Hyperbole

Hyperbole (pronounced hi-per-boh-lee) is a figure of speech that uses extreme exaggeration. An example of
hyperbole is 'Flick won the 100 metre race by a mile'. If taken literally this sentence does not make any sense.
Figuratively this sentence means that Flick won the race by a long way. Hyperbole is used by composers to
emphasise a point. Look at the following examples and decide whether the literal or the figurative has more
impact.
Hyperbole: 'It's been ages since lunch.'
Literal: 'It's been two hours since lunch.'
Hyperbole: 'I'm so hungry I could eat a horse.'
Literal: 'I'm so hungry I could eat a lot.'
Hyperbole: 'There are millions of people at the shopping centre.'
Literal: 'There are lots of people at the shopping centre.'

Allusions and symbolism

Allusion and symbolism are very closely linked to connotation. An allusion is when a composer makes a
reference to another text or person within their own text, for example:
'Her date was due to pick her up at any moment, so Rachel rushed through her wardrobe like a white rabbit.'
Example one
This allusion compares Rachel's rushing around to the tardy (late-running) white rabbit from Lewis Carroll's
'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'. If you do not know the other text, you may not understand the allusion so
the most effective allusions are from well-known, usually classic, texts.
Symbolism, as well as being closely linked to connotation, is also closely linked to context and cultural
assumptions. In every cultural context, there are symbols that have meanings for people. In a Christian culture,
for example, a cross represents spirituality, in American culture the bald eagle represents American justice,
while the tiger might represent the courage and strength of the Wests Rugby League Club or Richmond
Australian Rules Football Club.
Symbols can also change meaning according to context. The 'golden arches' logo of McDonald's might
symbolise a quick way for a travelling family to have some food. It may symbolise corporate America or
exploitation to a group of people concerned about the nutritional value of the food.

Synecdoche
(Pronounced si-NECK-doh-key) This term is a figure of speech whereby the naming of an attribute of a subject
is a reference to the whole.
Synecdoche

Explanation

All hands on deck!

'Hands' refers to the crew.

Check out my new wheels, bro.

'Wheels' refers to the entire car.

Metonymy

Metonymy is a figure of speech whereby the naming of an attribute of a subject is a reference to the
whole and a concept associated with that whole.
Metonymy

Explanation

The pen is mightier than the sword.

The 'pen' refers to acts written by pen and as such

is an attribute of diplomacy and the 'sword' is an
attribute of military action.

This is a decision from Canberra.

'Canberra' refers to the capital city of Australia and

the concepts associated with it are the actions of
politicians.

Refer to the Practise hyperbole, allusions, symbolism, synechdoche, metonomy animation

Medium of the visual arts

1. 1. MEDIUM OF THE VISUAL ARTS Prepared by: ERIC F. PAZZIUAGAN, RN, MAN
2. 2. MEDIUM Refers to the materials which are used by an artist. A means by which he
communicates his ideas. Very essential to art.
3. 3. Painting The art of creating meaningful effects on a flat surface by the use of pigments.
Each medium exerts a pronounced effect on the finished product, is capable of varied
treatment, and determines its own stroke. The materials of the painter are pigments applied
to wet plaster, canvas, wood or paper.
4. 4. Oil Pigments are mixed in oil. Surface: canvas, wood, paper, metal Most familiar type
of painting is done with oils on canvas. Surface most suitable: must receive oil freely and
yet not absorb it, can withstand temperature changes, and not crack the pigment on it.
5. 5. Pigments mixed with oil provide a medium that gives richness in the opacity of light and
depth of shadow. Pigments can come from different sources: minerals, vegetable matter,
coal tars, and other chemical combinations. Ground by hand or machine then mixed with
oil. Painters usually depend upon those pigments which do not change through the years.
6. 6. Oil painting: popular because there are many ways of handling oil pigments. It is
possible to get a wide range of separate effects. Pigment may be applied in a thick and
heavy manner or in washes of almost water color transparency. Oil color is the best method
for a convincing representation where reproduction of color is necessary.
7. 7. Its ease of handling, the easy blending of tones, and the possibility of painting over and
covering any mistake are some of the reasons why oil painting is a very popular technique.
Two methods of painting in oil: Direct method- paints are opaque and are applied to the
surface just as they are to look in the finished product; more flexible Indirect method: paint
is applied in many thin layers of transparent color
8. 8. Disadvantages: Dries slowly and has a tendency to rise to the surface and form a film
over the picture, making it appear dull. Has a tendency to become yellow and crack so that
preservation usually becomes a problem.

9. 9. Maria Makiling by Carlos Botong Francisco

10. 10. Tempera Mixture of ground pigments and an albuminous or colloidal vehicle, either egg,
gum, or glue, used by Egyptian, Medieval, and Renaissance painters. Special
characteristic: being an emulsion Watery, milk-like texture of oily and watery consistency.
11. 11. Usually done on a wooden panel that has been smooth with a coating of plaster. The
colors are mixed with egg yolk. There is little blending or fusing of colors since paint dries
rapidly. Colors are laid on side by side or superimposed. Needs careful details. It is hard
to obtain rich, deep tones, and shadows.
12. 12. Advantages: Dries readily with the evaporation of water Great luminosity of tone
Colors are clear and beautiful.
13. 13. Madonna Enthroned with Four Saints
14. 14. Watercolor Pigments are mixed with water and applied to fine white paper. Good
watercolor paintings are not easy to make. Require a high degree of technical dexterity. In
pure watercolor painting, all the light comes from the ground. Paper is the most commonly
used ground. Other ground: parchment, ivory, silk, and cambric.
15. 15. A medium familiar to every school child. Gouache: opaque water color Made by
grinding opaque colors with water and mixing the product with a preparation of gum and
adding Chinese white to transparent watercolors. It differs from the brilliant quality of
translucent water color painting whose major effects are caused by the white paper.
16. 16. Pastel The most recent medium. Possesses only surfaces of light, gives no glazed
effect, and most closely resembles dry pigment. Pigment is bound so as to form a crayon
which is applied directly to the surface, usually, paper. As support for pastel painting paper,
pasteboard or canvas is used.
17. 17. As far as the technique is concerned, the painter is free to handle the material to suit
himself. It is a very flexible medium. Varied effects may be produced. Not a very popular
medium because no one has yet to discovered the way to preserve its original freshness.
The chalk tends to rub off and the picture loses its brilliance.
18. 18. Fresco The most popular type of painting. Colors are mixed with water and applied to
fresh plaster which absorbs the color. Since the pigment has been incorporated with the
plaster, it lasts until the wall is destroyed. Flourished during the 15th and 16th century.
Fresco means fresh.
19. 19. The process begins with preliminary sketches, later enlarged to full-size cartoons which
are transferred to rough plaster. The coloring must be ready as soon as the plaster is put on
the wall. It is prepared by mixing a pigment with water or with water and lime. When this is
applied to the wet plaster, the lime binds the pigment to the plaster and makes the painting
part of the wall.
20. 20. Since fresco must be done quickly, it is a very exacting method. There is no changing
once the design is begun. Only earth pigments are used because of the chemical action of
the plaster on the paint. These colors have uniformity of tone and no glaring contrasts.
21. 21. Disadvantages: Almost impossible to move a fresco Painting is subject to disasters
that may happen to the wall of which it has become a part.

22. 22. Acrylic The newest medium and one that is used widely by painters today. Synthetic
paints using acrylic emulsions as binder. Combine transparency and quick- drying qualities
of watercolor and are as flexible as oil. They are completely insoluble when dry and can be
used almost on any surface. They do not tend to crack, and tun yellow with age.
23. 23. SCULPTURE In choosing a subject for the sculpture, the most important thing to
consider is the material. Substances available for sculpture are limitless. Different
materials require different methods of handling.
24. 24. Soft medium: will lend itself to a modelling technique that uses squeezing and shaping
and continuously adding itself to it as the work goes on. Allows for the expansion of
gesture. Hard medium: requires the process of cutting and taking away from the block.
Confined to the limits of the piece of wood or stone.
25. 25. Two Major Sculpture Processes Subtractive process: Unwanted material is cut away
Carving of stone and wood Additive process: Example: Construction of figure by putting
together bits of clay, or by welding together parts of metal. Final result if putting together
smaller segments of the material.
26. 26. Two types of Sculpture Relief: figures which are attached to the ground
27. 27. Free standing: can be seen from all sides
28. 28. Stone and Bronze Stone: durable, resistant to the elements, fire, and other hazards
Heavy and breaks easily Marble- Favorite material in Greece and Italy; high gloss when
polished
29. 29. Metals: Most commonly used is bronze May be solid in small statues Hallowed in
most large statues (heavy and expensive) Tendency to crack when cooled
Disadvantages: difficulty and intricacy in casting bronze Rich color and texture: most
beautiful media Light and can support itself in many positions Other metals: forged iron,
welded steel, and duraluminum
30. 30. Wood Advantage: cheap, readily available, and easy to cut Polishes well and has a
smooth shiny surface and beautiful color. Relatively light and can be easily made into a
variety of shapes. Popular in Paete, Pkil in Laguna and Betis, Pampanga, Drawback:
limited in size, burn easily, discolor and decay easily
31. 31. Ivory Intrinsic value of the material. Lends itself to technical mastery. Lacks the vigor
of wooden statues Like wood, it also cracks Seldom used today.
32. 32. Terra Cotta Plastic clay Yields to even the slightest pressure and can be worked and
re-worked until the artist has achieved what he wants to do. Unfired clay is a fragile material
and sculpture in this medium would have a short life. For a more durable work in clay, the
sculptor can fire the original in a kiln.
33. 33. Result is terra cotta which means cooked earth Moderately coarse clay product fired
at comparatively low temperature. Usually painted and coated with heavy glaze. Breaks
and chips easily. Not a strong material and it cannot stand strain or weight. Beautiful and
versatile medium.
34. 34. Other Materials Aluminum Chromium Steel Plastic Less expensive Less fragile
light Chemically treated clay Stone for casting in liquid form

35. 35. Architecture Art of designing and constructing building. Functional definition: to fulfil a
need that leads to its creation. Materials used and the methods of assembling them are
among the factors contributing to architectural style. Materials: stone, wood, brick, concrete,
glass.
36. 36. Wood: Common building material Advantages: abundance, relative durability, and
high tensile and compressions strength Disadvantages: Easily destroyed by moisture,
insects, and fire Plywood: improved the structural possibilities of wood; stronger than any
known material.
37. 37. Stone: Material used when permanence is desired Concrete: made of sand and
gravel mixed with cement high compressive strength doesnt crumble or break down
when subjected to heavy weight Does not corrode and is fire resistant Stronger: ferroconcrete or reinforced concrete (reinforced with steel)
38. 38. Steel: Tough alloy of iron in variable amounts Malleable under proper conditions
and greatly hardened by sudden cooling Tensile strength Made possible the building of
the high-rise structures which are very popular this days.
39. 39. Types of Construction Post-and-lintel: Consists of two vertical posts for support (post)
and horizontal one (lintel). Generally used for wooden buildings.
40. 40. Arch Dominant in Roman architecture Architectural forms built from pieces of wood
called voussoirs with joints between them and are arranged in semi-circle. All materials are
in compression Typical for stone construction: can stand great pressure Dome is an
extension of the arch Roof resembling an inverted cup or hemisphere, formed by round
arches or vaults rising from a round or many-sided base.
41. 41. Cantilever Any structural part projecting horizontally and anchored at one end only.
Needs a beam with tensile strength, and does not crack or break easily Largely utilized in
buildings with steel as medium Wood is also used but is limited since it has a tendency to
warp, sag or rot. Used in construction of skyscrapers which depends for support upon a
steel skeleton.

THE VISUAL ARTS

(Painting, Sculpture and Related Arts)
The visual arts are called such because, being composed in space, they can be seen. Their
appreciation is experienced through the eyes, primarily, and through the sense of touch,
particularly in sculpture.

PAINTING
The medium of painting is color. Color is applied on surfaces such as canvass, cloth,
wood, paper and the likes to produce images and meanings.
Pigment is that part of painting that provides the color, and pigment is taken from organic
sources like trees, vegetables and other natural elements.

Spolarium by Juan Luna.

The painting was submitted by Luna to the Exposicin Nacional de Bellas Artes
in 1884, where it garnered a gold medal.
Common Color Medium
OIL. Features : Color pigments are ground and mixed with linseed oil to produce a liquid-like
constituency whose viscosity (thickness or fluidness) can be thinned by turpentine or any other
solvent. It is a flexible medium. It is slow to dry, but it can be applied by any kind and size of
airbrush. It can cover or overlay previous layers, thus, create translucent effects in the
combinations of colors, or even erase what a painter may wish to change.

Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci (oil)

ACRYLIC. Features : This is the most common medium, easily accessible and inexpensive. It
is versatile as this synthetic paint may be mixed with water to tamper thickness or thinness. It is
flexible and can be applied to any space. It is quick to dry and does not crack or turn yellow with
age.

Miss Sasha Colette (acrylic)

WATERCOLOR. Features : Pigment in watercolor is mixed with water rather than with oil. It
dries quickly, hence, it is a difficult medium to control. It is characterized by the transparency of
its texture which is controlled by the amount of water that the artist mixes with the paint.

Watercolor Painting
TEMPERA. Features : Pigments are taken from organic pigments mixed with egg. It is usually
applied on wooden panels surfaced with gesso (combination of gypsum and gelatine). It dries
quickly.

Egg Tempera Painting by Niccolo Semiticolo (tempera)

FRESCO. Features : Fresco painting is produced when organic pigments are mixed with water
and applied to a damp plaster wall. This allows water to seep into the surface and become a
part of the wall and remains so until the wall falls. This was the process that Michelangelo used
in painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome.

The Sistine Chapel Ceiling by Michelangelo (fresco)

ENCAUSTIC. Features : Encaustic process adds colored pigments to heated beeswax. The
mixture is then applied to porous surfaces like wood. This is an ancient technique used to paint
portraits and other images on coffins.

Encaustic Painting
RELATED VISUAL ARTS
DRAWING
Drawings are the outlined designs of paintings. It is the most fundamental of the skills in the
visual arts and is the route artists take to acquire technique. It often sets the final designs in
paintings, the rough draft of a proposed work.The mediums used in drawing are pencil, lead,
ink, pastel, chalk, charcoal, crayons and silverpoint.

MOSAIC
Mosaic is the art of creating a picture by assembling pieces of colored glasses, stones, and
other materials. These small cubic pieces glued to a surface by glue or plaster to create images
are called tesserae. Mosaic art was important in the interiors of cathedrals which depicted the
life of Christ or the various events in the Bible.

STAINED GLASS
Stained glass art uses assembled pieces of colored glass to create pictures. The translucent
glass pieces allow light to produce various color values to affect a glorious atmosphere. These
pieces are assembled with strips of lead or iron placed in positions that will hold the glass
pieces. Subjects were religious personages and images complementing the teachings of the
Church.

TAPESTRY
Tapestries were the art forms of royalty, as tapestry artists were usually members of royal
families who wove these from expensive silk and gold threads. These were hung on walls of
castles, palaces and cathedrals. It is produced by weaving two sets of interlaced threads on a
vertica loom : one set running parallel to the length (called the warp) and the other, width
(called weft).

PRINTMAKING
This involves creating images from ink that is transferred to paper from another material, either
wooden block or metal plate that are etched or carved with designs in the reverse position. This
is so when ink is applied over the surface and this mold is pressed over paper, an image is
printed out. Prints have been produced in 4 different ways :
Relief printing (woodcut). The ink sits on the top surface of a plate or block that has
been carved.
Intaglio printing (etching and engraving).The ink sits in the grooves.

Planographic printing (lithography). The matrix is flat, and the printing part is treated
to hold ink, the other parts, to repel it.

Stencil printing (silkscreen). There is a hole cut in the matrix and the ink is pushed
through it.

TARPAULIN
Tarpaulin (or tarp) is a durable plastic sheet that is water resistant and waterproof. It is easy to
reproduce. A designer makes the art work using digital graphic design softwares (like
Photoshop) and bring these files to shops for printing.

SCULPTURE
It is a 3-dimensional work of art made of material like stone, metal, glass, wood, bronze, clay,
iron, steel, paper, metal, marble, wood and even soap, chocolate, butter, balloons, ice, snow
and sand. These are carved, assembled, constructed, fired, welded, molded, or cast and its final
forms are often painted. Most of these are called statues, 3-dimensional images of persons or
animals shaped from solid substances.

Medium. Depending on objective of the sculptors, they use medium such as bronze and stone
(like marble, limestone and granite), precious materials (like gold, silver, jade and ivory), hard
wood (like narra, molave), glass, terracotta, ceramics.

PHOTOGRAPHY
Photography (from the Greek 'phos' which means light and 'graphis' which
means representation by drawing) is the process of creating pictures using
light projected on a light-sensitive medium (the photographic film). It is the
art of recording light on a sensitive material called film made from thin ,
transparent base coated with light sensitive chemicals.

Photography uses light as its prime source and the chemical processing of
light-sensitive materials, its medium, to produce its composition : the picture.
Photography requires the manipulation of a camera that captures images
through the reflection of light from a subject. The inventions of photography
allowed artists to faithfully "copy" images in the real world.
Traditionally, the images are reproduced in 'negatives' (because these images are in their
reversed states : dark spots are light and light spots are dark) and processed to produce these
images'
opposite
('positive')
states
on
photographic
paper.

The art in photography does not solely reside on the camera, but on the skills and techniques of
photographer in controlling the tool. Some of the basic concepts that a photographer needs to
control:
Focus. The adjustment to place the sharpest focus where it is desired on the subject.
Exposure. The amount of light that reaches the film.
Aperture. The aperture (or diaphragm) is like the iris of our eyes that controls the
amount of light passing through the lens.
Shutter speed. It controls the time during which the image is captured. The shutter is
the mechanical device in a camera that controls the amount of time light is allowed to expose
the film.

Foreground
Background
Relationship
The foreground contains the leading line that is the line that leads the eye into the photograph
and toward the point of interest. Whether this line is an object or series of objects or shadows, it
should be sharply focused. A fuzzy, out-of-focus foreground usually irritates the senses and
detracts from emphasis on the subject matter.
The background should be subordinate to the main subject in both tone and interest. It should
also make the subject stand out and present it to best advantage. Unsharpness and blur are
effective ways for separating the subject from the background.

Rules
of
Third
in
Photography
The rule of thirds is an imaginary tic-tac-toe board is drawn across an image to break it into nine
equal squares. The four points where these lines intersect are strongest focal points. The lines
themselves are the second strongest focal points.

To use the rule of thirds you need to imagine the grid on all of your images as you compose
them in the viewfinder.Which point or line you place your subject on does matter. While any of
the points/lines will add emphasis to your subject, some are stronger than others. Your subject
should be placed on the opposite line of the direction your subject is looking towards.