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ORIGINAL
PROPER NOUN- The name given to a person, place or an Organization. For
e.g. John, Mahendras, Lucknow etc.
COMMON NOUN- A common name used for anything is called a common
noun. For e.g. books, schools, pens etc.
MATERIAL NOUN- Anything that is used as a raw material for the creation
of something is called a material noun. For e.g. gold, wood, Plastic etc.
ABSTRACT NOUN- Such things can only be felt as feelings. For e.g. joy,
sorrow, love etc.
COLLECTIVE NOUN-A collection of common nouns is called a
collective noun. For e.g. an army of soldiers, a school of fish etc.

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MORE EXAMPLES
PROPER
Parul
Lucknow
U.P
India
Asia

COMMON
Man
City
State
Country
Continent

MATERIAL
Iron
Wood
Copper
Zink
Paper

ABSTRACT
Honesty
Corruption
Happiness
Death
Sadness

COLLECTIVE
Crowd
Mob
Crew
Drove
Vermin

DERIVED TYPES
COUNTABLE NOUN- We can count such things easily. For e.g.
fingers, eyes, doors, windows etc.
UNCOUNTABLE NOUN- We cant count such things easily. For e.g.
stars, hair, air etc.
SINGULAR NOUN- Such things are one in number. For e.g. a person,
a student, a teacher etc.
PLURAL NOUN- Such things are more than one in number. For e.g.
people, students, teachers.
POSSESIVE NOUN- It is used for showing possession/ownership.

For e.g. Johns pen, Ashutosh job, boys hostel, childrens school.

MORE EXAMPLES
COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE SINGULAR PLURAL

HANDS
LEGS
NOSE
EARS
LEGS

WHEAT
WATER
MONEY
TIME
AIR

PERSON
PARENT
ANIMAL
HUMAN
THING

PEOPLE
HANDS
DOGS
HUMANS
THINGS

POSSESSIVE

TIMS BOOK
CHRIS BAT
MENS HAT
GIRLS CLASS
NITINS HAT

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RULES OF NOUNS
I.

Do not use s/es/ies after proper nouns as they are always singular.

II.

Use apostrophe s i.e. (s) after proper nouns to indicate possession

and relation with other nouns.

III.

Do not use articles before proper nouns in general conditions.

IV.

Common nouns take a/an/the before them;

a/an to show singularity and the to show speciality.

V.

Use apostrophe s (s) after common nouns only when we mention

humans otherwise use the +of + noun i.e. the leg of the table and
not the tables leg.

VI.

Use singular verbs with abstract.

i.e. Honesty is the best policy.

VII.

Collective nouns take singular verbs after them when considered

collectively and plural verbs when considered separately. i.e. the
jury has given its decision.
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Examples:
(I) Mathematics are difficult. (Wrong)
Mathematics is difficult. (Correct)
(II) Johns idea is worth giving a try. (Wrong)
Johns idea is worth giving a try. (Correct)
(III) Her mathematics is weak. (Wrong)
Her mathematics are weak. (Correct)
Note: because her mathematics means her mathematical skills and not
the subject.
(IV) John is the Einstein of our class. (Wrong)
John is the Einstein of our class. (Correct)
Note: this sentence is correct because here proper noun is being used
as common noun when a comparison is done the can be used before a
proper noun.
(V) The Jury is divided among themselves. (Wrong)
The Jury are divided among themselves. (Correct)
(VI) This house is made of bricks and stones. (Wrong)
This house is made of brick and stone. (Correct)

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Note: jury/parliament etc take plural verb when there is a conflict. And
when bricks and stones are used as material nouns they take singular
forms.
(VII) Our elders give us many advices. (Wrong)
Our elders give us many pieces of advice. (Correct)
(VIII) All the furnitures of this room need to bereplaced. (Wrong)
All the furniture of this room needs to be replaced. (Correct)
(IX) Leo Tolstoy has written many poetries. (Wrong)
Leo Tolstoy has written many poems. (Correct)
(X) Many machinery have rusted in this factory. (Wrong)
Many machines has rusted in this factory. (Correct)

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Q1.My friend has bought all his furnitures by goods train.

Q2.Twenty miles are a long distance to travel on foot.
Q3. The rich and powerful always dominate the poor in society.
Q4. Pakistans problems are not as serious as India.
Q5. The idea of Johns is totally valid in the present condition of our
organization.
Q6. She gave me two important informations regarding the case.
Q.7. I have many works to do because nobody is here to help me.
Q8. A crowd of angry students ordered the closing of the shops.
Q9. Her mathematics are very weak and thats why she must work hard.
Note: As here we are talking about her calculation skills and not
mathematics as a proper noun.
Q10. A group of cattle was seen in the farm.

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Ans 1: furniture should replace furniture.

Ans 2: is should replace are here.
Ans 3: dominates should replace dominate.
Ans 4: Indias should replace India here.
Ans 5: John should replace Johns here.
Ans 6: information should replace informations here.
Ans 7: pieces of work should replace works here.
Ans 8: mob should replace crowd here.
Ans 9: no error.
Note: As here we are talking about her calculation skills and not

mathematics as a proper noun.

Ans 10: drove should replace group here.

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ABATE (verb) :- To Reduce, To lessen

Synonyms: - Quell, Recede
Antonyms: - Amplify, Enhance
Example: - Dont let social networking abate your chances to crack your exams.

ABDICATE (verb) :- To leave a position of authority

Synonyms: - Abjure, Abnegate
Antonyms: - Acquire, Claim
Example: - The king abdicated the throne for the prince.

ABCEDARIAN (adjective/noun):- A beginner

Synonyms: - Novice, Apprentice
Antonyms: - Virtuoso, Professional
Example: - An abecedarian needs to practice really well.

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ABERRANT (adjective) :- Differing from normal

Synonyms: - Atypical, Errant
Antonyms :- Conventional, Usual
Example: - He is an aberrant person; Hence, beware of him

ABJECT (adjective) :- Very bad

Synonyms: - Miserable, Wretched
Antonyms: - Prosperous, Exalted
Example: - He countered abject failures because of his inclination towards the
virtual world.

ABJURE (verb) :- To give up publicly

Synonyms: - Relinquish, Disown
Antonyms: - Adopt, Usurp
Example: - Many authors abjured their awards in protest against rising intolerance.

BEDLAM (noun) :- A chaotic place

Synonyms: - Tumult, Commotion
Antonyms: - Peaceful, Serene
Example: - The High Court turned into a bedlam the moment he was award the
death sentence.

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BEDRAGGLE (verb):- To make dirty

Synonyms: - Pollute, Defile
Antonyms: - Sanitise, Disinfect
Example: - You will be bedraggled in the rain if you get wet.
BEFUDDLE (verb) :- To confuse someone
Synonyms: - Perplex, Baffle
Antonyms: - Decode, Clarify
Example: - I befuddled them with my reply but I feel guilty for it.

BEGRUDGE (verb) :- To envy

Synonyms: - Hate, Dislike
Antonyms: - Respect, Adore
Example: - Instead of begrudging others for their success, you should try to succeed
yourself.

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