Factors Affecting Joint

Design
Connections serve primarily to transmit load from or to
intersecting members; hence, the design of connections must be
based on structural principles

Structurally Adequate

Economical

Practical

To conform with the different factors, different

types of bolted connections are introduced:

Shear Connection

Lap Connection Simplest form/Not commonly used due to the

tendency of the connected members to deform

Butt Connection used for tension member Splices

Tension Connection

Hanger Connection in this connection, load transmission is by pure tension in

the bolts.

Shear and Tension Connection

Tension plus Shear Connection bolts are subjected to both tension and shear

High Strength Bolts

The term high strength is a somewhat ambiguous fastener term.

Most people in the industry would interpret the phrase high
strength to refer to any bolt that has been quenched and tempered
(heat treated) to develop its strength. Most commonly used
Mechanical Fastener for Structural Steel

Strength and Behavior of High Strength

Bolt Connections

Single Shear

Bolt is resisting the tendency of the plates to slide past one another
along the contact surface and is being sheared on a single plane

Double Shear

Bolts offering resistance along two planes

Bearing-type connection/Shear Bearing Connection

Plates Slipping in the direction of the applied force until they bear
against the bolt. For this type of connection to exist, a small amount
of movement or slip must take place to bring the bolts into bearing.

Slip Critical Connections

On this type of connection, the smallest amount of slip is undesirable.

High strength bolts used in them must be tightened to the full
pretensioning load to cause a clamping force between connected
elements.

Load-Carrying Capacity/Working Strength of a bolt in a single shear

When a bolt is subjected to more than one plane of shear, such as in

double shear, the allowable shear for one bolt will be rv multiplied by the
number of shear planes

End distance in the line of force > 1.5d and center to center distance>3d

For Slip Critical

The theory behind the slip-critical connection is that no slippage

occurs between the connected parts and that the bolts are note
actually loaded in shear or bearing. For design purposes, however,
it is assumed that the bolts are in shear and bearing and,
therefore, allowable stress values are furnished.

Connections subjected to tension loads

Connections subjected simultaneously to shear and

tension loads

Requires the formulation of a new allowable tensile stress Ft for

bearing-type connections that must exceed the actual tensile stress
induced by the applied loads.

Spacing

The design and detailing of bolted connections requires proper edge

distance as well as proper bolt spacing. The ASDS, Requires that the
distance between centers of standard, oversized, or slotted fastener
holes must not be less than 2.67d, where d is the nominal diameter of
the bolt. A distance of 3d is preferred. For standard holes, however,
bolt spacing s along a line of transmitted force shall be taken as:

Block Shear/Web Tear-Out

Another mode of failure to be considered is block shear, also referred to as

web tear-out. This type of failure may be critical at a beam connection if the
end of the beam is coped.

Sample Problem

A tension member made up of a pair of angles is connected to a column with

eight in. = 19.05 mm diameter A325 high-strength bolts in standard holes as
shown in the figure on the next slide. Note that the 314.49 kN forces are
components of the 444.82 kN force. All Structural steel is A36. determine if
the connection to the column is satisfactory. (Assume that the connection
between the angles and the structural tee is satisfactory.) Consider

a)

A bearing-type connection with threads excluded from the shear plane

(A325X)

b)

A slip-critical connection (A325SC)

Solution:

A325X connection: the allowable bolt shear stress is

Fv = 206.84 Mpa

Ab = 4 (19.05)2 = 285.02 2
314.89 103
8(285.02)

fv =

The allowable Tensile Stress in bolts:

= 138.1 < 206.84

Connection is Satisfactory!

(303)2 2.15(138.1)2 = 225.4

314.89 103
8(285.02)

= 138.1 < 206.4

Connection is Satisfactory!

A325SC Connection: The average Tensile Stress in bolts is

314.89 103
=
= 138.1
8(285.02)

The allowable bolt shear stress where bolts are subjected to both shear and
tension in a slip-critical connection (ASDS, Section J3.6)

= 117.21 1

138.1 285.02
124.55 103

= 80.16

Tb, the minimum bolt tension applied in the tightening process, may be found
in the ASDS, Table J3.7, or SSJ, Table 4.

The actual bolt shear stress is

314.89 103
fv =
= 138.1 >
8(285.02)
!