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Concordia University
Office:
EV 7.631
Lectures:
Friday
17:45 - 20:15
Statistical
Process Control
Process Quality
Office Hours:
E-Mail:
hamza@ciise.concordia.ca
Modeling
Inferences
Statistical
Methods
Control Charts
Capability
Analysis
Midterm Exam
Engineering
Process Control
Experimental
Design
Multivariate
Acceptance
Sampling
Final Exam
Administration
Course web page:
Control Engineering
Objectives:
Project due
December 2, 2014
Final Exam
December ??, 2014 (TBA)
Grading Policy
Two Assignments
10%
Midterm Exam
30%
Project
15%
Final Exam
45%
Assignment #1 due
Midterm Exam
Assignment #2 due
Project Report due
Final Exam
Final Project
We will cover...
What is statistics?
The science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data in
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Quality
General Understanding:
So you are able to make better sense of the ubiquitous use of numbers:
Business memos
Software defect data
Quality control
Data mining
Quality assurance
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What is Statistics?
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What is Quality?
1.
Collecting Data
e.g., Survey
2.
Data
Analysis
Why?
Presenting Data
car
computer
knife
childrens toy
pizza delivery
3.
DecisionMaking
Characterizing Data
e.g., Average
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What is Quality?
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Expressing Dissatisfaction
Public action
can be
Takes
action
A dissatisfied
customer
Private action
Takes
no action
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8.
product?
Conformance to Standards: Is the product made exactly as the
designer intended?
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Quality Improvement
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Improve quality
Quality is better if variability in the important quality characteristics of a product
decreases.
Quality improvement is the reduction of variability in processes and products.
Quality characteristics
Types
Physical: Length, weight, volume, viscosity,
Sensory: taste, appearance, color,
Time orientation: reliability, durability, serviceability,
Attributes discrete
Variables continuous
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Quality Engineering
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The operational, managerial, and engineering activities that a company uses to ensure
that the quality characteristics of a product are at the nominal or required levels.
We dont want variability from the nominal levels.
Statistical methods are used to deal with variability
Control Charts; Acceptance Sampling; Design of Experiments
Quality Management System
Six Sigma processes are executed by Six Sigma Green Belts and Six
Sigma Black Belts, who are overseen by Six Sigma Master Black Belts.
To achieve Six Sigma, a process must not produce more than 3.4 defects per
million opportunities.
A Six Sigma defect is defined as anything outside of customer specifications.
Population
Sample
Use statistics to
summarize features
Use parameters to
summarize features
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SPC/Control Chart
KNOWLEDGE
Control charts
Useful in monitoring processes,
On-line technique
Walter A. Shewart (1891-1967)
Bell Labs, developed the first control chart about 1924
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Design of Experiments
Discovering the key factors that influence process performance
Process optimization
Off-line technique
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Six Sigma
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Use of statistics & other analytical tools has grown steadily for over 93 years
Statistical quality control (origins in 1920, explosive growth during WW II,
1950s)
Operations research (1940s)
TQM (Total Quality Management) movement in the 1980s
Reengineering of business processes (late 1980s)
Six-Sigma (origins at Motorola in 1987, expanded impact during 1990s to
present)
Six Sigma focus on Process Improvement with an Emphasis on Achieving
Significant Business Impact
A highly structured strategy for acquiring, assessing, and applying customer,
competitor, and enterprise intelligence for the purposes of product, system or
enterprise innovation and design.
To achieve Six Sigma, a process must not produce more than 3.4 defects per 1
million opportunities. A Six Sigma defect is defined as anything outside
customer specifications.
Motorola
Texas Instruments
ABB
AlliedSignal
GE
Bombardier
Nokia
DuPont
American Express
BBA
Ford
Dow Chemical
Johnson Controls
Noranda
Toshiba
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Six Sigma
The fundamental objective of the Six Sigma methodology is the implementation
of a measurement based strategy that focuses on process improvement and
variation reduction. This is accomplished through the use of DMAIC
(Define, D
Measure,
efine Analyze, Improve, Control)
Define
Measure
Control
Improve
Analyze
Improve
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Analyze
Session One
Understanding Six Sigma
Developing the Language of Six Sigma and Statistics
How to Compute and Apply Basic Statistics
How to Establish and Benchmark Process Capability
Session Two
Understanding the Theory of Sampling and Hypothesis Testing
How to Apply the Key Statistical Tools for Testing Hypotheses
Understanding the Elements of Successful Applications Planning
How to Apply and Manage the Breakthrough Strategy
How to Identify and Leverage Dominant Sources of Variation
How to Establish Realistic Performance Tolerances
Session Three
Understanding the Basic Principle of Experimentation
How to Design and Execute Multivariable Experiments
How to Interpret and Communicate the Results of an Experiment
How to Plan and Execute a Variable Search Study
Session Four
Understanding the Basic Concepts of Process Control
How to Construct, Use, and Maintain Charts for Variables Data
How to Construct, Use, and Maintain Charts for Attribute Data
How to Implement and Maintain Pre-control and Post-control Plans
How to Plan and Implement Process Control Systems
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MATLAB Desktop
Launch Pad
History
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>>
>>
>>
>>
3*4
executed in 'MATLAB' gives ans=12
4/5
gives ans=.8
4\5
ans=1.25
x = pi/2; y = sin(x)
y=1
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Syntax in MATLAB:
Colon operator: The colon operator ' : ' is understood by Matlab to perform special
and useful operations.
For example, if two integer numbers are separated by a colon, Matlab will generate
all of the integers between these two integers.
a = 1:8
A=[ 1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8];
A is for example, 2 rows and 4 columns define a 2 x 4 matrix which has 8 elements
in total.
A scalar is represented by a 1 x 1 matrix in MATLAB:
b = 0.0 : .2 : 1.0
a=1;
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x1 = [ 2
5
3
-1];
The matrix name can be any group of letters and numbers up to 19, but always
beginning with a letter.
MATLAB is "case sensitive", that is, it treats the name 'C' and 'c' as two different
variables.
Similarly, 'MID' and 'Mid' are treated as two different variables.
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Syntax in MATLAB:
The colon operator can be used to create a vector from a matrix.
Thus if
x=[2 6 8
0 1 7
-2 5 -6 ]
The command
y=[ 2
0
-2 ]
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Syntax in MATLAB:
The colon operator is useful in extracting smaller matrices from larger matrices.
If the 4 x 3 matrix c is defined by
c = [ -1 0
1 1
1 -1
0 0
Then
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0
0
0
2]
figure
close
hold on holds the current plot and all axis properties so that subsequent graphing
commands add to the existing graph
d1 = c(:,2:3)
0
0
0
2]
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pwd
>> x = [120, 90, 100, 30, 220, 98, 12, 78, 900]; d = find(x>100)
d=
ans =
C:\INSE6220
>> load parts
whos: lists all of the variables in your MATLAB workspace
>> whos
Name
runout
Size
36x4
Bytes Class
1152 double array
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Descriptive Statistics
Online help for Statistics Toolbox is available from the Matlab prompt (>> a
double arrow), both generally (listing of all available commands):
>> help stats
[a long list of help topics follows]
and for specific commands:
Example:
>> X = [ 1 2 3 5 6 7 23 45 33 46 22]
X=
1 2 3 5 6 7 23 45 33 46 22
>> mean(X)
ans =
17.5455
>> std(X)
ans =
17.2648
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Statistical Plotting
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Syntax: controlchart(data,chart,charttype)
>> load parts
>> st = controlchart(runout,'chart',{'xbar' 'r'})
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