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Carbon Compounds
Carbon compounds
Organic compounds
Carbon-containing
compounds that can
be obtained from
living things
Except oxides of
carbon, carbonates,
cyanides and metallic
carbides
Examples:
Inorganic compounds
Non-carbon-containing
Hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon:
Organic compounds which contains carbon and
hydrogen only
Examples:
Petroleum, coal, natural gas, rubber tree
Non-hydrocarbon:
Organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen
together with a few other elements
Examples:
Sugar
Organic compounds
Hydrocarbons
Non-hydrocarbons
C and H
C, H and O, N, P, S, F,
Cl, Br and I
Saturated
hydrocarbon
Contain only
single bonds
Unsaturated
hydrocarbon
Contain at least
one multiple
bonds
1. Molecular formula
Meaning
The formula that shows the actual numbers
and types of atoms present in a molecule.
Molecular formula
Explanation
Propane, C3H8
Contains 3 carbon atoms and 8
hydrogen atoms
Pentane, C5H12
2. Structural formula
Meaning
The formula that shows how the atoms in a
molecule are bonded together and by what
types of bonds
Molecular formula
Propane, C3H8
Structural formula
Root
Ending
a) stem/root
Number of
carbon
atom
10
Stem
Meth
Eth
Prop
But
Pent
Hex
Hept
Oct
Non
Dec
b) suffix/ending
Ending; different followed by the
homologous series
Homologous series
Ending
Alkane
ane
Alkene
ene
Alcohol
ol
Carboxylic acid
oic acid
Ester
yl ..oate
B. ALKANES
Physical properties of alkanes
Alkanes are covalent compounds which
consist of simple molecules
Molecules are held together by weak
intermolecular force
Solubility
Density
Dissolve in
organic solvents
Insoluble in
water
Electrical
conductivity
Cannot conduct
electricity
Because there
are no free
moving ions
Melting and
boiling point
Physical
properties of
alkanes
Physical state at
room
temperature
C1 to C4 are gases
C5 to C17 are
liquid
C18 > are solid
Halogenation
Reactions of alkanes with halogens
Take place readily in sunlight/ultraviolet
Example of substitution reaction
Reaction that occurs when one
atom or a group of atoms in a
molecule is replaced by another
atom or group of atoms
CHCl3 + Cl2
C. ALKENES
Physical properties of alkenes are similar to
alkanes
Molecules are held together by weak
intermolecular force
Solubility
Density
Less dense than
water
Dissolve in organic
solvents
Insoluble in water
Electrical
conductivity
Cannot conduct
electricity
Because there are
no free moving
ions
Melting and
boiling point
Physical
properties of
alkenes
Hydrogenation
Alkenes react with hydrogen at 180 C at
presence of nickel/platinum (catalyst) to
produce alkanes
C2H4 + H2
Ni, 180 C
C2H6
Halogenation
No catalyst or ultraviolet is needed
Alkenes react with halogen at room
temperature in the presence of
tetrachloromethane, CCl4
C2H4 + Cl2 C2H4Cl2
C4H8 + Br2 C4H8Br2
Used to test for the presence of a carbon-carbon double bond
Hydration
Alkenes reacts with steam, H2O at 300 C and
60 atm in the presence of concentrated H3PO4
(as catalyst) to produce alcohol
C2H4 + H2O
H3PO4
300 C, 60 atm
C2H5OH
KMnO4
C2H4(OH)2
Polymerization reaction
Small alkene molecules undergo an addition
reaction with one another at high pressure of
1000 atm and temperature 200 C
Observation:
Propane:
Burn in air, producing yellow sooty flame
Propene:
Burn in air, producing yellow and a very sooty flame
Conclusion:
Propene is more reactive than propane
Hexane, C6H14
=
6(12)
x 100
[6(12)+14(1)]
= 83.72%
Hexene, C6H12
=
6(12)
x 100
[6(12)+12(1)]
= 85.71%
Solubility
Slightly soluble in
water but readily
dissolve in organic
solvent
State
Simple ester is
colourless liquid at
room condition
Density
Low density
Boiling point
Low boiling
point
Odour
Physical
properties of
ester
Sweet pleasant
smell (fruity
smell)
E. ALCOHOL
Industrial production of ethanol
Two main process:
(a)From sugar and starch by fermentation
(b)From petroleum fraction by hydration
1. Fermentation
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
From sugar & starches
Yeast added
Left in warm place (absence of oxygen)anaerobic
Temperature = 18 20 C
Catalyst = yeast (zymase)
Other condition = absence of oxygen
2. Hydration
CH + H2O C2H5OH
From petroleum fractions
Temperature = 300 C
Pressure = 60 atm
Catalyst = phosporic acid, H3PO4
Oxidation reaction
React with the oxidation agent:
a) acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4
(purple colourless)
b) acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7
(orange green)
C2H5OH+ 2[O] CH3COOH + H2O
Ethanol
Ethanoic acid
Dehydration
Removal of water molecule from alcohol
molecule
C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O
Ethanol
Ethene
Method:
(a) Heated under reflux at 180 C with excess
concentrated H2SO4 or
(b) Pass over a heated catalyst (porcelain chips,
porous pot, Al2O3
Uses of alcohols
As a solvent in
Perfumes, cosmetics, toiletries
As a thinner in
Lacquer, varnish, shellac, ink
As a cleaner for
Compact disc, video cassette recorder head
As a fuel
Clean fuel, biofuel, gasohol
F. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Functional group
Carboxyl group ( -COOH )
General formula
CnH2n+1COOH
Solubility
Simple molecules are
very soluble in water
Due to water molecule
being strongly
attracted to the
COOH group
Solubility when
number of carbon per
molecule
State
Larger molecules
(C10 above) are
wax-like solids
Colour
Colourless
liquid
Boiling point
High boiling
point
Physical
properties of
carboxylic
acids
Odour
Sharp/unplea
sant smell
Ethanoic acid
Chemical properties
Acid properties
CH3COOH is a weak monoprotic acid
Only one hydrogen atom can ionize in water to
produce H+ ion
CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+
Ethanoic acid
Ethanoate ion
Zinc ethanoate
Sodium
ethanoate
Copper
ethanoate
Calcium
ethanoate
Butan-1-ol
Buthyl ethanoate
G. ESTER
Functional group
Carboxylate group ( -COO- )
General formula
CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1
Naming ester
Boiling point
Colour
Solubility
Simple
alcohols are
very soluble
in water
Because has
OH group
Colourless
liquid at room
temperature
Low boiling
point
compare to
water
Odour
Very sharp
smell
State
C1 to C11 are
liquid at room
temperature
Physical
properties of
alcohol
Highly
volatile
Formation of ester
Esterification reaction
Catalyst: Concentrated H2SO4
Natural sources
Fruit
Pineapple C3H7COOC2H5
Ethyl butanoate
Flower
Jasmine CH3COOCH2C6H5
Benzyl ethanoate
Use of ester
Preparation of cosmetics & perfumes
Used as food additives (enhance the flavour &
smell of processed food)
Production of soap & detergent