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Hyperbole (pronounced hi-per-boh-lee) is a figure of speech that uses extreme exaggeration. An example of
hyperbole is 'Flick won the 100 metre race by a mile'. If taken literally this sentence does not make any sense.
Figuratively this sentence means that Flick won the race by a long way. Hyperbole is used by composers to
emphasise a point. Look at the following examples and decide whether the literal or the figurative has more
impact.
Hyperbole: 'It's been ages since lunch.'
Literal: 'It's been two hours since lunch.'
Hyperbole: 'I'm so hungry I could eat a horse.'
Literal: 'I'm so hungry I could eat a lot.'
Hyperbole: 'There are millions of people at the shopping centre.'
Literal: 'There are lots of people at the shopping centre.'
Synecdoche
(Pronounced si-NECK-doh-key) This term is a figure of speech whereby the naming of an attribute of a subject
is a reference to the whole.
Synecdoche
Explanation
Metonymy
Metonymy is a figure of speech whereby the naming of an attribute of a subject is a reference to the
whole and a concept associated with that whole.
Metonymy
Explanation
22. 22. Acrylic The newest medium and one that is used widely by painters today. Synthetic
paints using acrylic emulsions as binder. Combine transparency and quick- drying qualities
of watercolor and are as flexible as oil. They are completely insoluble when dry and can be
used almost on any surface. They do not tend to crack, and tun yellow with age.
23. 23. SCULPTURE In choosing a subject for the sculpture, the most important thing to
consider is the material. Substances available for sculpture are limitless. Different
materials require different methods of handling.
24. 24. Soft medium: will lend itself to a modelling technique that uses squeezing and shaping
and continuously adding itself to it as the work goes on. Allows for the expansion of
gesture. Hard medium: requires the process of cutting and taking away from the block.
Confined to the limits of the piece of wood or stone.
25. 25. Two Major Sculpture Processes Subtractive process: Unwanted material is cut away
Carving of stone and wood Additive process: Example: Construction of figure by putting
together bits of clay, or by welding together parts of metal. Final result if putting together
smaller segments of the material.
26. 26. Two types of Sculpture Relief: figures which are attached to the ground
27. 27. Free standing: can be seen from all sides
28. 28. Stone and Bronze Stone: durable, resistant to the elements, fire, and other hazards
Heavy and breaks easily Marble- Favorite material in Greece and Italy; high gloss when
polished
29. 29. Metals: Most commonly used is bronze May be solid in small statues Hallowed in
most large statues (heavy and expensive) Tendency to crack when cooled
Disadvantages: difficulty and intricacy in casting bronze Rich color and texture: most
beautiful media Light and can support itself in many positions Other metals: forged iron,
welded steel, and duraluminum
30. 30. Wood Advantage: cheap, readily available, and easy to cut Polishes well and has a
smooth shiny surface and beautiful color. Relatively light and can be easily made into a
variety of shapes. Popular in Paete, Pkil in Laguna and Betis, Pampanga, Drawback:
limited in size, burn easily, discolor and decay easily
31. 31. Ivory Intrinsic value of the material. Lends itself to technical mastery. Lacks the vigor
of wooden statues Like wood, it also cracks Seldom used today.
32. 32. Terra Cotta Plastic clay Yields to even the slightest pressure and can be worked and
re-worked until the artist has achieved what he wants to do. Unfired clay is a fragile material
and sculpture in this medium would have a short life. For a more durable work in clay, the
sculptor can fire the original in a kiln.
33. 33. Result is terra cotta which means cooked earth Moderately coarse clay product fired
at comparatively low temperature. Usually painted and coated with heavy glaze. Breaks
and chips easily. Not a strong material and it cannot stand strain or weight. Beautiful and
versatile medium.
34. 34. Other Materials Aluminum Chromium Steel Plastic Less expensive Less fragile
light Chemically treated clay Stone for casting in liquid form
35. 35. Architecture Art of designing and constructing building. Functional definition: to fulfil a
need that leads to its creation. Materials used and the methods of assembling them are
among the factors contributing to architectural style. Materials: stone, wood, brick, concrete,
glass.
36. 36. Wood: Common building material Advantages: abundance, relative durability, and
high tensile and compressions strength Disadvantages: Easily destroyed by moisture,
insects, and fire Plywood: improved the structural possibilities of wood; stronger than any
known material.
37. 37. Stone: Material used when permanence is desired Concrete: made of sand and
gravel mixed with cement high compressive strength doesnt crumble or break down
when subjected to heavy weight Does not corrode and is fire resistant Stronger: ferroconcrete or reinforced concrete (reinforced with steel)
38. 38. Steel: Tough alloy of iron in variable amounts Malleable under proper conditions
and greatly hardened by sudden cooling Tensile strength Made possible the building of
the high-rise structures which are very popular this days.
39. 39. Types of Construction Post-and-lintel: Consists of two vertical posts for support (post)
and horizontal one (lintel). Generally used for wooden buildings.
40. 40. Arch Dominant in Roman architecture Architectural forms built from pieces of wood
called voussoirs with joints between them and are arranged in semi-circle. All materials are
in compression Typical for stone construction: can stand great pressure Dome is an
extension of the arch Roof resembling an inverted cup or hemisphere, formed by round
arches or vaults rising from a round or many-sided base.
41. 41. Cantilever Any structural part projecting horizontally and anchored at one end only.
Needs a beam with tensile strength, and does not crack or break easily Largely utilized in
buildings with steel as medium Wood is also used but is limited since it has a tendency to
warp, sag or rot. Used in construction of skyscrapers which depends for support upon a
steel skeleton.
PAINTING
The medium of painting is color. Color is applied on surfaces such as canvass, cloth,
wood, paper and the likes to produce images and meanings.
Pigment is that part of painting that provides the color, and pigment is taken from organic
sources like trees, vegetables and other natural elements.
ACRYLIC. Features : This is the most common medium, easily accessible and inexpensive. It
is versatile as this synthetic paint may be mixed with water to tamper thickness or thinness. It is
flexible and can be applied to any space. It is quick to dry and does not crack or turn yellow with
age.
Watercolor Painting
TEMPERA. Features : Pigments are taken from organic pigments mixed with egg. It is usually
applied on wooden panels surfaced with gesso (combination of gypsum and gelatine). It dries
quickly.
Encaustic Painting
RELATED VISUAL ARTS
DRAWING
Drawings are the outlined designs of paintings. It is the most fundamental of the skills in the
visual arts and is the route artists take to acquire technique. It often sets the final designs in
paintings, the rough draft of a proposed work.The mediums used in drawing are pencil, lead,
ink, pastel, chalk, charcoal, crayons and silverpoint.
MOSAIC
Mosaic is the art of creating a picture by assembling pieces of colored glasses, stones, and
other materials. These small cubic pieces glued to a surface by glue or plaster to create images
are called tesserae. Mosaic art was important in the interiors of cathedrals which depicted the
life of Christ or the various events in the Bible.
STAINED GLASS
Stained glass art uses assembled pieces of colored glass to create pictures. The translucent
glass pieces allow light to produce various color values to affect a glorious atmosphere. These
pieces are assembled with strips of lead or iron placed in positions that will hold the glass
pieces. Subjects were religious personages and images complementing the teachings of the
Church.
TAPESTRY
Tapestries were the art forms of royalty, as tapestry artists were usually members of royal
families who wove these from expensive silk and gold threads. These were hung on walls of
castles, palaces and cathedrals. It is produced by weaving two sets of interlaced threads on a
vertica loom : one set running parallel to the length (called the warp) and the other, width
(called weft).
PRINTMAKING
This involves creating images from ink that is transferred to paper from another material, either
wooden block or metal plate that are etched or carved with designs in the reverse position. This
is so when ink is applied over the surface and this mold is pressed over paper, an image is
printed out. Prints have been produced in 4 different ways :
Relief printing (woodcut). The ink sits on the top surface of a plate or block that has
been carved.
Intaglio printing (etching and engraving).The ink sits in the grooves.
Planographic printing (lithography). The matrix is flat, and the printing part is treated
to hold ink, the other parts, to repel it.
Stencil printing (silkscreen). There is a hole cut in the matrix and the ink is pushed
through it.
TARPAULIN
Tarpaulin (or tarp) is a durable plastic sheet that is water resistant and waterproof. It is easy to
reproduce. A designer makes the art work using digital graphic design softwares (like
Photoshop) and bring these files to shops for printing.
SCULPTURE
It is a 3-dimensional work of art made of material like stone, metal, glass, wood, bronze, clay,
iron, steel, paper, metal, marble, wood and even soap, chocolate, butter, balloons, ice, snow
and sand. These are carved, assembled, constructed, fired, welded, molded, or cast and its final
forms are often painted. Most of these are called statues, 3-dimensional images of persons or
animals shaped from solid substances.
Medium. Depending on objective of the sculptors, they use medium such as bronze and stone
(like marble, limestone and granite), precious materials (like gold, silver, jade and ivory), hard
wood (like narra, molave), glass, terracotta, ceramics.
PHOTOGRAPHY
Photography (from the Greek 'phos' which means light and 'graphis' which
means representation by drawing) is the process of creating pictures using
light projected on a light-sensitive medium (the photographic film). It is the
art of recording light on a sensitive material called film made from thin ,
transparent base coated with light sensitive chemicals.
Photography uses light as its prime source and the chemical processing of
light-sensitive materials, its medium, to produce its composition : the picture.
Photography requires the manipulation of a camera that captures images
through the reflection of light from a subject. The inventions of photography
allowed artists to faithfully "copy" images in the real world.
Traditionally, the images are reproduced in 'negatives' (because these images are in their
reversed states : dark spots are light and light spots are dark) and processed to produce these
images'
opposite
('positive')
states
on
photographic
paper.
The art in photography does not solely reside on the camera, but on the skills and techniques of
photographer in controlling the tool. Some of the basic concepts that a photographer needs to
control:
Focus. The adjustment to place the sharpest focus where it is desired on the subject.
Exposure. The amount of light that reaches the film.
Aperture. The aperture (or diaphragm) is like the iris of our eyes that controls the
amount of light passing through the lens.
Shutter speed. It controls the time during which the image is captured. The shutter is
the mechanical device in a camera that controls the amount of time light is allowed to expose
the film.
Foreground
Background
Relationship
The foreground contains the leading line that is the line that leads the eye into the photograph
and toward the point of interest. Whether this line is an object or series of objects or shadows, it
should be sharply focused. A fuzzy, out-of-focus foreground usually irritates the senses and
detracts from emphasis on the subject matter.
The background should be subordinate to the main subject in both tone and interest. It should
also make the subject stand out and present it to best advantage. Unsharpness and blur are
effective ways for separating the subject from the background.
Rules
of
Third
in
Photography
The rule of thirds is an imaginary tic-tac-toe board is drawn across an image to break it into nine
equal squares. The four points where these lines intersect are strongest focal points. The lines
themselves are the second strongest focal points.
To use the rule of thirds you need to imagine the grid on all of your images as you compose
them in the viewfinder.Which point or line you place your subject on does matter. While any of
the points/lines will add emphasis to your subject, some are stronger than others. Your subject
should be placed on the opposite line of the direction your subject is looking towards.