Electrical Circuits and

Simulation Lab
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

S.N NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGES

O
A. THEVENIN’S THEOREM 1
1 B. NORTON’S THEOREM 4
C. MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM 7

2 SUPERPOSITION THEOREM 10

3 VERIFICATION OF COMPENSATION THEOREM 13

A. RECIPROCITY THEOREM 17
4 B. MILLMANN’S THEOREM 20

5 LOCUS DIAGRAMS OF RL AND RC SERIES CIRCUITS 24

6 SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE 30

7 SELF AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCE 35

8 TWO PORT NETWORKS 42

Using PSPICE SIMULATION

9 NODAL ANALYSIS 49

1
 10 DC TRANSIENT RESPONSE 51

THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Exp. No: 1(A)
AIM:
To verify Thevenin’s Theorem for given circuit experimentally
APPARATUS:
SPECIFICATIO
S. NO EQUIPMENT QUANTITY
N
1 VOLTAGE SOURCE 0-30V 1
2 RESISTORS 2.2K Ω 3
3 RESISTORS 1K Ω 2
4 Variable Resister 560 Ω 1
5 AMMETER ( DMM ) 0-20mA 1
6 VOLTMETER ( DMM 0-15V 1
7 CONNECTING WIRES
THEORY:
STATEMENT:
It states that any linear active two terminal network containing resistance and voltage
sources and /or current sources can be replaced by single voltage source Vth in series with a
single resistance Rth. The thevenin equivalent voltage Vth is the open circuit voltage at the
network terminals, and thevenin resistance Rth is the resistance between the network terminals
when all the sources are replaced by their internal resistances.
EXPLANATION:
a) Steps to find the Rth
 Open circuit current sources and short circuit voltage sources.
 Open circuit the load resistance
 Find out the equivalent resistance which is Rth across the open circuit
terminals.
b) Steps to find the Vth
 Open circuit the load resistance

2
  Find out the open circuit voltage Vth across the open circuit terminals by using
mesh analysis.
c) Find out the load current IL by connecting the load resistance to the given circuit.
d) Draw the equivalent circuit. Connect the voltage source Vth in series with Rth and RL .
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig.1

Fig.2
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig 1.
2. Adjust the input voltage to 4V.
3. Calculate Vth theoretically.
4. Find open circuit voltage Vth across AB using voltmeter with out connecting RL.
5. Connect the load resistance RL and measure load current I L through branch AB using
ammeter.
6. Short the voltage source and open the terminals A and B.
7. Measure the resistance (Rth) seen through the open circuit terminals AB using DMM.

3
 8. Connect Thevenin’s equivalent circuit (shown in figure 2).
9. Measure the load current ILI and tabulate the readings.
10. Compare IL , ILI and observe both are equal.
11. Repeat the procedure for different voltage values.
THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
Rth Computation:

Vth Computation:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Reading must be taken without parallel error.
2. Measuring instruments must be properly calibrated.
3. Avoid loose connections.
4. Selection & Connection must be proper when using DMM.

RESULT:

VIVA-VOCE:
1. State Thevenin’s theorem.
2. For what type of networks Thevenin’s theorem is applicable?
3. Is Thevenin’s voltage is open circuit voltage?
4. Advantages of Thevenin’s theorem.

4
 NORTON’S THEOREM
Exp. No: 1(B)
AIM:
To verify Norton’s Theorem for given circuit experimentally
APPARATUS:
S. NO EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
1 VOLTAGE SOURCE 0-30V 1
2 RESISTORS 2.2K Ω 3
3 RESISTORS 1K Ω 2
4 VARIABLE RESISTER 560 Ω 1
5 AMMETER ( DMM ) 0-20mA 1
6 VOLTMETER ( DMM) 0-15V 1
7 CONNECTING WIRES

THEORY:
STATEMENT:
It states that any linear active two terminal network containing resistance and voltage
sources and /or current sources can be replaced by single current source I N in parallel with a
single resistance RN. The Norton’s equivalent current IN is the short circuit current through the
network terminals, and Norton’s resistance RN is the resistance between the network terminals
when all the sources are replaced by their internal resistances.
EXPLANATION:
a) steps to find the RN
 Open circuit current sources and short circuit voltage sources.
 Open circuit the load resistance
 Find out the equivalent resistance RN across the open circuit terminals.
b) Steps to find the IN
 Short circuit the load resistance.
 Find out the short circuited current IN through the short circuit terminals by using
mesh analysis.
c) Find out the load current IL by connecting the load resistance to the given circuit.

5
 d) Draw the equivalent circuit and connect the current source IN in parallel with RN and
RL.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig.1

Fig.2
PROCEDURE:
1. Adjust the input voltage to 4V
2. Calculate IN theoretically.
3. Find short circuit current IN through AB using ammeter by shorting terminals AB.
4. Connect the load resistance RL and measure load current I L through branch AB using
ammeter.
5. Short the voltage source and open the terminals A and B.
6. Measure the resistance (RN ) through the open circuit terminals AB using DMM.
7. Connect Norton’s equivalent circuit (shown in figure 2).

6
8. Measure the load current ILI and tabulate the readings.
9. Compare IL , ILI and observe both are equal.
10. Repeat the procedure for different voltage values.
THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
RN Computation:

IN Computation:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Reading must be taken without parallel error.
2. Measuring instruments must be properly calibrated.
3. Avoid loose connections.
4. Selection & Connection must be proper when using DMM.

RESULT:

VIVA-VOCE:
1. State Norton’s theorem.
2. For what type of networks Norton’s theorem is applicable?
3. Is Norton’s current is short-circuit current?
4. Why we need to short voltage sources and open current sources to find RN
5. Relation between Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorem

7
 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
Exp. No: 1(C)
AIM:
To verify Maximum Power Transfer Theorem for given circuit experimentally
APPARATUS:
S. NO EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
1 Voltage source 0-30V 1
2 Resistors 22Ω 2
3 Resistors 10 Ω 2
4 Variable resister 470 Ω 1
5 Ammeter ( DMM ) 0-20mA 1
6 Voltmeter ( DMM ) 0-15V 1
7 Connecting wires

THEORY:
STATEMENT:
In a linear bilateral network containing an independent voltage source in series with
resistance Rs delivers maximum power to load resistance RL when RL= Rs.
Or
In a linear bilateral network containing an independent current source in parallel with
resistance Rs delivers maximum power to load resistance RL when RL= Rs.
EXPLANATION:
Maximum power P is given as
2
V th
Pmax = 4 RL

Where
 Vth the open circuit voltage which is given by open circuiting the load resistance.
 Rth or source resistance Rs is the equivalent resistance which is given by short
circuiting the voltage source and open circuiting the load resistance.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

8
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.
2. Short circuit the voltage source and measure the resistance (Rs) seen through the
terminals AB.
3. Now connect the voltage source and load resistance (10+ variable resistances) across
AB.
4. Connect ammeter in the branch AB.
5. Now vary the load resistance in steps and note down the corresponding ammeter
reading.
6. Tabulate the reading and find the power dissipated in the resistor using formula.
7. Draw the graph between power and resistance.
8. From the graph find resistance corresponding to max power.
OBSERVATIONS:
S.No. Voltage Load Current Load resistance Power
V ab I ab (RL) P = I2 R
(Volts) (mA) (ohms) (watts)

PRECAUTIONS:

9
 1. Reading must be taken without parallel error.
2. Measuring instruments must be properly calibrated.
3. Avoid loose connections

RESULT:

VOVA-VOCE:
1. State maximum power theorem.
2. Define power, and energy.
3. Give the condition for maximum power transfer.
4. What is the draw back of maximum power transfer theorem?
5. What is ratio of load voltage to source voltage?

SUPER POSITION THEOREM

10
 Exp. No: 2
AIM:
To verify superposition theorem for given circuit experimentally.
APPARATUS:

S. NO EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

1 VOLTAGE SOURCE 0-30V 1
2 RESISTORS 1K Ω 3
3 AMMETER ( DMM ) 0-20mA 1
4 VOLTMETER ( DMM ) 0-15V 2
5 CONNECTING WIRES

THEORY:
STATEMENT:
In a linear bilateral network containing two or more independent sources , the voltage
across or current through any branch is algebraic sum of individual voltages or currents
produced by each independent source acting separately with all the independent sources set
equal to zero.
EXPLANATION:
1. Select only one source and replace all other sources by there internal resistances. (If the
source is the ideal current source replace it by open ckt. if the source is the ideal voltage
source replaces it by short ckt.)
2. Find the current and its direction through the desired branch.
3. Add all the branch currents to obtain the actual branch current

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

11
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.
2. Adjust the V1 = 5V, V2 = 5V.
3. Measure the current through the branch AB using ammeter. I.e., Iamb.
4. Adjust V2 = 0V, and V1 = 5V and measure current (I’) in branch AB.
5. Adjust V2 = 5V, and V1 = 0V and measure current (I’’) in branch AB.
6. Tabulate the readings.
7. Repeat the procedure for different voltage values of V1, V2.
8. Then calculate I = I’ + I’’.
9. Compare I ab, I and observe that both should be equal.

OBSERVATIONS:
I ab
I’ I’’ I = I’+I’’
V1 V2 (Without using
S. No. (V2=0) (V1=0)
(volts) (volts) theorem)
(mA) (mA) (mA)

1
2
3
4
5
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Reading must be taken without parallel error.
2. Measuring instruments must be properly calibrated.

12
 3. Avoid loose connections.

RESULT:

VIVA-VOCE:
1. State super position theorem.
2. Define linear network.
3. Define bilateral and unilateral networks.
4. State Kirchhoff’s laws.
5. Define ohm’s law.

VERIFICATION OF COMPENSATION THEOREM

Exp.No: 3
AIM: To verify compensation theorem for a given circuit

13
APPARATUS:
S.N EQUIPMENT RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
o
1 R.P.S (0-30)V/5A 2
2 Voltmeter (0-30)V MC 1
3 Ammeter (0-1)A MC 1
4 Rheostat 45 ohm/2.5A 2
150 ohm 1

THEORY:
The compensation theorem states that any element in the linear, bilateral network, may
be replaced by a voltage source of magnitude equal to the current passing through the element
multiplied by the value of the element, provided the currents and voltages in other parts of the
circuit remain unaltered.
This theorem is useful in finding the changes in current or voltage when the value of
resistance is changed in the circuit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

b)

14
c)

d)

PROCEDURE:

15
 1) Make the connections as per the circuits diagram (a)
2) Switch on the RPS and vary the output to Vs=30V
3) Note down the ammeter reading as I1 and voltmeter reading as Vcomp.
4) Bring the output of the RPS to zero & switch off the supply.
5) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram (b).
6) Switch on the RPS -1 and vary the output to 30V.
7) Note down the ammeter reading as I2.
8) Bring output of the RPS -1 to 0 and switch off the supply.
9) Make the connection as the circuit diagram (C).
10) Vary the output of RPS-1 and RPS-2 to Vs and Vcomp by switching on the supply.
11) Note down the ammeter reading as I11
12) Bring output of RPS-1 and RPS-2 to 0 and switch off the supply.
13) Make the connection as per circuit diagram (d).
14) Switch ON the RPS and vary the output to Vcomp.
15) Note down ammeter reading as I3.
16) As per the compensation theorem I1=I11 and I3=I1-I2.
TABULAR COLUMNS:
Theoretical Values Practical Value
I1
Vcomp
I2
I11
I3

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

RESULT:

16
VIVA-VOCE:
1. Compensation theorem is applicable to_________________________ only.
2. What is meant by bilateral network?
3. State compensation theorem?
4. What is meant by Active and Passive elements?

RECIPROCITY THEOREM
Exp.No:4(A)

17
AIM: To verify the reciprocity theorem for a given network.
APPARATUS:
S.NO EQUIPMENT RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
1 RPS 0-30V 1
2 Ammeter 0-20 MA DMM 1
3 Resistance 1 KΩ 5

4 Voltmeter 0-15 V DMM 2

5 Connecting wires
THEORY:
STATEMENT:
It states that in any passive element linear, bilateral single source network if a
voltage source E acting in one branch of a network causes a current I to flow in another branch
the network then the same voltage source E acting in the second branch would cause an
identical current I to flowing the first branch.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig 1

18
 Fig 2

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig 1.
2. Find the current (I cd) in branch CD using ammeter and note down the values .
3. Now connect the circuit as shown in fig 2.
4. Compare I ad and I cd, and observe that both are equal.
5. Repeat the procedure for different values
OBSERVATIONS:
S.NO Applied Voltage V (volts) Current in branch Current in Branch
CD AB
Icd(mA) I ab (mA)

PRECAUTIONS:

19
 1. Reading must be taken without parallel error.
2. Measuring instruments must be properly calibrated.

RESULT:

VIVA-VOCE:
1. State reciprocity theorem?
2. Reciprocity theorem is applicable to__________________ only.
3. Give the expression for voltage and current divider rules?
4. What is ohm’s law?

MILLMANN’S THEOREM

20
 Exp.No: 4 (B)
AIM: To verify the Millmann’s theorem for the given circuit.
APPARATUS:
S.NO EQUIPMENT RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
1 RPS 0-30V DUAL 1
CHANNEL
2 AMMETER 0-20 mA DMM 1
3 RESISTANCE 110 ohm 2
45 ohm 1
4 VOLTMETER 0-150V 1

THEORY:
This theorem is useful, when a number of voltage sources in a network need to be
replaced by a single voltage source.
Consider N voltage sources V1, V2,……….VN in series with N resisters R1, R2......RN (as
shown in circuit diagram).Then according to Millmann’s theorem we can replace all the
voltage sources and resistances between the load terminals by a single voltage source V in
series with a single resistance R.
Where
V 1 G1 +V 2 G2 + V 3 G3 +−−−−−−+V N GN
V=
G1 +G2 +G3 +−−−−−−−+GN
1
R=
G1 +G 2 + G3 +−−−−−−−+G N

V=
∑ VG
∑G
1
V=
∑G

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

21
To find V Millmann’s

To find R:

22
Equivalent circuit:

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagrams (a).
2. Switch on the RPS-1 and RPS -2 and gradually increase their outputs to 25V and note
down the ammeter reading as IL
3. Switch off the supply after ensuring the out put of the RPS is zero.
4. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram (b).
5. Switch on RPS-1 and RPS-2 and gradually increase their outputs to 25V and note down
the voltmeter reading as V Millmann’s
6. Switch off the supply after ensuring the output of the RPS is zero.
7. Make the connections as per the diagram (c).

23
 8. Switch on the RPS and vary the output to 20V and note down the voltmeter and
ammeter readings .Calculate the R from the above observation.
9. Connect the equivalent circuit as shown in circuit diagram (d).
10. Switch on the RPS and vary the output to V Millmann’s and note down the ammeter reading
as I2.
11. As per the Millmann’s theorem I1=I2.
TABULAR COLUMNS:

IL (mA)
Theoretical Practical
I1
V Millmann’s
R
I2

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

RESULT:

VIVA –VOCE:
1. State Millmann’s theorem?
2. Millmann’s theorem is applicable during the determination of _____________
3. What are different types of sources?
4. Give expressions for star delta transformation?

LOCUS DIAGRAM OF RL & RC SERIES CIRCUITS

Exp.No: 5
AIM:

24
 To obtain the current locus diagram in series RL & RC circuits.
APPARATUS:
S.NO EQUIPMENT RANGE TYPE QTY
1 Function generator 20Hz to 2MHz 1
2 Voltmeter (0-30)V MI 2
3 Decade resistance box 1
4 Decade inductance box 1
5 Decade capacitance box 1
6 Tracing paper 1

THEORY
A phasor diagram may be drawn and is expanded to develop a curve; known as locus.
Locus diagram are useful in determining the behavior or response of an RLC circuit when one
of its parameter is varied while the frequency and voltage kept constant. The magnitude and
phase of the current vector in the circuit depends up on the values of R, Land C and frequency
at the fixed source voltage. The traced by the terminus of the current vector when the
parameters R, L or C are varied while f and v are kept constant is called the current locus.
Locus diagrams can be also drawn for reactance, impedance, susceptance, and
admittance when frequency is variable. Loci of these parameters furnish important information
for use in circuit analysis. Such plots are particularly useful in the design of electric wave
filters.

a) RL series circuit:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

25
PROCEDURE:

TABULAR COLUMNS:
1. Fixed reactance and variable Resistance:
XL = 1KΩ Fs = 1 kHz
S.NO R ohms VR VL VS IS Ø
(V) (V) (V) (mA)

26
2. Fixed Resistance and variable Reactance:
XL = 100Ω Fs = 1 kHz
S.NO L mH VR VL VS IS XL Ø
(V) (V) (V) (mA) (ohms)

27
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram (b)
2. Set XC = 100Ω at Fs =1KHz and R = 0 Ω
3. Switch on the function generator and set sine wave form for the output. Adjust the
magnitude of the output voltage to 25VP-P.
4. Note down Vc.vary the value of resistance to its maximum value in steps of 1KΩ.Note
down the VR and VC.
5. Find Is and VS in each step and plot the locus between supply voltage VS and Is.
6. Switch of the function generator.
7. Set R = 100 Ω and C = 1μf. Switch on the function generator and set the sin wave form
for the output. Adjust the magnitude of the output voltage to 25VP-P.
8. Note down VR . Vary the capacitance value to 800 μf in steps of 100 μf.. Note down V R
and VC.
9. Switch of the function generator.
10. Find Is and VS in each step and plot the locus between supply voltage VS and Is.
11. Find the radius of the semi circles.

28
OBSERVATIONS:
1) Fixed reactance and variable Resistance:
XC = 100Ω Fs = 1 kHz
S.NO R ohms VR VC VS IS Ø
(V) (V) (V) (mA)

2) Fixed Resistance and variable Reactance:

R = 100Ω Fs = 1 kHz
S.NO C μf VR VC VS IS XC Ø
(V) (V) (V) (mA) (ohms)

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

29
RESULT:

VIVA-VOCE:
1. What is the equation of the circle for an RL series circuit in the following cases?
 Fixed reactance and variable resistance.
 Fixed resistance variable reactance.
2. What is meant by locus?
3. What is meant by phase of a sin wave?

30
 SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE
Exp. No: 6
AIM:
To obtain frequency response of a series and parallel resonance circuit and also
calculate bandwidth and Q-factor.
APPARATUS:
S. NO EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS QUANTITY
1 FUNCTION 1MHz 1
GENERATOR
2 CRO 20MHz 1
3 RESISTORS 1K Ω 1
4 CAPACITOR 0.047µf 1
5 INDUCTOR 70mH 1
6 CONNECTING WIRES

THEORY:
RESONANCE: A RLC network is said to be in resonance when the applied voltage and
current are in phase and the frequency at which this phenomena occurs is known as resonance
frequency fr. Resonance occurs when inductive reactance is equal to capacitive reactance i.e.
XL = XC .

1
fr=
Resonant frequency 2 π √ LC
At resonance the impedance is pure resistance .At resonance frequency the current in
the circuit is maximum which is given by Imax.
1
BAND WIDTH: A band of frequencies at which the current or voltage is √2 times its
maximum value. At that instant the power delivered to the circuit is half of the power at
resonance. Hence they are called as half power frequencies ω1 and ω2. The frequency ω1 is
termed as lower cut off frequency and ω 2 is termed as upper cut off frequency. And hence the
difference between the two half power frequencies is known as Band width.

B.W = ω2 - ω1
QUALITY FACTOR: The ratio between resonance frequency fr to bandwidth B.W. It is also
given as the ratio of capacitor or inductor voltage at resonance to supply voltage.

31
 VL VC
Q factor = V or V
maximum energy stored
Or Q factor = 2π energy dissipated per cycle

fr
Or Q factor = B .W
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
SERIES RESONANCE:

Fig.1
PARALLE RESONANCE:

Fig.2
PROCEDURE:

32
Series Resonance:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig 1.
2. Feed a sine wave of 5v (peak to peak) amplitude and of 1 KHz frequency from
function generator to the input terminals.
3. Vary the input frequency and observe the output on CRO and also note the output peak-
to-peak amplitude. Tabulate these values.
4. Draw the graph between input frequencies vs. output voltage
5. From the graph observe the resonant frequency.
6. And also calculate Cut-off frequencies f1 and f2, band width and Q-factor.
Parallel Resonance:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 2.
2. Repeat the procedure from steps 2 to 6 for parallel resonance.
3. From the graph observe the resonant frequency i.e. frequency at witch voltage is
maximum
4. By using graph calculate cutoff frequency, f1, f2, bandwidth, and Q-factor.
OBSERVATIONS:
Series Resonance:
SI.N
Frequency(Hz) Output voltage(V)
O
1
2
,
,
20

Parallel Resonance
SI.N
Frequency(Hz) Output voltage(V)
O
1
2
,
,
20

MODEL GRAPH:
Series Resonance:

33
Parallel Resonance:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Reading must be taken without parallel error.
2. Measuring instruments must be properly calibrated.

RESULT:

34
VIVA-VOCE:
1. Define resonance and give condition for resonance.
2. What is meant by half power band width?
3. Define quality factor and give expression for it?
4. Why at frequency less than resonance frequency the circuit behaves like a capacitive
ckt?

SELF AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

Exp.No: 7

35
AIM: To separate self and mutual inductance in a coupled circuit.
APPARATUS:
S.NO EQUIPMENT RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
1 1-Ф 230V/25V 1
TRANSFORMER
2 VOLTMETER 0-300V MI 2
0-30V MI 1
3 AMMETER 0-200mA MI 1
0-1A MC 1
4 1-ФAUTO- 230V/(0-270V) 1
TRANSFORMER

THEORY:
According to faraday’s laws of electro-magnetic induction induced E.M.F is classified
in to two categories.
1. Statically induced emf.
2. Dynamically induced emf
Statically induced emf is again classified in to
1. Self induced e.m.f and
2. Mutually induced e.m.f
Self induced e.m.f:
It is the e.m.f induced in a coil, due to change of current carried by coil. If a coil carries
a uniformly changing current due to change of flux linkages caused by changes in current
magnitude, a self induced e.m.f is set up in the coil which is given as
Es=L (dI/dt)
Where L = NФ/ I Henry called self inductance.
Self inductance is defined as number of flux linkages per unit current in the coil.
Mutual induced e.m.f:
It is e.m.f induced in a coil due to change in current in other coil which is given as
Em= M (dI1/dt)
Where M=N2 Ф1/ I1 Henry called as Mutual inductance.
Mutual inductance or coefficient of mutual induction is defined as the number of flux linkages
of a coil, due to unit current in the other coil.

36
FORMULAE USED:
Impedance Z = (V/ I) Ω
Mutual inductive reactance XM = (V2/I1) Ω
Mutual inductance M = (XM/2πf) H
Series adding inductance La= (L1+L2+2M) H
Series opposing inductance L0= (L1+L2-2M) H
Where La= (Xa/2πf) H
L0= (X0/2πf) H and
Xa= (Za2-R2) 1/2 H
Xo= (Zo2-R2) 1/2 H
Coefficient of coupling K=M/(L1 L2)1/2
Or K= V2 /V1
A. POLARITY TEST:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram (a).
2. Switch on the power supply and vary the 1-фAuto-transformer output to rated primary
voltage of the transformer.

37
 3. When V3 reads 205 (230V-25V), mark end of the voltmeter with dots. Otherwise if it
shows 255V interchange the terminals of the transformer secondary winding such that
V3 shows 205V
B. SERIES AIDING:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Circuit diagram (b)

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram (b).
2. Switch on the power supply and vary the auto transformer output to 255V
3. Note down the ammeter reading as Ia & the voltmeter reading as Va .
4. Calculate the series aiding impedance.Za.

TABULAR COLUMN:
S.NO Va (V) Ia (mA) Za (Ω)

38
C. SERIES OPPOSING:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Circuit diagram (C)

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram (C).
2. Switch on the power supply and vary the auto transformer output to 205V
3. Note down the ammeter reading as IO & the voltmeter reading as VO.
4. Calculate the series OPPOSING impedance ZO.

TABULAR COLUMN:
S.NO VO (V) IO (mA) ZO (Ω)

D. DETERMINATION OF MUTUAL INDUCTANCE:

39
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram (d).
2. Apply the rated voltage to transformer primary using aotu-transformer.
3. Note down the primary and secondary volt meter readings V1 , V2 & ammeter readings
I1.
4. calculate the mutual inductance M

TABULAR COLUMN:
S.NO V1 (V) V2 (V) I1 (mA) M (H)

E. RESISTANCE MEASURMENT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

40
 Circuit diagram (e)
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram (e).
2. Apply the DC voltage to the circuit & check that the current does not exceed 1A.
3. Note down the primary and secondary volt meter readings V 1, V2 & ammeter readings
Idc.
4. Calculate the resistance of the inductors.

TABULAR COLUMN:
S.NO V1 (V) V2 (V) I dc (mA) RL 1(Ω) RL 2(Ω) R T(Ω)

CALCULATIONS:

RESULT:

41
VIVA-VOCE:
1. Mutual inductance is a property associated with____________________.
2. State faraday’s laws?
3. What is the maximum value of the coefficient of coupling?
4. What is the case for which the coefficient of coupling K=1?

TWO PORT NETWORK PARAMETERS

(Z & Y PARAMETRES)

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 Exp.No:8
AIM: To experimentally obtain the Open circuit (Z) and short circuit (Y) parameters of two-
port network
APPARATUS:
S.NO EQUIPMENT RANGE QUANTITY
1 RPS 0-30V 1
2 RESISTERS 2K Ω 1
1K Ω 2
3 VOLTMETER 0-150 V 2
4 AMMETER 0-1 A 1

THEORY:
A network is said to be if it has a pair of terminals at which a signal may enter or leave.
External connections are permitted between these two terminals. A network that has two pair
of terminals is known as two-port network. For this network external connections are permitted
at both the ports.
Z-parameters:
The Z-parameters are also known as open circuit impedance parameters (Z-
parameters).Here the voltages V1 and V2 are expressed in terms of I1 & I2 as below.,
V1= Z11I1+ Z12I2

V2= Z21I1+ Z22I2

In matrix form
V1 Z 11 Z 12 I1
[] [
V2
=
Z 21 Z 22 ] []
I2

V = [Z] [I]
The Z-parameters can be obtained with open circuit conditions at the input or output ports.
With input ports opened, that is with I1 = 0, we get the parameters

V2
Z 22= |I =0
I2 1

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With output port opened, that is with I2 = 0, we get the parameters
V1
Z 11 = |I =0
I1 2
V2
Z 21= |I 2 =0
I1
The physical interpretations of these parameters are
Z11 = Input impedance with out port opened.
Z21 = Forward transfer impedance with output port opened.
Z12 = Reverse transfer impedance with input port opened.
Z22 = output impedance with input port opened.
Y- Parameters:
The Y- Parameters of the two- Port Network can be obtained by expressing I1 and I2 in
terms of V1 and V2. That is
I1= Y11V1+ Y12V2
I2= Y21V1+ Y22V2
In matrix form
I1 Y 11 Y 12 V1
[] [
I2
=
Y 21 Y 22 ] [] V2

The Y-parameters can be obtained with short circuit conditions at the input or output
ports.
With input ports shorted, that is with V1 = 0, we get the parameters

With output ports shorted, that is with V2 = 0, we get the parameters

I1
Y 11= |V 2 =0
V1
I2
Y 21= |V 2 =0
V1

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The physical interpretations of these parameters are
Y11= Input admittance with output short circuited.
Y21= Forward transfer admittance with output short circuited.
Y12= Reverse transfer admittance with Input short circuited.
Y22= Output admittance with input short circuited
A. OPEN CIRCUIT PARAMETERS:
I. Port 2, 2’ is open circuited (when I2 = 0):

Circuit diagram (a)

II. Port 1, 1’ is open circuited (when I1 = 0):

Circuit diagram (b)

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram (a).

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 2. Switch ON the RPS and apply the voltage of 2V
3. Note down the voltmeter readings V1, V2 & ammeter reading I1. Switch OFF the power
supply.
4. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram (a).
5. Note down the voltmeter readings V1, V2 & ammeter reading I2. Switch OFF the power
supply
6. Tabulate the readings & calculate the Open circuit parameters.
TABULAR COLUMNS:
I. Port 2, 2’ is open circuited (when I2 = 0):
PORT No. Port-1 Port-2
V1 (V) I1 (A) V2 (V)
Parameters
Theoretical
Practical

II. Port 1, 1’ is open circuited (when I1 = 0):

PORT No. Port-2 Port-1
V2 (V) I2 (A) V1 (V)
Parameters
Theoretical
Practical

Open circuit (Z) parameters:

PORT No. Port-1 Port-2
Z11 Z21 Z12 Z22
Parameters
Theoretical
Practical

B. SHORT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS:

III. Port 2, 2’ is short circuited (when V2 = 0):

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 Circuit diagram (c)
IV. Port 1, 1’ is short circuited (when V1 = 0):

Circuit diagram (d)

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram (c).
2. Switch ON the RPS and apply the voltage of 2V
3. Note down the voltmeter reading V1, & ammeter readings I1, I2 .Switch OFF the power
supply.
4. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram (d).

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 5. Note down the voltmeter readings V2 & ammeter readings I1, I2. Switch OFF the power
supply
6. Tabulate the readings & calculate the Short circuit parameters.
TABULAR COLUMNS:
V. Port 2, 2’ is open circuited (when V2 = 0):
PORT No. Port-1 Port- 2
V1(V) I1 (A) I2 (A)
Parameters
Theoretical
Practical

VI. Port 1, 1’ is open circuited (when V1 = 0):

PORT No. Port-2 Port-1
V2 (V) I2 (A) I1 (A)
Parameters
Theoretical
Practical

Short Circuit(Y) Parameters:

PORT No. Port-1 Port-2
Y11 Y21 Y12 Y22
Parameters
Theoretical
Practical

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

RESULT:

48
VIVA-VOCE:
1. What is Z- Parameter equation?
2. What is the condition on Z- Parameters for a reciprocal network?
3. For a two-port network Z11 Y11=___________.
4. The two-port networks are connected in cascade. The combination is to be represented
as a single two-port network. The parameters of the network are_______________.

NODAL ANALYSIS
(Using PSPICE SIMULATION)
Exp.No:9

49
AIM: To find the node voltages for the circuit with the following data given.
Vs = 10V Is = 5mA R1 = 500Ω R2 = 1K Ω
R3 = 2K Ω R4 = 1K Ω R5 = 3K Ω R6 = 5K Ω
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
PSpice is a universal standard simulator used to simulate the operation of various
electric circuits and devices. PSpice is a simulated lab bench on which the test circuit can be
created and measurement can be made.
SPICE stands for Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis.
SIMULATION STEPS:
First step in Simulation, an input file must be created for the given circuit which is also
called the Circuit file. The input file must be given a name (title or description of the file).Any
line beginning with an asterisk (*) will be printed or displayed with the program, but will other
wise be ignored by the computer. Any line may be a title line by starting it with a “*” in the
first column. Spice allow the user to insert comments are statements on any line by starting the
comment with a “;”( semicolon). Every thing on the line after the “;” is ignored. PSpice always
expects the first line of the circuit file to be a title line. If it describes an element, it will be
ignored. Any statement that begins with a “.” (Period) is called a control statement. The last
statement must be the .END statement which completes the description of the entire circuit.

50
The .OP statement is a control statement with instruct the computer to calculate the DC voltage
between each node and the reference node.
CIRCUIT FILE:

* RESISTIVE CIRCUIT WITH MULTIPLE SOURCES

VS 1 0 DC 10V

R1 1 2 500

R2 2 3 1000

R3 3 0 2000

R4 2 4 1000

R5 4 5 3000

R6 5 0 5000

IS 3 5 DC 5mA

•OP

•END

RESULT:

NODE VOLTAGE (V)

VIVA-VOCE:
1. What is meant by PSpice?

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 2. What is meant by circuit file?
3. What is the purpose of .END statement?
4. What is control statement in the above circuit file?
DC TRANSIENT RESPONSE
(Using PSPICE SIMULATION)
Exp.No:10
AIM:
To plot the transient response of the given DC circuit using PSPICE simulation.
(Find the voltage across the 50Ω resistor when the switch moved from ‘a’ to ‘b’ at “t > 0”)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT FILE:

* RLC CIRCUIT

R1 1 0 300

C1 1 0 1μf IC = 15V

L1 1 2 50 IC = 0A

R2 2 0 50

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 •TRAN 0.01 0.5 UIC

•PLOT TRAN V (2)

•PROBE; TO PLOT VOLTAGE AT NODE 2

•END

EXPECTED GRAPH:

RESULT:

VIVA- VOCE:
1. What is the purpose of .PRINT statement?
2. Does the PSpice accepts the statement given after “;”?
3. What is meant by .TRAN in the circuit file?
4. First line in the circuit file indicates ____________.

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