20thcenturiessawtheinfluenceoftheEnglishlanguageand
moderncommunication/printingpressasaneffectoftheBritishrule,especiallyintheareasthatwere
partoftheMadrasPresidency.Literaturefromthistimehadamixofclassicalandmoderntraditionsand
includedworksbyscholarslikeKandukuriVeeresalingam,GurazadaApparaoandPanuganti
LakshminarasimhaRao.[20]
Sincethe1930s,whatwasconsideredaneliteliteraryformoftheTelugulanguage,hasnowspreadto
thecommonpeoplewiththeintroductionofmassmedialikemovies,television,radioandnewspapers.
Thisformofthelanguageisalsotaughtinschoolsandcollegesasastandard.

Postindependenceperiod
1. Teluguisoneofthe22officiallanguagesofIndia.
2. TheAndhraPradeshOfficialLanguageAct,1966,declaresTelugutheofficiallanguageofthe
statethatiscurrentlydividedintoTelanganaandAndhraPradesh.Thisenactmentwas
implementedbyGOMsNo420in2005.[24][25]
3. TelugualsohasofficiallanguagestatusintheYanamDistrictoftheUnionTerritoryof
Puducherry.
4. Telugu,alongwithKannada,wasdeclaredasoneoftheclassicallanguagesofIndiaintheyear
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2008.
5. ThefourthWorldTeluguConferencewasorganizedinTirupaticityinthelastweekofDecember
2012anddeliberatedatlengthonissuesrelatedtoTelugudevelopment
6. TeluguisthesecondmostspokennativelanguageinIndiaafterHindiandBengali.

Dialects
Waddar,Chenchu,andMannaDoraareallcloselyrelatedtoTelugu.[26]DialectsofTeluguareBerad,
Dasari,Dommara,Golari,Kamathi,Komtao,KondaReddi,Salewari,Telaingani,Warangal,
Mahaboobnagar(Palamuru),Gadwal(Rayalaseemamix),Narayanapeta(KannadaandMarathi
influence),Vijayawada,Vadaga,Srikakulam,Visakhapatnam,Toorpu(East)Godavari,Paschima
(West)Godavari,Kandula,Rayalaseema,Nellooru,Prakasam,Gunturu,Tirupati,VadariandYanadi
(Yenadi).[27]
InKarnatakathedialectseesmoreinfluenceofKannadaandisabitdifferentthanwhatisspokenin
Andhra.TherearesignificantpopulationsofTeluguspeakersintheeasterndistrictsofKarnatakaviz.
BangaloreUrban,BangaloreRural,Bellary,Chikballapur,Kolar,RaichurandTumkur.
InTamilNadutheTelugudialectisclassifiedintoSalem,Coimbatore,Vellore,Tiruvannamalaiand
MadrasTelugudialects.ItisalsospokeninpocketsofVirudhunagar,Tuticorin,TirunelveliMadurai,
Theni,Madras(Chennai)andThanjavurdistricts.

Geographicdistribution
TeluguismainlyspokeninthestatesofAndhraPradesh,
TelanganaandYanamdistrictofPuducherryaswellasinthe
neighboringstatesofTamilNadu,Puducherry,Karnataka,
Maharashtra,Odisha,Chhattisgarh,somepartsofJharkhandand
theKharagpurregionofWestBengalinIndia.Itisalsospoken
intheUnitedStates,wheretheTelugudiasporanumbersmore
than800,000,withthehighestconcentrationinCentralNew
JerseyaswellasinAustralia,NewZealand,Bahrain,Canada,
Fiji,Malaysia,Singapore,Mauritius,Ireland,SouthAfrica,
TrinidadandTobago,theUnitedArabEmirates,United
Kingdom,aswellasotherwesternEuropeancountries,where
therearealsoaconsiderableTelugudiaspora.At7.2%ofthe
population,Teluguisthethirdmostspokenlanguageinthe
IndiansubcontinentafterHindiandBengali.InKarnataka,7.0%
ofthepopulationspeakTelugu,and5.6%inTamilNadu,where
itcommonlyknownasTelungu.[28]

Phonology

WallpaintingatashopinTelangana,
India.Itfirstshowsthepaintedparty
symbolsofallthemajorpolitical
partiesintheregionduringthe
nationwideelectionsinIndiain2014.
ItalsohasaTeluguinscription
showingavailabilityofpoliticalflags,
banners,caps,badgesandother
electionmaterial.

Teluguwordsgenerallyendinvowels.InOldTelugu,thiswasabsoluteinthemodernlanguagem,n,y,
wmayendaword.AtypicallyforaDravidianlanguage,voicedconsonantsweredistinctiveeveninthe
oldestrecordedformofthelanguage.Sanskritloanshaveintroducedaspiratedandmurmured
consonantsaswell.

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Telugudoesnothavecontrastivestress,andspeakersvaryonwheretheyperceivestress.Mostjudgeit
tobeonthepenultimateorfinalsyllable,dependingonwordandvowellength.[29]

Vowels
Telugufeaturesaformofvowelharmonywhereinthesecondvowelindisyllabicnounandadjective
rootsaltersaccordingtowhetherthefirstvowelistenseorlax.[30]Also,ifthesecondvowelisopen(i.e.
/a/or/a/),thenthefirstvowelwillbemoreopenandcentralized(e.g.[mka]'goat',asopposedto
[meku]'nail').Teluguwordsalsohavevowelsininflectionalsuffixesthatareharmonizedwiththe
vowelsoftheprecedingsyllable.[31]
Vowels acchulu
i i

u u

e e

o o

a a
//onlyoccursinloanwords.
Teluguhastwodiphthongs:[ai]and[au].

Consonants
Thetablebelowillustratesthearticulationoftheconsonants.[32]

tenuis

Teluguconsonants
Denti
Bilabial Labiodental
Retroflex "Palatal"
alveolar
/p/pa
/t
/ta
//a
/t
/ca

voiced

/b/ba

/d
/da

//a

aspirated*

/p/pha

/t
/tha

//ha

breathyvoiced*

/b/bha

/d
/dha //ha /d
/jha //gha

Plosive

/m/ma

Nasal
Fricative*
central

Approximant
lateral

Flap

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/f/

/n
/na

//a

/s
/sa

//a

//va

/d
/ja

Velar
/k/ka
//ga

/t
/cha /k/kha

//a

/x/ha

/j/ya
/l
/la

//a

/r
/

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*Theaspiratedandbreathyvoicedconsonantsoccurmostlyinloanwords,asdothefricativesapart
fromnative/s
/.

Grammar
TheTeluguGrammariscalledvykaranam( ).
ThefirsttreatiseonTelugugrammar,theAndhraSabdaChintamani,waswritteninSanskritby
Nannayya,consideredthefirstTelugupoetandtranslator,inthe11thcenturyAD.Thisgrammar
followedthepatternswhichexistedingrammaticaltreatisessuchasAdhyyand
Vlmkivykaranam,butunlikePini,Nannayyadividedhisworkintofivechapters,coveringsamjn,
sandhi,ajanta,halantaandkriya.EveryTelugugrammaticalruleisderivedfromPinianconcepts.
Inthe19thcentury,ChinnayaSuriwroteasimplifiedworkonTelugugrammarcalledBla
Vykaranam,borrowingconceptsandideasfromNannayya'sgrammar.
Sentence
Words




.

Transliteration rmu
Gloss
Parts
Translation




.
baiki

vetu

Ramu toschool goes.

Subject Object

Verb

Ramugoestoschool.

Thissentencecanalsobeinterpretedas'Ramuwillgotoschool',dependingonthecontext,butitdoes
notaffecttheSOVorder.

Inflection
Telugunounsareinflectedfornumber(singular,plural),gender(masculine,feminine,andneuter)and
case(nominative,accusative,genitive,dative,vocative,instrumental,andlocative).[33]

Gender
Teluguhasthreegenders:masculine,feminine,andneuter.

Pronouns
Telugupronounsincludepersonalpronouns(thepersonsspeaking,thepersonsspokento,orthepersons
orthingsspokenabout).Indefinitepronouns,relativepronouns(connectingpartsofsentences)and
reciprocalorreflexivepronouns(inwhichtheobjectofaverbisbeingactedonbytheverb'ssubject).
Teluguusesthesameformsforsingularfeminineandneutergenderthethirdpersonpronoun(
/ad
/)isusedtorefertoanimalsandobjects.[34][35]
Thenominativecase(karta),theobjectofaverb(karma),andtheverbaresomewhatinasequencein
Telugusentenceconstruction."Vibhakti"(caseofanoun)and"pratyayamulu"(anaffixtorootsand
wordsformingderivativesandinflections)depicttheancientnatureandprogressionofthelanguage.
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The"Vibhaktis"ofTelugulanguage" [Du],[mu], [vu], [lu]",etc.,aredifferentfromthose

inSanskritandhavebeeninuseforalongtime.

Vocabulary
SanskritinfluencedTeluguofAndhraandTelanganaregionsforabout1500yearshowever,thereis
evidencethatsuggestsanolderinfluence.Duringtheperiod10001100AD,Nannaya'srewritingofthe
MahbhratainTelugu(
)reestablisheditsuse,anditdominatedovertheroyallanguage,
Sanskrit.TeluguabsorbedtatsamasfromSanskrit.[36]
ThevocabularyofTelugu,especiallyinTelanganastate,hasatroveofPersianArabicborrowings,
whichhavebeenmodifiedtofitTeluguphonology.ThiswasduetocenturiesofMuslimruleinthese
regions,suchastheerstwhilekingdomsofGolkondaandHyderabad(e.g. ,/kaburu/forUrdu

/xabar/,
or,/davabu/forUrdu/dawb/,
).
ModernTeluguvocabularycanbesaidtoconstituteadiglossiabecausetheformal,standardizedversion
ofthelanguageiseitherlexicallySanskritorheavilyinfluencedbySanskrit,istaughtinschools,andis
usedbythegovernmentandHindureligiousinstitutions.However,everydayTeluguvariesdepending
uponregionandsocialstatus.

Writingsystem
Teluguscriptiswrittenfromlefttorightandconsistsofsequencesofsimple
and/orcomplexcharacters.Thescriptissyllabicinnaturethebasicunitsof
writingaresyllables.Sincethenumberofpossiblesyllablesisverylarge,syllables
arecomposedofmorebasicunitssuchasvowels(achchuorswaram)and
ThenameTelugu
consonants(halluorvyanjanam).Consonantsinconsonantclusterstake
writteninthe
shapesthatareverydifferentfromtheshapestheytakeelsewhere.Consonantsare
Teluguscript
presumedtobepureconsonants,thatis,withoutanyvowelsoundinthem.
However,itistraditionaltowriteandreadconsonantswithanimplied'a'vowel
sound.Whenconsonantscombinewithothervowelsigns,thevowelpartisindicatedorthographically
usingsignsknownasvowelmaatras.Theshapesofvowelmaatrasarealsoverydifferentfromthe
shapesofthecorrespondingvowels.
Theoverallpatternconsistsofsixtysymbols,ofwhich16arevowels,threevowelmodifiers,andforty
oneconsonants.Spacesareusedbetweenwordsaswordseparators.
Thesentenceendswitheitherasinglebar(purnaviramam)oradoublebar(deerghaviramam).
Traditionally,inhandwriting,Teluguwordswerenotseparatedbyspaces.Modernpunctuation
(commas,semicolon,etc.)wereintroducedwiththeadventofprint.[37]
Thereisasetofsymbolsfornumerals,thoughArabicnumbersaretypicallyused.
TeluguisassignedUnicodecodepoints:0C000C7F(30723199).[38]

Numbersystem
Teluguhasitsowndigits,asshownbelow.However,thesearenotincommonuse.

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sunna(TeluguformofSanskritword
okati rendu moodu naalugu aidu aaru edu enimidi tommidi
nyam)

Script
TheTeluguscriptisanabugidaconsistingof60symbols16vowels,3vowelmodifiers,and41
consonants.TheSanskritandTeluguscriptsaresimilarandexhibitonetoonecorrespondence.Telugu
hasacompletesetoflettersthatfollowasystemtoexpresssounds.[39]Someareintroducedtoexpress
fineshadesofdifferenceinsounds.[39]
Teluguhasfullzero(anusvra)(),halfzero(arthanusvraorcandrabindu)()andvisarga()
toconveyvariousshadesofnasalsounds.laandLa,raandRaaredifferentiated.[39]
Teluguhas.CHand.JHwhicharenotrepresentedinSanskrittheirpronunciationissimilartothes
soundinthewordtreasure(i.e.thepostalveolarvoicedfricative)andzsoundinzebra(i.e.thealveolar
voicedfricative),respectively.Secondly,TeluguhasS,SH,andKSH,whicharenotfoundinTamil.[39]
TheTeluguscriptcanreproducethefullrangeofSanskritphoneticswithoutlosinganyofthetext's
originality.[39]Teluguhasmadeitslettersexpressiveofallthesoundsandhenceithastodealwith
significantborrowingsfromSanskrit,TamilandHindustani.[39]

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Consonantshallulu()

TeluguGunintalu:

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Literature
Teluguliteratureisgenerallydividedintosixperiods:
IntheTeluguliteratureTikkanawasgivenagraasana(topposition)bymanyfamouscritics.
Intheearliestperiodtherewereonlyinscriptionsfrom575ADonwards.Nannaya's(10221063)
translationoftheSanskritMahabharataintoTeluguistheearliestpieceofTeluguliteratureasyet
discovered.AfterthedemiseofNannaya,therewasakindofsocialandreligiousrevolutioninthe
Telugucountry.[40]
Tikkana(13thcentury)andYerrapragada(14thcentury)continuedthetranslationoftheMahabharata
startedbyNannaya.Telugupoetryalsoflourishedinthisperiod,especiallyinthetimeofSrinatha.
Duringthisperiod,someTelugupoetstranslatedSanskritpoemsanddramas,whileothersattempted
originalnarrativepoems.ThepopularTeluguliteraryformcalledthePrabandhaevolvedduringthis
period.Srinatha(13651441)wastheforemostpoet,whopopularizedthisstyleofcomposition(astory
inversehavingatightmetricalscheme).Srinatha'sSringaraNaishadhamisparticularlywellknown.
TheRamayanapoetsmayalsobereferredinthiscontext.TheearliestRamayanainTeluguisgenerally
knownastheRanganathaRamayana,authoredbythechiefGonaBuddhaReddy.TheworksofPothana
(14501510),Jakkana(secondhalfofthe14thcentury)andGaurana(firsthalfofthe15thcentury)
formedacanonofreligiouspoetryduringthisperiod.PadakavithaPithamahaAnnamayya,contributed
manyoriginalTeluguPaatalu(Songs)tothelanguage.
The16thand17thcenturiesisregardedasthe"goldenage"ofTeluguliterature.Krishnadevaraya's
Amukthamalayadha,andPedhdhana'sManucharithraareregardedasMahaakaavyaas.SriKrishnadeva
Rayastated"DesabhashalanduTeluguLessa"meaning"Teluguisthebestamongthelanguagesofthe
nation".Teluguliteratureflourishedinthesouthinthetraditional"samsthanas"(centres)ofSouthern
literature,suchasMaduraiandTanjore.ThisageisoftenreferredtoastheSouthernPeriod.Therewere
alsoanincreasingnumberofpoetsinthisperiodamongtherulingclass,womenandworkingclasswho
popularisedindigenous(desi)meters.
WiththeconquestoftheDeccanbytheMughalsin1687,Teluguliteratureenteredalull.Tyagaraja's
compositionsaresomeoftheknownworksfromthisperiod.Thenemergedaperiodoftransition(1850
1910),followedbyalongperiodofRenaissance.EuropeanslikeC.P.Brownplayedanimportantrolein
thedevelopmentofTelugulanguageandliterature.IncommonwiththerestofIndia,Teluguliterature
ofthisperiodwasincreasinglyinfluencedbyEuropeanliteraryformslikethenovel,shortstory,prose
anddrama.
ParavastuChinnayyaSoori(18071861)isawellknownTeluguwriterwhodedicatedhisentirelifeto
theprogressandpromotionofTelugulanguageandliterature.SriChinnayasooriwrotetheBala
VyakaranaminanewstyleafterdoingextensiveresearchonTelugugrammar.Otherwellknown
writingsbyChinnayasooriareNeethichandrika,SootandhraVyaakaranamu,AndhraDhatumoola,and
NeetiSangrahamu.
KandukuriVeeresalingam(18481919)isgenerallyconsideredthefatherofmodernTelugu
literature.[41]HisnovelRajasekharaCharitamuwasinspiredbytheVicarofWakefield.Hiswork
markedthebeginningofadynamicofsociallyconsciousTeluguliteratureanditstransitiontothe
modernperiod,whichisalsopartofthewiderliteraryrenaissancethattookplaceinIndianculture
duringthisperiod.OtherprominentliteraryfiguresfromthisperiodareGurajadaAppaRao,Viswanatha
Satyanarayana,GurramJashuva,RayaproluSubbaRao,DevulapalliKrishnasastriandSrirangam
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SrinivasaRao,popularlyknownasMahakaviSriSri.SriSriwasinstrumentalinpopularisingfreeverse
inspokenTelugu(vaadukabhasha),asopposedtothepureformofwrittenTeluguusedbyseveralpoets
inhistime.DevulapalliKrishnasastriisoftenreferredtoastheShelleyofTeluguliteraturebecauseof
hispioneeringworksinTeluguRomanticpoetry.
ViswanathaSatyanarayanawonIndia'snationalliteraryhonour,theJnanpithAwardforhismagnum
opusRamayanaKalpavrikshamu.[42]C.NarayanaReddywontheJnanpithAwardin1988forhispoetic
work,Viswambara.RavuriBharadhwajawonthe3rdJnanpithAwardforTeluguliteraturein2013for
PaakuduRaallu,agraphicaccountoflifebehindthescreeninfilmindustry.[43]Kanyasulkam,thefirst
socialplayinTelugubyGurajadaAppaRao,wasfollowedbytheprogressivemovement,thefreeverse
movementandtheDigambarastyleofTeluguverse.OthermodernTelugunovelistsincludeUnnava
Lakshminarayana(Maalapalli),BulusuVenkateswarulu(BharatiyaTatvaSastram),Kodavatiganti
KutumbaRaoandBuchiBabu.

Telugusupportondigitaldevices
Teluguinput,display,andsupportwasinitiallyprovidedontheWindowsplatform.Subsequently,
variousbrowsers,officeapplications,operatingsystems,anduserinterfaceswerelocalizedforWindows
andLinuxplatformsbyvendorsandfreeandopensourcevolunteers.Telugucapablesmartphoneswere
alsointroducedbyvendorsin2013.[44]

Seealso
Telugulanguageday
Telugupeople
Telugugrammar
ListofIndianlanguagesbytotalspeakers
ListofTelugulanguagetelevisionchannels
StatesofIndiabyTeluguspeakers
Telugulanguagepolicy

References
1. MikaelParkvall,"Vrldens100strstasprk2007"(TheWorld's100LargestLanguagesin2007),in
Nationalencyklopedin
2. Telugu(http://archive.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=tcw)atEthnologue(14thed.,2000).
3. Nordhoff,SebastianHammarstrm,HaraldForkel,RobertHaspelmath,Martin,eds.(2013)."Telugu".
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theTeluguCharacter(1862,googlebooksedition(https://books.google.com/books?
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Externallinks
HintsandresourcesforlearningTelugu
Telugueditionof
(http://www.learningtelugu.org/)
Wikipedia,thefree
EnglishtoTeluguonlinedictionary
encyclopedia
(http://en2te.sourceforge.net/)
'TelugutoEnglish'and'EnglishtoTelugu'Dictionary(http://www.telugudictionary.org/)
DictionaryofmixedTeluguByCharlesPhilipBrown(https://books.google.com/books?
id=j28IAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f
=false)
OriginsofTeluguScript(http://www.engr.mun.ca/~adluri/telugu/language/script/script1a.html)
OnlineEnglishTelugudictionaryportalwhichincludesmanypopulardictionaries
(http://andhrabharati.com/dictionary/index.php)
Teluguliteratureonline(http://greatertelugu.com/)
EnglishTeluguDictionary(http://www.bdword.com/englishtotelugudictionary)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telugu_language&oldid=701422298"
Categories: Telugulanguage Agglutinativelanguages ClassicalLanguageinIndia
Dravidianlanguages LanguagesofAndhraPradesh LanguagesofPuducherry
LanguagesofTamilNadu LanguagesofTelangana OfficiallanguagesofIndia
Subjectobjectverblanguages Vowelharmonylanguages
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