Chapter 04

04_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.
3 Page 102 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:12 PM
Space and geometry
Investigating
geometry
The word geometry comes from the Greek work geometria, which means land
measuring. The principles and ideas of geometry are evident in many aspects of our
lives. For instance, geometry may be used in the design of buildings, bridges, and
patterns for tiles and wallpaper. It may even be used when playing billiards and
pool. Many examples of geometrical patterns can be seen in nature.
The contact lens in this photo combines geometry, algebra and biology to correct
problems with vision.
04_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.3 Page 103 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:12 PM
In this chapter you will:
recognise the types of triangles and quadrilaterals, and the properties of

their sides, angles and diagonals
know and use the angle sum and exterior angle properties of a triangle
know and use the angle sum of a quadrilateral
prove and apply tests for quadrilaterals
find and apply the interior and exterior angle sums of any convex polygon
find the size of the interior and exterior angles of any regular polygon.
Wordbank
geometry The branch of mathematics that deals with the measurement,

properties and relationships of points, lines, surfaces and solids.
closed figure A plane shape that completely surrounds an area. Squares
and circles are closed figures but an angle is not.
polygon A plane closed figure or shape with straight sides. A regular
polygon, such as a square, has all its angles equal and all its sides equal.
diagonal An interval joining a vertex to another non-adjacent vertex.
exterior angle The angle formed outside a polygon when one of its sides
is extended.
Think!
A square can be considered to be a rhombus but a rhombus cannot be
considered to be a square. Explain why. Can a square also be considered to
be a rectangle?
I NV E S T I GAT I NG GE OM E T R Y
103
CHAPTER 4
Start up
1 Find the size of each angle marked by a pronumeral, giving reasons.
Worksheet
4-01
Brainstarters 4
b
27
110
Skillsheet
4-01
Types of angles
Skillsheet
4-02
Measuring
angles
30
h
37
35
42
h
139
40
2 Find the values of the pronumerals in the following diagrams.

a
Worksheet
4-02
A page of angles
55
x x
70 c
a
35
v
p
150
h
b
h
q
65
140
85
30
3 Find the value of each pronumeral, giving reasons for each step you use.
Skillsheet
4-03
Angles and
parallel lines
c
80
3k
120
66
5m
4w
Worksheet
4-03
Find the missing
angle 1
d
75
3c
f
(5m + 30)
4k
70
60
104
N E W C E N T U R Y M A T H S 9 : S T A G E S 5.2/ 5.3
Skillbank 4
Finding percentages of multiples of 100
Since a percentage is a number out of 100:
1% of 100 = 1
1 1--- % of 100 = 1 1--2
2% of 100 = 2, and so on.
1 Examine these examples:

a Find 1% of 300.
b Find 4% of 500.
1% of 100 = 1
4% of 100 = 4
1% of 300 = 1 3 (since 300 = 100 3)
4% of 500 = 4 5 (since 500 = 100 5)
=3
= 20
2 Find the following amounts.
a 1% of 600
b 3% of 400
e 4% of 600
f 3% of 800
i 8% of 400
j 4% of 700
c 5% of 200
g 6% of 400
k 3% of 1200
SkillTest
4-01
Finding a
percentage of a
multiple of 100
d 2% of 300
h 2% of 900
l 13% of 200

a Find 1 1--- % of 200.
2
1 1--- % of 100 = 1 1--
2
1 1--- %
2
of 200 =
2
1 1--2
1 1--- % of 100 = 1.5
or
2=3
1 1--- % of 200 = 1.5 2 = 3.0 or 3

2
b Find 3 1--- % of 500.

2
3 1--- % of 100 = 3 1--
2
3 1--- %
2
of 500 =
2
3 1--2
3 1--- % of 100 = 3.5
or
3 1--- % of 500 = 3.5 5

2
= 17.5
= 3 5 + 1--- 5
2
= 15 + 2 1--- = 17 1--2
4 Find the following amounts.

a 1 1--- % of 400
b 4 1--- % of 200
c 2 1--- % of 300
of 300
of 400
of 700
of 400
2
3 1--- %
2
2 1--- %
2
2
1 1--- %
2
3 1--- %
2

a Find 1.5% of 400.
1.5% of 100 = 1.5
1.5% of 400 = 1.5 4 = 6.0 (or 6)
6 Find:
a 1.25% of 300
d 1.3% of 400
2
4 1--- %
2
1 1--- %
2
of 500
of 800
b Find 2.25% of 300.

2.25% of 100 = 2.25
2.25% of 300 = 2.25 3 = 6.75
b 4.25% of 200
e 4.2% of 300
c 2.75% of 500
f 2.5% of 1200
105
CHAPTER 4
Just for the record

Railway tracks and parallel lines
The worlds longest pair of straight parallel lines is the 478 km section of railway track across
the Nullarbor Plain. This stretch of railway track is part of one of the longest rail journeys in
the world. The Indian Pacics journey from Sydney, NSW, to Perth, WA, covers a distance of
4352 km and takes three days to complete.
1 Why is the train called the Indian Pacic?
2 What percentage (correct to one decimal place) of the total distance of the
journey is the length of the worlds longest length of straight track?
Properties of triangles
A triangle is a three-sided gure. Triangular shapes are
used in many everyday objects such as:
the frames of bicycles and motorcycles
the roof trusses of houses
the sails of boats, sailboards and windsurfers
the exteriors of many buildings
some road signs.
Triangles can be classied according to the lengths of their sides.
SkillBuilder
23-02
Introduction to
shapes Part II
scalene
isosceles
A scalene triangle is a triangle with no two sides equal in length.

An isosceles triangle is a triangle with two sides equal in length.
An equilateral triangle is a triangle with all sides equal in length.
106
equilateral
Summary
The properties of the various types of triangles can be summarised as follows:
Scalene triangle
no two sides equal
no two angles equal
no symmetry
Isosceles triangle
two equal sides
the angles opposite the equal sides are equal
one axis of symmetry
Equilateral triangle all sides equal
all angles equal to 60
three axes of symmetry
has rotational symmetry
The angle sum of a triangle is 180.
a
a + b + c = 180
b
c
Proof:
Consider any triangle PQR in which the angles are a, b

and c. Construct a line through P parallel to QR.
UPQ = b
(alternate angles, UV QR)
and VPR = c
(alternate angles, UV QR)
but UPQ + QPR + VPR = 180
a + b + c = 180
P
a
b
c
R
(angle sum of a straight line)
So the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180.
Working mathematically
Reasoning: The exterior angle of a triangle
1 a Draw UTV and produce
V
(extend) the side UT to P,
as shown in the
diagram.
b Use a protractor to
measure VUT
U
and UVT.
c Measure VTP. What do you notice?
The side UT has been

produced to P.
VTP is an exterior
angle of UTV.
T
2 a Repeat the procedure in Question 1 for ABC which has the side AB produced to
point D.
b Measure the exterior angle CBD and then measure the angles CAB and BCA. What do
you notice? (The angles CAB and BCA are referred to as the interior opposite
angles to angle CBD.)
3 Write a conclusion for your results in Questions 1 and 2.
107
CHAPTER 4
The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum

of the interior opposite angles.
X
n
m
Y
p
p = m + n
Z
W
Proof:
Consider any triangle XYZ in which the angles are m, n

and k. Produce the line YZ to the point W.
m + n + k = 180
(angle sum of a triangle)
m + n = 180 k
but XZW = 180 k (angles on a straight line)
XZW = m + n
p = m + n
Skillsheet
4-04
Starting
Geometers
Sketchpad
or
A
Consider any triangle XYZ in which YXZ = n and
XYZ = m. Construct a line AB through X parallel
to YW.
AXY = XYZ = m (alternate angles, AB YW)
AXZ = m + n
but AXZ = XZW
(alternate angles, AB YW)
XZW = m + n
p = m + n
m
k p
Z
W
X
n
m
p
Z
W
Using technology
Angle sum of a triangle
Skillsheet
4-05
Starting Cabri
Geometry
Geometry
4-01
The vocabulary
of geometry
Geometry
4-02
Angle sum of a
triangle
Step 1: Construct a triangle using your drawing program.

Step 2: Measure its three angles.
Step 3: Add the three angles. What is the sum?
Step 4: Construct two more triangles, measure their angles and determine the sum.
What can you say about the angle sum of a triangle?
Exterior angles of a triangle

In this activity you will discover the relationship between an exterior angle and the sum of the
two interior opposite angles. An exterior angle of a triangle is formed when one of the
B
sides is extended.
Step 1: Using your drawing program,
copy the diagram on the right.
Exterior angle
BCD
Geometry
4-03
Exterior angle
of a triangle
108
Step 2: Measure exterior angle BCD.

Step 3: Measure the interior angles ABC and BAC.
1 Do you see a relationship between the two interior opposite angles and the exterior angle?
2 Manipulate your triangle. What do you observe?
3 What can you conclude about the relationship between the exterior angle and interior opposite
angles of a triangle?
Example 1
Find the value of the pronumeral in each of the following.
a
P
52
55
42
m
Q
Solution
a
k + 55 + 42 = 180
(angle sum of a
triangle)
k + 97 = 180
k = 83
b R = Q = m
(PQR is isosceles)
m + m + 52 = 180 (angle sum of a
triangle)
2m + 52 = 180
2m = 128
m = 64
Example 2
Find the value of k in each of the following diagrams.
a
b
59
50
k
42
110
Solution
a k = 42 + 59 = 101
b k + 50 = 110
k = 60
(exterior angle of triangle)

(exterior angle of triangle)
Example 3
E
75 B
C
55
Find the size of BDF.
Solution
DBC = ABE = 75
BDF = 75 + 55
= 130
(vertically opposite angles)

(exterior angle of BCD)
D
F
109
CHAPTER 4
Exercise 4-01
Example 1
SkillBuilder
23-03
Angles in an
equilateral
triangle
SkillBuilder
23-04
Angles in a
scalene triangle
1 Find the value of the pronumerals in the following diagrams.

a
56
40
k
55
f
50
w
k
k
37
Example 2
(c + 18)
110
2 Find the value of m in each of the following diagrams.
125
60
55
40
64
132
f
m
50
m
142
m
44
110
110
21
3 Find the size of CBF in each of the following.
c
60
50
45
A
E
B
d A
53
80
110
Example 3
60
F
f E
120
F
34
C
F
4 a One angle of an isosceles triangle is equal to 80. Which of the following gives the sizes of
the other angles?
A 80 and 20
B 40 and 60
C 40 and 40
D 50 and 50
b The largest angle in an isosceles triangle is equal to 70. Which of the following gives the
sizes of the other angles?
A 70 and 55
B 110 and 70
C 70 and 40
D 55 and 55
c One angle of an obtuse-angled triangle is equal to 50. Which of the following gives the
sizes of the other angles?
A 80 and 50
B 100 and 30
C 65 and 65
D 60 and 70
5 Find the values of the pronumerals.
4d
4a
56
3a
40
g
2a
60
113
40
2k
5y
2y
3k
2y
h
40
i
m 58
n
r
2h
135
108 3t
50
w
h
111
CHAPTER 4
58
w
2h
(2t + 1)
2m
71
6 Find the size of XYZ in each of the following, giving reasons for each step.
a M
75
c A
X
55
105
B
Y
Z
A
d
130
B
Z
W
72
X
Z
X
U
30
Z
Y
Z
7 a An isosceles triangle has a side length of 6 cm and one of its angles equal to 40. Draw the
possible shapes of the triangle.
b The diagram below shows the shape of a roof truss. Calculate the sizes of the angles
indicated by the pronumerals.
50
c
b
c Copy the diagram at right into your workbook and

shade all angles equal to the angle marked by d.
d
8 a In PQR, Q is twice the size of P, and R is three times the size of P. Find the size of
each angle.
b P is 6 more than Q, and R is equal to the sum of P and Q. Find the measure of
each angle in PQR.
9 In a triangle, one angle is three times the size of one of the other angles. What is the size of
each angle? (Assume that the angles are in whole degrees.) Is there more than one solution?
Explain.
112
10 Write down all you can about the following triangles.
68
70
40
Properties of quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral is a four-sided plane gure. A quadrilateral may be either convex or nonconvex (also called concave).
a convex quadrilateral
a non-convex quadrilateral
The diagonals of a convex quadrilateral lie inside the gure.

Diagonals AC and BD lie inside the convex quadrilateral ABCD.
In the non-convex quadrilateral VWXY, the diagonal VX does

not lie inside the gure.
Y
W
X
Also, a convex quadrilateral has no interior angle greater than 180.

T
P
M
Q
The interior angles P, Q, R and T of the

convex quadrilateral PQRT are all less
than 180.
In the non-convex quadrilateral KLMN, the

interior angle M is greater than 180 (a
reex angle).
113
CHAPTER 4
The following are quadrilaterals that you should recognise.
trapezium
square
parallelogram
rhombus
rectangle
kite
A trapezium is a quadrilateral with at least one pair of opposite sides parallel.

A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel.
A rectangle is a parallelogram with one angle a right angle.
A square is a rectangle with two adjacent sides equal in length.
A rhombus is a parallelogram with two adjacent sides equal in length.
A kite is a convex quadrilateral with two pairs of equal adjacent sides.
Summary
The properties of the various types of quadrilaterals can be summarised as follows:
Trapezium
one pair of opposite sides parallel
Parallelogram opposite sides parallel

opposite sides equal
opposite angles equal
diagonals bisect each other
Rectangle
opposite sides parallel
opposite sides equal
all angles are right angles
diagonals are equal in length
diagonals bisect each other
two lines of symmetry
Square
all sides equal
all angles are right angles
diagonals equal in length
diagonals bisect each other at right angles
diagonals bisect the angles of the square
four lines of symmetry
114
Rhombus
Kite

all sides equal
opposite angles equal
diagonals bisect each other at right angles
diagonals bisect the angles of the rhombus
two lines of symmetry
two pairs of equal adjacent sides
one pair of opposite angles equal
one line of symmetry
diagonals intersect at right angles
The angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360.
d
a
c
b
Proof:
Consider any quadrilateral in which the angles are a, b, c

and d.
Draw in one diagonal PR as shown.

Since TPQ = TPR + QPR,
a = p + q.
Similarly, c = x + y.
The quadrilateral has been divided into two triangles, each
having an angle sum of 180.
p + y + d = 180
q + b + x = 180
(p + q) + b + (x + y) + d = 360
a + b + c + d = 360
So the angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360.
a + b + c + d = 360
a
T
y x
p
q
Using technology
Angle sum of a quadrilateral
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
Construct a quadrilateral using your drawing program.

Measure the four angles.
Add the four angles. What is the sum?
Move (that is, drag) one of the vertices. What is the sum of the four angles of the new
quadrilateral?
Step 5: Construct one more quadrilateral and repeat steps 24. What can you say about the
angle sum of a quadrilateral?
115
Geometry
4-04
Angle sum of a
quadrilateral
CHAPTER 4
Example 4
Find the value of m.
125 93
Solution
m + 78 + 125 + 93 = 360
m + 296 = 360
m = 64
(angle sum of a quadrilateral)

78
m
Example 5
B
d
Find the value of d.
Solution
CDA = 105
ABC = 105
d = 105
75
(angles on a straight line)

A
(opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal)
Example 6
Find the size of BED.
D
85
70
Solution
110
C
ABE = 70
(ABE is isosceles)
EBC = 180 70 = 110 (angles on a straight line))
BED + 110 + 110 + 85 = 360
(angle sum of quadrilateral BCDE)
BED = 55
Note: There is another method of solving Example 9. Find this method.
Example 7
A rectangle is a parallelogram with one angle a right angle. Prove that each angle of a rectangle
is a right angle.
Solution
Consider the rectangle ABCD, with A = 90.
Since a rectangle is a parallelogram, AB DC and AD BC.
A + D = 180
(co-interior angles, AB DC)
D = 180 A
= 180 90
= 90
C + D = 180
(co-interior angles, AD BC)
C = 180 D
= 90
B = 90
(angle sum of a quadrilateral)
each angle of a rectangle is a right angle.
116
Exercise 4-02
1 Copy and complete the table below by ticking each box if the property is true for the
quadrilateral.
Properties
Trapezium
Parallelogram
Rectangle Square Rhombus Kite
Worksheet
4-04
Properties of
triangles and
quadrilaterals
One pair of opposite sides

parallel
Opposite sides parallel
Opposite sides equal

All sides equal
Two pairs of adjacent
sides equal
Diagonals equal
Diagonals bisect each
other
Diagonals are
perpendicular
Diagonals bisect the
angles of the shape
Opposite angles equal
One pair of opposite
angles equal
All angles 90
Axes of symmetry
Order of rotational
symmetry
2 Refer to the table you constructed in Question 1, and name all quadrilaterals that have:
a no axes of symmetry
b one pair of parallel sides
c four equal sides
d equal diagonals
e opposite sides equal
f four axes of symmetry
g adjacent sides equal
h one axis of symmetry
i opposite sides parallel
j all angles measuring 90
k two axes of symmetry
l diagonals that bisect each other
m opposite angles equal
n diagonals that meet at 90
Worksheet
4-05
Classifying
quadrilaterals
3 Which of the following statements are always true?

A A rhombus is a parallelogram.
B The diagonals of a parallelogram meet at right angles.
C A square is a rhombus.
D A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with a pair of opposite sides equal and parallel.
E A square is a rectangle.
F The diagonals of an isosceles trapezium bisect each other.
G The opposite angles of a rhombus are equal.
H The diagonals of a rhombus are equal and bisect each other at right angles.
117
CHAPTER 4
Example 4
4 Find the value of m in each of the following diagrams.
87
130
84
30
130
m
69
110
m
25
100
110
(m + 20)
123
3m
2m
83
m
Example 5
95
5 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of the following. (Give reasons for your answers.)
125
70
p
a
67
68
n
35
h
70
2a
118
5c
110
6 Find the size of PQR in each of the following. (Give reasons for each step of your working.)
80
72
c Q
Q
74
Example 6
T
110
60
55
35
30
105 R
T
110
C
7 Find the value of each pronumeral and give reasons.
58
w
34
v
p
n
t
25
2g
112
a
b
68
c
3g
85
8 KLMN is a parallelogram.
a Prove that K = M and L = N.
b Copy and complete:
The opposite angles of a parallelogram are
9 DEFG is a rhombus.
a Prove that D = F and E = G.
b Give reasons why:
i GDF = GFD
ii GFD = FDE
iii GDF = EFD.
c Hence prove that the diagonal FD
bisects F and D.
Example 7
Worksheet
4-06
Finding the
missing angle 2
L
G
119
CHAPTER 4
10 Prove that the exterior opposite angles of a

parallelogram are equal (that is, prove that a = c).
C
c
A a
Reasoning: Too much or not enough?
1 State what information is required and what information is unnecessary in order to nd
the value of t. Compare your answers with those of other students.
a
b
c
65
123
t
70
68
115
t
80
50
70
t
t
40
85
t
60
Properties of polygons
The general name for any plane gure
bounded by straight sides is a polygon.
A honeycomb contains rows

of hexagonal cells.
Reasoning and reecting: Polygons
Work in groups of two or three people to complete these questions.
1 Triangles, parallelograms and kites are all polygons. Name three other polygons you have
encountered.
120
2 Is a circle a polygon? Why?

3 Another denition of a polygon is that it is a closed plane gure with straight sides.
What is a closed plane gure? Draw diagrams to illustrate your answer.
4 Polygons can be convex or non-convex. Distinguish between the two types of polygons,
using diagrams to illustrate your answer.
Convex polygons
A polygon may be either convex or non-convex. The diagonals of a convex polygon lie inside the
polygon. A convex polygon also has no interior angles greater than 180.
convex polygon
non-convex polygon
B
A
The diagonals of the convex

polygon ABCDE all lie within the
gure.
Non-convex polygons have some diagonals

that do not lie within the gure. Some interior
angles are reex (greater than 180).
Angle sum of a polygon

Applying strategies and reasoning: Angle sums of polygons
To nd the sum of the angles of a ve-sided polygon (a pentagon), follow the steps below.
Step 1: Draw a pentagon.
D
Step 2: From one vertex, draw all the diagonals. The
E
diagonals from vertex A have divided the pentagon
into three triangles.
C
The sum of the angles inside the pentagon
A
= 3 angle sum of a triangle
B
= 3 180 = 540
1 a
b
c
d
Draw a hexagon (a six-sided polygon) and from one vertex draw all the diagonals.
How many diagonals are there?
How many triangles did you form?
Using the method in the pentagon example above, calculate the sum of the interior
angles of a hexagon.
2 a Repeat the procedure in Question 1 for an octagon (an eight-sided polygon) and a
decagon (a 10-sided polygon). For each polygon, nd the sum of its interior angles.
121
CHAPTER 4
b Copy and complete this table:

Polygon
Number of
sides
Number of
triangles
Angle sum
triangle
180
quadrilateral
pentagon
hexagon
octagon
decagon
c Copy and complete: The number of triangles formed is always two than the number
of of the polygon.
3 a What is the pattern for nding the angle sum of a polygon?
b What is the angle sum of a polygon with 20 sides?
c For a polygon of n sides, write a rule (a formula) for the sum
of the interior angles. Discuss your result with other students.
4 a
b
c
d
Draw a non-convex polygon with 8 sides.

Divide the polygon into triangles as shown.
How many triangles have been formed?
Calculate the sum of the interior angles of the eight-sided
non-convex polygon.
e Does your rule from Question 3c apply to the non-convex
polygon?
The angle sum of a polygon with n sides is given by:

angle sum = (n 2) 180 or 180(n 2)
Example 8
Find the angle sum of a polygon with 18 sides.
Solution
Angle sum = (18 2) 180
= 16 180
= 2880
122
Example 9
Find the number of sides of a polygon that has an angle sum of 720.
Solution
720 = (n 2) 180
or
--------n 2 = 720
180
=4
n=4+2
=6
180(n 2) = 720
180n 360 = 720
180n = 1080
-----------n = 1080
180
=6
number of sides is 6.
Exercise 4-03
1 Use the rule above to nd the angle sum of a polygon with:
a 12 sides
b 15 sides
d 13 sides
e 7 sides
g 9 sides
h 19 sides
Example 9
c 20 sides
f 14 sides
i 25 sides
2 Find the number of sides of a polygon that has an angle sum of:
a 2160
b 1620
c 3960
d 2700
e 1080
f 3420
g 5040
h 1980
i 2520
Example 8
SkillBuilder
23-08
Finding the sum
of the angles in
a regular
polygon
3 The angles of a polygon are x, 2x, 3x, 4x and 5x.

a Find the number of sides the polygon has.
b What is the angle sum of the polygon?
c Find the value of x.
d Find the size of each angle.
4 Three angles of a hexagon are equal and the other three have a sum of 201. Calculate the size
of the three equal angles.
Regular polygons
Geometry
4-05
Polygons
A regular polygon has all angles equal and all sides equal.
The size of each angle of a regular polygon with n sides is then given by the following formula.
angle sum
One angle = ------------------------ , where n is the number of sides.
n
180 ( n 2 )
= -------------------------n
123
CHAPTER 4
Example 10
Find the size of an angle of a six-sided regular polygon.
Solution
Angle sum = (6 2) 180
or
Each angle =
= 4 180
= 720
each angle = 720 6
= 120
180 ( n 2 )
--------------------------, where
n
180 ( 6 2 )
-------------------------------6
n=6
= 120
Example 11
The sum of the angles of a regular polygon is 6840.
a How many sides does the polygon have?
b Find the size of each angle.
Solutions
a
6840 180 = 38
number of sides = 38 + 2
= 40
or
180(n 2) = 6840
180n 360 = 6840
180n = 7200
n=
Each angle = 6840 40

= 171
(using angle sum formula)
7200
-----------180
= 40
Exercise 4-04
1 Triangles and quadrilaterals are polygons. What name is given to a regular:
a triangle?
b quadrilateral?
Example 10
SkillBuilder
23-06
Regular
polygons
Example 11
2 Find the size of an interior angle of a regular:

a octagon
c dodecagon (12 sides)
b decagon
d 15-sided polygon.
3 Find the size of the interior angle of a regular polygon that has:
a 20 sides
b 15 sides
c 26 sides
d six sides
e 30 sides
f 10 sides.
4 The sum of the interior angles of a regular polygon is 3600.
a How many sides does the polygon have?
b Find the size of each interior angle (to one decimal place).
5 Find the size of an interior angle of a regular polygon whose angle sum is:
a 2520
b 3240
c 3060
d 3960
e 1800
f 6120
6 How many sides does a regular polygon have if the size of the interior angle is:
a 165?
b 170?
124
Exterior angle sum of a convex polygon

Applying strategies: Exterior angles of a convex polygon
You will need: a ruler, a protractor and a pencil.
x
a
1 a Draw a triangle and extend (or produce) each side to show

the exterior angles of the triangle, as shown on the right.
Exterior angles are x, y and z.
Interior angles are a, b and c.
b Use a protractor to measure angles x, y and z.
c Find the sum of the exterior angles.
z c
b
y
2 Repeat this procedure for the exterior angles of a quadrilateral. What do you notice about
the sum of the exterior angles of a quadrilateral?
3 Repeat the procedure for a pentagon and a hexagon. What do you notice about the sum of
the exterior angles of these polygons?
C
4 Draw any polygon and extend the sides. (A pentagon is

shown as an example.)
Start at A and move around the polygon, turning in the
direction indicated at each vertex. Continue until you
arrive at A facing the same way you started. What is the
sum of turns in any round trip?
D
B
The sum of the exterior angles of a convex polygon is 360.
Proof:
At each vertex, the sum of the interior angle and
exterior angle is 180. So for an n-sided polygon,
exterior angle
the sum of all interior and exterior angles is 180n.
interior angle
But the sum of the interior angles is (n 2) 180 or
180(n 2).
Sum of exterior angles = sum of all interior angles and exterior angles sum of interior angles
= 180n 180(n 2)
= 180n 180n + 360
= 360
Geometry
4-06
Exterior angles
of a polygon
Using technology
Exterior angle sum of a convex polygon
Step 1: Use your drawing program to copy the diagram on the right.
Step 2: Measure the exterior angles shown and calculate their sum.
Step 3: Repeat steps 1 and 2 for a quadrilateral, pentagon and
hexagon. What is the sum of the exterior angles of a
convex polygon?
125
CHAPTER 4
Example 12
The exterior angle of a regular polygon is 12. How many sides does the polygon have?
Solution
Let n = the number of sides of the polygon.
Sum of exterior angles = n 12 = 360
12n = 360
--------n = 360
12
= 30
the polygon has 30 sides.
Example 13
Find the size of each exterior angle of a regular 18-sided polygon.
Solution
Each exterior angle =
exterior angle =
360
----------- ,
n
where n is the number of sides.
360
----------18
= 20
Example 14
Each interior angle of a regular polygon is 160. How many sides does the polygon have?
Solution
Exterior angle = 180 160
= 20
Sum of exterior angles = 360
number of exterior angles = 360 20 = 18
(Why?)
or
Each angle =
180 ( n 2 )
-------------------------n
Find the size of each interior angle of a regular dodecagon (12 sides).
Each exterior angle =
360
--------12
= 30
each interior angle = 180 30
= 150
126
= 160
180(n 2) = 160n
180n 360 = 160n
180n = 160n + 360
20n = 360
n = 18
Example 15
Solution
180 ( n 2 )
-------------------------n
Exercise 4-05
1 Find the number of sides of a regular polygon that has exterior angles equal to:
a 24
b 36
c 40
d 10
e 18
f 60
Example 12
2 Find the size of each exterior angle of a regular:

a octagon
b decagon (10 sides)
c 15-sided polygon.
Example 13
3 Find the number of sides of a regular polygon that has interior angles equal to:
a 150
b 175
c 162
d 140
e 108
f 165
Example 14
4 Find the size of each interior angle of a regular:

a hexagon
b 36-sided polygon
d 72-sided polygon
e 20-sided polygon
Example 15
c heptagon
f 16-sided polygon.
5 Find the number of sides of a regular polygon in which each interior angle is four times the
exterior angle.
Worksheet
4-07
Angle sum of
a polygon
Power plus
1 Calculate the smaller angle between the clock hands at:
a 1:30pm
b 12:15am
c 4:45pm
2 a Construct ABC with A = 42, B = 67 and AB = 5.6 cm.

b Construct the largest possible square that is contained by a circle of radius 50 mm. What is
the length of the side of the square?
3 The angle sum of a polygon with n sides can also be given by the result (2n 4) right angles.
Use this result to nd the angle sum of a polygon with:
a seven sides
b 16 sides.
4 The sum of the exterior angles of a polygon is 360. Show
that this result is true for the non-convex polygon ABCDE.
C
B
E
A
D
5 a Draw polygons with 3, 4, 5, , 10 sides. They do not need to be regular polygons.

b For each polygon, draw in all the diagonals and then copy and complete the table below.
Number of sides
10
Number of diagonals
c Find a formula that gives the number of diagonals, d, for a polygon of n sides.
127
CHAPTER 4
Language of maths
alternate
co-interior
degree
midpoint
perpendicular
regular
Worksheet
4-08
Geometry
crossword
angle
complementary
dimension
non-convex
polygon
supplementary
bisect
convex
elevation
parallel
quadrilateral
transversal
closed
corresponding
interval
pentagon
reex
vertex
1 Write four dictionary meanings of the word supplement (include the mathematical
meaning). How are the meanings related?
2 The word degree can be used in at least eight different ways. Write three sentences
using the word in different ways.
3 In the word polygon, what does poly mean?
4 A hexagon is a six-sided polygon. What are the names of polygons with:
a 8 sides?
b 5 sides?
c 7 sides?
d 9 sides?
5 A regular hexagon has 6 equal sides. What is the name of a regular polygon with:
a 3 sides?
b 4 sides?
Topic overview
Worksheet
4-09
Geometry
summary
poster
Copy and complete:

The best part of this chapter was
The worst part was
New work included
I need help with
Copy and complete the topic overview that has been started for you below. Remember to use
bright colours when completing your summary.
Add extra words and use pictures to make your overview useful to you. Have your overview
checked by other students or by your teacher to make sure nothing is missing or incorrect.
Quadrilaterals
angle sum = 360
INVESTIGATING
GEOMETRY
Triangles
acute, obtuse, right
128
Polygons
Chapter 4
Review
Topic test
Chapter 4
1 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of the following diagrams.
3x
Ex 4-01
72
52
35
127
e
t
3h
55
67
2x
d
98
107
4a
57
108
2 State whether or not the following statements are always true.

a An equilateral triangle is an isosceles triangle.
b An isosceles triangle is a scalene triangle.
3 a Which types of quadrilateral have a pair of opposite sides parallel?
b Which types of quadrilateral have two equal diagonals?
c Which types of quadrilateral have diagonals bisecting each other at right angles?
d Which types of quadrilateral have opposite sides equal?
e In which types of quadrilateral do the diagonals bisect the vertex angles through which
they pass?
f Which types of quadrilateral have two adjacent sides equal?
4 State whether the following statements are true or false.
a A square is a parallelogram.
b A rectangle is a square.
c A rectangle is a trapezium.
d A parallelogram is a trapezium.
5 Find the value of each pronumeral in the following diagrams.
Ex 4-02
Ex 4-02
Ex 4-02
Ex 4-01
2x
2m
y
70
95
d
70
150
120
g
80
6 Show that the angle sum of a decagon is 1440. (A decagon has 10 sides.)
7 Find the size (correct to one decimal place) of the interior angle of a regular polygon that
has 13 sides.
8 The interior angles of a regular polygon are each 165. How many sides does it have?
129
Ex 4-03
Ex 4-04
Ex 4-05
CHAPTER 4

Chapter 04

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04_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.

3 Page 102 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:12 PM

Space and geometry

04_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.3 Page 103 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:12 PM

In this chapter you will:

recognise the types of triangles and quadrilaterals, and the properties of

geometry The branch of mathematics that deals with the measurement,

04_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.3 Page 104 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:12 PM

2 Find the values of the pronumerals in the following diagrams.

04_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.3 Page 105 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:12 PM

1 1--- % of 100 = 1 1--2

2% of 100 = 2, and so on.

1 Examine these examples:

3 Examine these examples:

1 1--- % of 100 = 1 1--

1 1--- % of 100 = 1.5

1 1--- % of 200 = 1.5 2 = 3.0 or 3

b Find 3 1--- % of 500.

3 1--- % of 100 = 3 1--

3 1--- % of 100 = 3.5

3 1--- % of 500 = 3.5 5

4 Find the following amounts.

5 Examine these examples:

b Find 2.25% of 300.

04_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.3 Page 106 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:12 PM

Just for the record

Triangles can be classied according to the lengths of their sides.

A scalene triangle is a triangle with no two sides equal in length.

04_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.3 Page 107 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:12 PM

Consider any triangle PQR in which the angles are a, b

(angle sum of a straight line)

So the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180.

The side UT has been

04_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.3 Page 108 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:12 PM

The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum

Consider any triangle XYZ in which the angles are m, n

Step 1: Construct a triangle using your drawing program.

Exterior angles of a triangle

04_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.3 Page 109 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:12 PM

Step 2: Measure exterior angle BCD.

(exterior angle of triangle)

Find the size of BDF.

(vertically opposite angles)

04_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.3 Page 110 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:12 PM

1 Find the value of the pronumerals in the following diagrams.

2 Find the value of m in each of the following diagrams.

04_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.3 Page 111 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:12 PM

3 Find the size of CBF in each of the following.

04_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.3 Page 112 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:12 PM

c Copy the diagram at right into your workbook and

04_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.3 Page 113 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:12 PM

10 Write down all you can about the following triangles.

The diagonals of a convex quadrilateral lie inside the gure.

In the non-convex quadrilateral VWXY, the diagonal VX does

Also, a convex quadrilateral has no interior angle greater than 180.

The interior angles P, Q, R and T of the

In the non-convex quadrilateral KLMN, the

04_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.3 Page 114 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:12 PM

The following are quadrilaterals that you should recognise.

A trapezium is a quadrilateral with at least one pair of opposite sides parallel.

Parallelogram opposite sides parallel

04_NC_Maths_9_Stages_5.2/5.3 Page 115 Friday, February 6, 2004 2:12 PM

opposite sides parallel

The angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360.