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Diagnosis of different types of anaemia and leukemia, and other life threating
conditions including thrombosis and malaria
Immunology:
Deals with bodys immune response to infectious diseases, allergies, tumor
growth, tissue grafts, and organ transplants
Importance has highly increased with monitoring and treatment of AIDS
INFECTION SCIENCES:
Medical Microbiology:
Detecting microbes
equipment
that
cause
diseases
by
using
molecular
testing
Virology:
Testing for infections such as rubella, herpes, HIV
PATHOLOGY
Definition: study of disease
Pathology is the study (logos) of disease (pathos, suffering)
It involves the investigation of the causes of disease and the
associated changes at the levels of cells, tissues, and organs, which in turn
give rise to the presenting signs and symptoms of the patient.
Pathology provides a logical and scientific foundation for the practice
medicine.
of
Important terms
Etiology is the origin of a disease, including the underlying
causes and modifying factors
Pathogenesis refers to the steps in the development of disease
It describes how etiologic factors trigger cellular and molecular changes that
give rise to the specific functional and structural abnormalities that characterize the
disease.
Incidence: is a measure of the risk of developing some new condition within
a specified period of time.
responses
are
hypertrophy,
hyperplasia,
Cell death is one of the most crucial events in the evolution of disease in any
tissue or organ. It results from diverse causes, including ischemia (lack of blood
flow), infections, toxins, and immune reactions.
Cell death also is a normal and essential process in embryogenesis, the
development of organs, and the maintenance of homeostasis.
Reversibly injured myocytes are not dead and may resemble morphologically
normal myocytes morphologically. Functionally , they are transiently
noncontractile.
If the stress is strong or arterial occlusion is complete and prolonged ,
myocardium undergo irreversible injury and cell death
Note: Stresses and injury affect not only the morphology but also the
functional status of cells and tissues.
2. AGING
Cellular senescence leads to alterations in replicative and repair abilities of
individual cells and tissues.
3. CHEMICAL AGENTS
innocuous substances such as glucose, salt, or even water, if absorbed or
administered in excess, can so derange the osmotic environment that cell
injury or death results.
Other potentially toxic agents : air pollutants, insecticides, CO, asbestos, and
social stimuli such as ethanol.
Many therapeutic drugs can cause cell or tissue injury in a susceptible patient
or if used excessively or inappropriately.
Even oxygen at sufficiently high partial pressures is toxic.
4. INFECTIOUS AGENTS
range from submicroscopic viruses to meter-long tapeworms; in between are
the rickettsiae, bacteria, fungi, and protozoans.
5. IMMUNOLOGIC REACTIONS
Although the immune system defends the body against pathogenic microbes,
immune reactions can also result in cell and tissue injury. Examples are
autoimmune reactions against ones own tissues and allergic reactions
against environmental substances in genetically susceptible individuals.
6. GENETIC FACTORS
Genetic aberrations can result in pathologic changes