Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Magntica Nuclear
Quantum Description
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is based on
the measurement of absorption of electromagnetic radiation in
the radio-frequency region of roughly 4 to 950 MHz.
Nuclei of atoms rather than outer electrons are involved in the
absorption process.
In order to cause nuclei to develop the energy states required
for absorption to occur, it is necessary to place the analyte in an
intense magnetic field.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is one of the most
powerful tools for elucidating the structure of chemical species.
= p
where the proportionality constant is the magnetogyric ratio (constant
giromanetica), which has a different value for each type of nucleus.
Energy Levels in a Magnetic Field: When a nucleus with a spin quantum
number of one half is brought into an external magnetic field B0, its magnetic
moment becomes oriented in one of two directions with respect to the field
depending upon its magnetic quantum state.
13C
Frecuencia de Larmor
Typical input signal for pulsed NMR: (a) pulse sequence; (b) expanded view
of RF pulse, typically at a frequency of several hundred MHz.
FIGURE 19-9 (a) 13C FID signal for dioxane when pulse frequency differs
from Larmor frequency by 50 Hz; (b) Fourier transform of (a).
FIGURE 19-10(a)
13
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
ON NMR SPECTRA
The frequency of RF radiation that is absorbed by a given
nucleus is strongly affected by its chemical environment that
is, by nearby electrons and nuclei.
As a consequence, even simple molecules provide a wealth of
spectral information that can serve to elucidate their chemical
structure.
Desdoblamiento Spin-Spin
A
C
Triplete
Triplete
Multiplete
A = nB + 1
C = nB + 1
B = (nA+1)(nC+1)
FIGURE 19-18
Splitting pattern for
methylene (b) protons
in CH3CH2CH2l.
Figures in
parentheses are
relative areas under
peaks.
Prox. Clase
Equipos usados en RMN