THIRD EDITION

GAS TURBINE
THEORY
H. Cohen
Fellow, Queens' College, University of Cambridge

G. F. C. Rogers
Professor Emeritus, University of Bristol

H. I. H. Saravanamuttoo
Professor, Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering,
Carleton University

Longman

HPUI Scientific &

PI PI PI

Technical

Copublished in the United States with

John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York

Contents

Prefaces

ix

Introduction
1.1 Open cycle single-shaft and twin-shaft arrangements
1.2 Multi-spool arrangements
1.3 Closed cycles
1.4 Aircraft propulsion
1.5 Industrial applications
1.6 Some future possibilities
1.7 Gas turbine design procedure

1
5
7
9
10
17
25
28

Shaft power cycles

2.1 Ideal cycles
2.2 Methods of accounting for component losses
2.3 Design point performance calculations
2.4 Comparative performance of practical cycles
2.5 COGAS cycles and cogeneration schemes
2.6 Closed cycle gas turbines

32
32
40
56
61
67
70

Gas turbine cycles for aircraft propulsion

76

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6

Criteria of performance
Intake and propelling nozzle efficiencies
Simple turbojet cycle
The turbofan engine
The turboprop engine
Thrust augmentation

Centrifugal compressors
4.1 Principle of operation

76
80
87
93
102
105

109
110

VI

CONTENTS

4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5

Work done and pressure rise

The diffuser
Compressibility effects
Non-dimensional quantities for plotting compressor
characteristics
4.6 Compressor characteristics
4.7 Computerised design procedures

Axial flow compressors

5.1 Basic operation
5.2 Elementary theory
5.3 Factors affecting stage pressure ratio
5.4 Blockage in the compressor annulus
5.5 Degree of reaction
5.6 Three-dimensional flow
5.7 Design process
5.8 Blade design
5.9 Calculation of stage performance
5.10 Compressibility effects
5.11 Off-design performance
5.12 Axial compressor characteristics
5.13 Closure

111
119
125
130
132
136

138
139
' 141
144
150
152
154
164
185
195
204
210
213
219

Combustion systems
6.1 Form of combustion system
6.2 Some important factors affecting combustion chamber design
6.3 The combustion process
6.4 Combustion chamber performance
6.5 Some practical problems

221
221
223
225
229
236

Axial and radical flow turbines

7.1 Elementary theory of axial flow turbine
7.2 Vortex theory
7.3 Choice of blade profile, pitch and chord
7.4 Estimation of stage performance
7.5 Overall turbine performance
7.6 The cooled turbine
7.7 The radial flow turbine

244
244
261
267
283
292
294
301

Prediction of performance of simple gas turbines

8.1 Component characteristics

309
311

CONTENTS

8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7

Off-design operation of the single-shaft gas turbine

Equilibrium running of a gas generator
Off-design operation of free turbine engine
Off-design operation of the jet engine
Methods of displacing the equilibrium running line
Incorporation of variable pressure losses

Prediction of performancefurther topics

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6

Methods of improving part-load performance

Matching procedures for twin-spool engines
Some notes on the behaviour of twin-spool engines
Matching procedures for turbofan engines
Transient behaviour of gas turbines
Principles of control systems

Appendix A Some notes on gas dynamics

A.I Compressibility effects (qualitative treatment)
A.2 Basic equations for steady one-dimensional compressible
flow of a perfect gas in a duct
A.3 Isentropic flow in a duct of varying area
A.4 Frictionless flow in a constant area duct with heat transfer
A. 5 Adiabatic flow in a constant area duct with friction
A.6 Plane normal shock waves
A.7 Oblique shock waves
A.8 Isentropic two-dimensional supersonic expansion and
compression

Vll

313
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321
330
338
342

344
344
349
353.
357
359
366

370
370
374
376
377
379
380
384
387

Appendix B Problems

390

Appendix C References

402

Index

407