CHAPTER 3 TRANSFORMATIONS III

3.1 Revision of the 4 types of transformations

TRANSLATION
All the points on a given plane move along a straight line by the same distance
at the same direction.
The shape, size and orientation remain the same.
h

It is written as A A with a translation of .

k
REFLECTION
All the points of an object are reflected in a line called the axis of reflection or
line of reflection.
It is written as AA with a reflection in the line ..
ROTATION
All points on the object are rotated through a fixed angle at the same direction
about a fixed point.
The direction of rotation is either clockwise or anticlockwise.
The fixed point about which the rotation takes place is called the centre of
rotation.
A Rotation is determined by (a) the centre of rotation
(b) the angle of rotation
(c) the direction of rotation
ENLARGEMENT
All points on the object move from a fixed point (the centre of enlargement)
according to a fixed ratio. (the scale factor)

3.2 Combination of two types of transformations

Symbol of combination of 2 transformations
P(A) represents the image of point A under transformation P.
PQ represents transformation Q followed by transformation P.
QP represents transformation P followed by transformation Q.
P2 represents two consecutive transformations of P.

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3.2a To Find the Image of a Point under the Combination of Translation and Reflection
3

1. T = Translation
1
P = Reflection at y = 1.
Find the image of A under (a) PT (b) TP.

2. T = Translation
1
P = Reflection at y = 1.
Find the image of A under (a) PT (b) TP.

(a)(a)
A(1,3)A(
, ) A(
, )
A(2,4)A(5,3)
A(5,-1)
A(2,4)A(2,-2)
A(5,-3)
(b)(b)
A(1,3)A(
, ) A(
, )
4

3. T = Translation
3
P = Reflection at y = 3.
Find the image of A under (a) PT (b) TP.

4. T = Translation
2
P = Reflection at x = 2.
Find the image of A under (a) PT (b) TP.

(a) A(4,-1)A( , ) A( , )
(b) A(4,-1)A( , ) A( , )

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5. T = Translation
2
P = Reflection at x = -1.
Find the image of A under (a) PT (b) TP.
(a) A(-2,3)A( , ) A( , )
(a)
(b)A(-2,4)A(
A(-2,3)A( ,, ))A(
A( ,, ))
(b) A(-2,4)A( , ) A( , )

6. T = Translation
2
P = Reflection at y = x.
Find the image of A under (a) PT (b) TP.

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3.2b To Find the Image of a Point under the Combination of Translation and Rotation
3

1. T = Translation
1
R = Rotation 90o clockwise about point P
Find the image of A under (a) RT (b) TR.

2. T = Translation
2
o
R = Rotation 90 clockwise about point P.
Find the image of A under (a) RT (b) TR.

(a) A(2,1)A( , ) A( , )
(a) A(2,3)A(5,2) A(2,-3)
(b) (b)
A(2,1)A(
, ) A(
, )
A(2,3)A(3,0)
A(6,-1)
(b)
2

3. T = Translation
3
R = Rotation 90o anticlockwise about point P
Find the image of A under (a) RT (b) TR.

4. T = Translation
2
R = Rotation 90o anticlockwise about point P
Find the image of A under (a) RT (b) TR.

(a) A(6,-1)A( , ) A( , )
(b) A(6,-1)A( , ) A( , )

(a) A(3,-1)A( , ) A( , )
(b) A(3,-1)A( , ) A( , )

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3.2c To Find the Image of a Point under the Combination of Reflection and Rotation
1. V = Reflection at y = 1.
R = Rotation 90o clockwise about P.
Find the image of A under (a) RV (b)
VR.

2. U = Reflection at y = 2.
R = Rotation 90o clockwise about P.
Find the image of A under (a) RU (b) UR.

(a) A(3,3)A( , ) A( , )
(a)A(3,3)A(
A(2,3)A(2,-1)
A(1,4)
(b)
, ) A(
, )
(b) A(2,3)A( , ) A( , )
3. P = Reflection at x = -1.
R = Rotation 90o clockwise about H.
Find the image of A under (a) RP (b)
PR.

4. P = Reflection at x = 4.
R = Rotation 90o anticlockwise about O.
Find the image of A under (a) RP (b) PR.

(a) A(3,1)A( , ) A( , )
(b) A(3,1)A( , ) A( , )
(a) A(1,2)A( , ) A( , )
(b) A(1,2)A( , ) A( , )

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3.3 Description of a transformation when the object and image are given
Full description must be given by stating
(i) the type of transformation,
(ii) details of the transformation required.
Type of
transformations
Translation

Details required
h

k

or
Translation
3
Translation UV
A reflection in the line x = 2
A reflection in the line y = 3
A reflection in the line y = x

or AB

Reflection

Axis of reflection

Rotation

Angle of rotation
(90o or 180o)
Direction of rotation
(clockwise or
anticlockwise)
Centre of rotation
Scale Factor (, 2 or 3)
Centre of enlargement

Enlargement

Example

A rotation of 90o in the clockwise

direction about the point (1,3).
A rotation of 90o in the anticlockwise
direction about the origin.
A rotation of 180o in the clockwise
direction about the point K.
An enlargement with scale factor 3 at
the centre (4,1).
An enlargement at the point (4,1)
through a scale factor of 2.

In the following diagrams, II is the image of I under a transformation V. Describe in full,

transformation V.
Example
1.

Exercise
2

y
3

II

I 11
-1 O
O
-3 -2 -1
-4 -3
-4
II-1
-2
-2

x
1

33

-3
-3

V = Translation
3

V=

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yy
33

II

22
11

III

xx

-4-4 -3-3 -2-2 -1-1 OO 11 22 33 44 55

-1-1
-2-2
-3-3

V = Reflection at the line x = 2.

V=

yy

I 33
II2 2
11

I
-4 -4-3 -3-2 -2 -1
II-1O O 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5

xx

-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3

V=

V=

y
3
2

II
O
B

-4 -3 -2 -1 O
-1

II

-3

yy

-2

33

V = Rotation of 90o clockwise at (0,0)

V=

22
11

-2 -1
-1 OO
-3 -2
-4
-4 -3
-1
-1

xx
11

22

33

44 55

10

-2
-2
-3
-3

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I
II
III

V=

V=

11

12

yy
33

II

22

11

I
xx

-2 -1
-1 O
O
-3 -2
-4 -3
-4
-1
-1

11

II

22

33

44

55

-2
-2
-3
-3

V = Enlargement with scale factor 2

at (0, 0).

V=

13

14
yy
33

II

22
11

-2 -1
-1 O
O
-3 -2
-4 -3
-4
-1
-1
I II
-2
-2

I
xx
11

22

33

44

55

-3
-3

V=

V=

3.4 Description of the combined transformations involved when the object

and image are given

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In the following diagrams, II is the image of I under a transformation V followed by

another transformation W.
Describe in full, transformations V and W.
Note that there are many possible combinations.
Example
1.

Exercise
2

y
3

I 2
11

-1 O
O
-3 -2 -1
-4 -3
-4
II -1

I II
1

x
2

33

-2
-2
-3
-3

V = Translation
1
W = Enlargement with scale factor 2
at (-3, 1).

V=
W=
4

yy
33

I
II

22
11

II
I

xx

-4-4 -3-3 -2-2 -1-1 OO 11 22 33 44 55

-1-1
-2-2
-3-3

V = Reflection at the line x = 2.

W = Enlargement with scale factor
at (3, 0).

V=
W=

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yy
33
2 2II
1 1 II

xx

-4 -4-3 -3-2 -2 -1 -1O O 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5

-1 -1
I
-2 -2

-3 -3

V=

V=

W=
7

W=
8

y
3
2

II
B

-4 -3 -2
II -1 O
-1
-2

II

A -3

V = Rotation of 90o clockwise at (2,0)

W = Enlargement with scale factor 2
at (1,-3)
9
y

V=
W=
10

33

II
II
II

22
11

-2 -1
-1 OO
-3 -2
-4
-4 -3
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3

xx
11

22

33I 44 55

V=

V=

W=

W=

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3.5 To calculate the area of the image (or object) under an enlargement
with scale factor k
Use the formula

Area of Image = k2 Area of Object

In the diagrams below, A is the image of A under an enlargement with scale factor k.
2
3

A
A

A
A

Area of A = 18.5, k = 2
Area of A= 18.522
= 74

Area of A = 14, k = 1.5

Area of A=

Area of A = 48, k =
Area of A=

Area of A = 108, k = 2
Area of A = 10822
= 27

Area of A = 153, k = 1.5

Area of A =

Area of A = 48, k =
Area of A =

Area of A = 4.2, k = 3
Area of shaded region
= 4.232 4.2
= 33.6

Area of A = 21.6, k = 1.5

Area of shaded region
=

A
A

AAA
A

A
A

Area of A = 927, k = 3
Area of A =

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10

11

12

Area of A = 47 cm2, k =
Area of shaded region
=

Area of A = 21 cm2, k =
Area of shaded region
=

Area of A = 33.6 cm2, k =

Area of image A
=

10

A
A
A
A

A
A

A
A
AA

A region A
Area of shaded
= 33.6,
k=3
Area of A =

Area of shaded region = 27, k

=
Area of A =
Area of shaded region = 141, k
=
Area of A =

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ANSWERS
Chapter 12 Transformations III
12.2a
2 (a) A(7, 2), A(7, 0)
(b) A(1, -1), A(7, -2)
3 (a) A(-2, 5), A(-2, 1)
(b) A(2, 4), A(-2, 7)
4 (a) A(3, 1), A(1, 1)
(b) A(0, -1), A(-1, 1)
5 (a) A(1, 2), A(-3, 2)
(b) A(2, 4), A(5, 2)
6 (a) A(3, 1), A(1, 3)
(b) A(3, -2), A(8, -4)
12.2b
2 (a) A(6, 3), A(4, -1)
(b) A(3, 0), A(7, 2)
3 (a) A(1, 2), A(3, 0)
(b) A(6, 2), A(4, 5)
4 (a) A(5, 1), A(3, 1)
(b) A(5, 2), A(4, 4)
12.2c
1 (b) A(5, 4), A(5, -2)
2 (a) A(3, 1), A(-2, 0)
(b) A(0, 0), A(0, 4)
3 (a) A(-3, 2), A(1, 4)
(b) A(1, 0), A(-3, 0)
4 (a) A(5, 1), A(-1, 5)
(b) A(-1, 3), A(9, 3)

12.4
3

0
W = Enlargement with scale factor 3 at (0, 3)
4 V = Reflection at the line x = 1
W = Enlargement with scale factor 2 at (-1, 0)
5 V = Reflection at the line y = - 2
W= Enlargement with scale factor 2.5 at (3, -2)
6 V = Reflection at the line y = - 1
W = Enlargement with scale factor 2 at (4, -1)
8 V = Rotation of 90o anti-clockwise about (0, -2).
W = Enlargement with scale factor 2 at (4, 0)
9 V = Rotation of 90o clockwise about (3, 1).
W = Enlargement with scale factor 2 at (2, -1)
10 V = Rotation of 180o clockwise about (2, -2).
W = Enlargement with scale factor 2.5 at (3, -2)
12.5A
2. 108
3. 9
4. 38.25
5. 40
7. 35
8. 96
9. 18
10. 17.5
11. 48
12. 262.5
13. 112
14. 1260
16. 4
17. 0.5
12.5B
2. 31.5
3. 12
5. 68
6. 192
7. 103
9. 27
10. k=2, 141
11. k=3, 168
12. k=2, 134.4

2 V = Translation

12.6

6
V = Translation
0
4

2 Translation
3
1

W = Translation
4
3 Reflection at x = 2
4 Reflection at x = 0
3

WV = Translation
5 Reflection at y = 1
4
6 Reflection at y = x
4. V = Reflection at x = 0
7 Rotation of 90o clockwise about (0, 0).
W = Reflection at x = 4
8 Rotation of 90o clockwise about (0, -1).
8
9 Rotation of 180o clockwise about (1, 1).
WV = Translation
o
0
10 Rotation of 180 clockwise about (1, 0.5).
11 Enlargement with scale factor 2 at (0, 0)
0

6.
WV
=
Translation
12 Enlargement with scale factor 2 at (1, 4)
4
13 Enlargement with scale factor 3 at (-3, 0)
8. WV = Rotation 180o clockwise about (3,1)
3
o
14 Enlargement with scale factor
at (-1, 1). 10. WV = Rotation 180 clockwise about (0,0)
2

12.3

2.

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