CHEMICAL BONDING (ESSAY)

Ionic bond
Covalent bond
IONIC BOND
Metal atom with non-metal
atom
Metal to non-metal

Type of bond
Combination

COVALENT BOND
Non-metal with non-metal

Electron transfer

Ion
1,2,3,

Particle
No. of valence
electron
Common

Share between non-metal

with non-metal
Molecule
4,5,6,7,

Nacl, MgO, Ko, AlO

IONIC BOND
Solid
High
High
SOLID cannot but
MOLTEN or AQUEOUS
can
Soluble
Insoluble

O,N, H

PROPERTIES
Physical states at
room temp
Melting point
Boiling point
Electrical
conductivity

COVALENT BOND
Liquid or gas

Solubility in water
Solubility in organic
solvent
(ether,alcohol)

Insoluble
Soluble

Low
Low
Cannot
(Solid/liquid/gas)

Example question:
Explain why ionic compounds have higher melting points than covalent
compounds ?
Ionic: Have strong electrostatic force between the ions. A lot of heat energy
required to overcome the electrostatics force between the ion.
Covalent: Has weak intermolecular (Van der Waals) force between molecules. Less
heat required to overcome the intermolecular (Van der Waals) force.
Explain why ionic compounds can conduct electricity in molten state than
covalent compounds ?
Ionic: . .
Covalent: Has weak intermolecular (Van der Waals) force between molecules. Less
heat required to overcome the intermolecular (Van der Waals) force.

IONIC BONDING
Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
1. Sodium atom has electron arrangement of 2.8.1 and has 1 valence electron.
2. Chlorine atom has electron arrangement of 2.8.7 and has 7 valence electron.
3. Sodium atom releases /donates 1 electron to achieve stable electron
arrangement 2.8 and formed sodium ion// Na.
4. Chlorine atom accept 1 electron to achieve stable electron arrangement and
formed chlorine ion// Cl
5. Both sodium/ Na ion and chloride / Cl ion are attracted together// held
strongly by a strong electrostatic force which called ionic bond with the
formula NaCl.

Magnesium Oxide (MgO)

1. Magnesium atom has electron arrangement of 2.8.2 and has 2 valence
electron.
2. Oxygen atom has electron arrangement of 2.6 and has 6 valence electron.
3. Magnesium atom releases /donates 2 electron to achieve stable electron
arrangement 2.8 and formed magnesium ion // Mg2+ .
4. Oxygen atom accept 2 electron to achieve stable electron arrangement and
formed oxide ion// O25. Both magnesium/Mg2+ ion and oxygen / O2- ion are attracted together// held
strongly by a strong electrostatic force which called ionic bond with the
formula MgO.

COVALENT BONDING
Chlorine molecule (Cl)
1. Cl atom has electron arrangement of 2.8.7 and has 7 valence electron.
2. Cl atom has electron arrangement of 2.8.7 and has 7 valence electron.
3. Cl atom need 1 electron to achieve stable electron arrangement and Cl
atom also need 1 electron to achive stable electron arrangement.
4. 2 chlorine atom will combine through sharing of electron to achieve stable
electron arrangement.
5. A single bond is formed with the formula of Cl where Cl atom and Cl atom
share 1 valence electron to form a covalent bond.

Oxygen molecule
1. O atom has electron arrangement of 2.8.6 and has 6 valence electron.
2. O atom has electron arrangement of 2.8.6 and has 6 valence electron.
3. O atom need 2 electron to achieve stable electron arrangement and O atom
also need 2 electron to achive stable electron arrangement.
4. 2 chlorine atom will combine through sharing of electron to achieve stable
electron arrangement.
5. A double bond is formed with the formula of O where O atom and O atom
share 2 valence electron to form a covalent bond.

Ionic Bond
Lithium oxide
1. Lithium atom has electron arrangement of 2.1 and has 1 valence electron.
2. Oxygen atom has electron arrangement of 2.6 and has 6 valence electron.
3. Lithium atom releases /donates 1 electron to achieve stable electron
arrangement 2 and formed lithium ion// Li.
4. Oxygen atom accept 1 electron from 2 lithium atom to achieve stable
electron arrangement and formed oxide ion// O25. Both lithium / Li ion and oxide / O2- ion are attracted together// held
strongly by a strong electrostatic force which called ionic bond with the
formula LiO

Covalent bond
.

Water molecule

1. Hydrogen atom has electron arrangement of 1 and has 1 valence electron.

2. Oxygen atom has electron arrangement of 2.6 and has 6 valence electron.
3. Hydrogen atom needs 1 more electron to achieve duplet electron
arrangement and form H ion and 1 oxygen atom needs to receive 1 electron
each from 2 hydrogen atom to achieve stable electron arrangement 2.8 and
form O2- .
4. 2 hydrogen atom will combine with 1 oxygen atom through sharing of
electrons to achieve stable electron arrangement.
5. 2 single bond is formed with formula of HO where 2 hydrogen atom share
their 1 valence electron each with 1 oxygen atom.

EXERCISE

1.

2.

3.

4. Aluminium (2.8.3)

Oxygen (2.6)