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MajorAreas::DisasterManagement::ForestFire

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MajorAreas::DisasterManagement::ForestFire
FORESTFIRE

Themostcommonhazardinforestsisforestsfire.Forestsfiresareasoldastheforeststhemselves.Theyposeathreatnotonlytotheforestwealthbutalsotothe
entireregimetofaunaandfloraseriouslydisturbingthebiodiversityandtheecologyandenvironmentofaregion.Duringsummer,whenthereisnorainformonths, the
forests become littered with dry senescent leaves and twinges, which could burst into flames ignited by the slightest spark. The Himalayan forests, particularly,
GarhwalHimalayashavebeenburningregularlyduringthelastfewsummers,withcolossallossofvegetationcoverofthatregion.
Forestfirecausesimbalancesinnatureandendangersbiodiversitybyreducingfaunalandfloralwealth.Traditionalmethodsoffirepreventionarenotprovingeffective
anditisnowessentialtoraisepublicawarenessonthematter,particularlyamongthosepeoplewholiveclosetoorinforestedareas.
CAUSESOFFORESTFIRE
ForestfiresarecausedbyNaturalcausesaswellasManmadecauses
Natural causes Many forest fires start from natural causes such as lightning which set trees on fire. However, rain extinguishes such fires without causing
muchdamage.Highatmospherictemperaturesanddryness(lowhumidity)offerfavorablecircumstanceforafiretostart.
Man made causes Fire is caused when a source of fire like naked flame, cigarette or bidi, electric spark or any source of ignition comes into contact with
inflammablematerial.
Traditionally Indian forests have been affected by fires. Themenace has been aggravated with rising human and cattle population and the consequent increase in
demandforForestproductsbyindividualsandcommunities.Causesofforestfirescanbedividedintotwobroadcategories:environmental(whicharebeyondcontrol)
andhumanrelated(whicharecontrollable).
Environmentalcausesarelargelyrelatedtoclimaticconditionssuchastemperature,windspeedanddirection,levelofmoistureinsoilandatmosphereandduration
of dry spells. Other natural causes are the friction of bamboos swaying due to high wind velocity and rolling stones that result in sparks setting off fires in highly
inflammableleaflitterontheforestfloor.
Humanrelatedcausesresultfromhumanactivityaswellasmethodsofforestmanagement.Thesecanbeintentionalorunintentional,forexample:
graziersandgatherersofvariousforestproductsstartingsmallfirestoobtaingoodgrazinggrassaswellastofacilitategatheringofminorforestproducelike
flowersofMadhucaindicaandleavesofDiospyrosmelanoxylon
thecenturiesoldpracticeofshiftingcultivation(especiallyintheNorthEasternregionofIndiaandinpartsoftheStatesofOrissaandAndhraPradesh).
theuseoffiresbyvillagerstowardoffwildanimals
fireslitintentionallybypeoplelivingaroundforestsforrecreation
firesstartedaccidentallybycarelessvisitorstoforestswhodiscardcigarettebutts.
Thecausesofforestfirehavebeenincreasingrapidly.Theproblemhasbeenaccentuatedbythegrowinghumanandcattlepopulation.Peopleenterforestsevermore
frequently
tograzecattle,collectfuelwood,timberandotherminorforestproduce.Ithasbeenestimatedthat90%offorestfiresinIndiaaremanmade
ClassificationofForestFire
Forestfirecanbroadlybeclassifiedintothreecategories
Naturalorcontrolledforestfire.
Forestfirescausedbyheatgeneratedinthelitterandotherbiomesinsummerthroughcarelessnessofpeople(humanneglect)and
Forestfirespurposelycausedbylocalinhabitants.
TypesofForestFire
Therearetwotypesofforestfirei)SurfaceFireandii)CrownFire
SurfaceFire
Aforestfiremayburnprimarilyasasurfacefire,spreadingalongthegroundasthesurfacelitter(senescentleavesandtwigsanddrygrassesetc)ontheforestfloor
andisengulfedbythespreadingflames.
CrownFire
Theothertypeofforestfireisacrownfireinwhichthecrownoftreesandshrubsburn,oftensustainedbyasurfacefire.Acrownfireisparticularlyverydangerousina
coniferousforestbecauseresinousmaterialgivenoffburninglogsburnfuriously.Onhillslopes,ifthefirestartsdownhill,itspreadsupfastasheatedairadjacentto a
slopetendstoflowuptheslopespreadingflamesalongwithit.Ifthefirestartsuphill,thereislesslikelihoodofitspreadingdownwards.

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MajorAreas::DisasterManagement::ForestFire

EFFECTOFFORESTFIRE
Firesareamajorcauseofforestdegradationandhavewiderangingadverseecological,economicandsocialimpacts,including:
lossofvaluabletimberresources
degradationofcatchmentareas
lossofbiodiversityandextinctionofplantsandanimals
lossofwildlifehabitatanddepletionofwildlife
lossofnaturalregenerationandreductioninforestcover
globalwarming
lossofcarbonsinkresourceandincreaseinpercentageofCO2inatmosphere
changeinthemicroclimateoftheareawithunhealthylivingconditions
soilerosionaffectingproductivityofsoilsandproduction
ozonelayerdepletion
healthproblemsleadingtodiseases
lossoflivelihoodfortribalpeopleandtheruralpoor,asapproximately300millionpeoplearedirectlydependentuponcollectionofnontimberforestproducts
fromforestareasfortheirlivelihood.
Theneedsofthefiremanagement
The incidence of forest fires in the country is on the increase and more area is burned each year. The major cause of this failure is the piecemeal approach to the
problem. Both the national focus and the technical resources required for sustaining a systematic forest fire management programme are lacking in the country.
Important forest fire management elements like strategic fire centres, coordination among Ministries, funding, human resource development, fire research, fire
management,andextensionprogrammesaremissing.
Takingintoconsiderationtheseriousnatureoftheproblem,itisnecessarytomakesomemajorimprovementsintheforestfiremanagementstrategyforthecountry.
The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, has prepared a National Master Plan for Forest Fire Control. This plan proposes to introduce a well
coordinatedandintegratedfiremanagementprogrammethatincludesthefollowingcomponents:
Preventionofhumancausedfiresthrougheducationandenvironmentalmodification.Itwillincludesilviculturalactivities,engineeringworks,peopleparticipation,
andeducationandenforcement.ItisproposedthatmoreemphasisbegiventopeopleparticipationthroughJointForestFireManagementforfireprevention.
Prompt detection of fires through a well coordinated network of observation points, efficient ground patrolling, and communication networks. Remote sensing
technologyistobegivendueimportanceinfiredetection.Forsuccessfulfiremanagementandadministration,aNationalFireDangerRatingSystem(NFDRS)
andFireForecastingSystemaretobedevelopedinthecountry.
Fastinitialattackmeasures.
Vigorousfollowupaction.
Introducingaforestfuelmodificationsystematstrategicpoints.
Firefightingresources.
Eachoftheabovecomponentsplaysanimportantroleinthesuccessoftheentiresystemoffiremanagement.Specialemphasisistobegiventoresearch, training,
anddevelopment
Integratedforestprotection
ThemainobjectiveofthisschemetocontrolforestfiresandstrengthentheforestprotectioninTamilnadu.Theworkslikefirelineclearing,assistancetoJointForest
Managementcommittees,creatingwaterbodies,purchaseofvehiclesandcommunicationequipments,purchaseoffirefightingtools,etc.,arebeingundertaken.
Source:
www.thehindu.com/2006/02/04/stories/2006020416080100.htm
www.library.thinkquest.org
www.fao.org/forestry/
Dailyforestalert:www.nrsa.gov.in/rsgisweb/forestfires/dailyforestfires.html
Listoffirestation:www.tnfrs.tn.nic.in//stns.htm
Links
http://www.tnfrs.tn.nic.in//default.htm

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