HISTORY

Renaissance and Reformation

Renaissance
1400-1650s. After medieval times.
Means Rebirth. Rebirth of ancient Rome and Greece
(known as the Classics)
Began in ITALY. Time of creativity and change in
politics, economics, social life, and culture.
Perspective- In drawing or painting, a way of portraying three
dimensions on a flat, two-dimensional surface by suggesting
depth or distance.
Machiavelli Author and Politician during Renaissance
Made the writing guide for rules to maintain
power
Wrote The Prince
Handbook that was a guide to get
and maintain political power
Here and now
the end justifies the means
Not about after life
Benefits ought to be
given little by little
Fear
Injury
Clergy-People who work as priests/bishops/etc.
Lutheranism Origin:
1517, Martin Luther posted the 95
Theses
Sin and Salvation:
Salvation comes by faith in Jesus
Christ alone. Many rituals done by Catholic
Church were unnecessary.
Ultimate Source of Authority:
the Bible

 Rituals and Worship:

Community Life:
Anabaptism
Origin:
1525, Catholic church
Sin and Salvation:
Living in real world is sin. Need to
be baptized. Live in excluded villages to stay
pure.
Ultimate Source of Authority:
Bible and bible ONLY
Rituals and Worship:
Avoided outside world. Didnt
believe in statues and paintings or any
distractions
Community life:
Living away from the rest of the
world. Isolated and NOT exposed to sins.
Catholic Reformation- After 95 theses were published, the
Catholic Church resolved some of its issues by recanting some
of its habits (such as indulgences and clergy corruption).
Humanism
Way of viewing the world that stresses human beings
and their achievements
Stresses education and use of humanities
Humanities
how people process and document the human
experience
examples: literature, art, history, language, music
Individualism
Stresses the capabilities of an individual
Individual achievement rather than a group
achievement
creative, free thinking
Skepticism

 challenges people to question authority and think for

themselves
Vernacular- language of the people, common language
Indulgence- A payment of sorts to the Catholic Church that
would guarantee an individual life out of purgatory. In Medieval
times this consisted of good deeds but in the Renaissance, this
shifted more towards cash payments or donations to the church.
Protestantism- The faith, practice, and church order of
Protestant religions
Henry VIII
Wanted to annul his marriage but wasnt
allowed to
Created Anglicanism
Council of Trent- Reaffirmed traditional Catholic views.
Salvation comes through faith and good work. Bible major source
of religious truth (not only source). Ended church corruption and
indulgences. Catholic reformation.
Secularism focus on earthly not heavenly life
challenged medieval philosophy to separate religion
from politics
Leonardo da Vinci
Artist during Renaissance
Dissected corpses to see how muscles
worked
Painted The Mona Lisa
The Last Supper
interests- botany, anatomy, optics, music,
architecture and engineering (multitasker)
Has nature, background, shows
dimension
Vibrant colors
A little facial expression
Landscape
Depth

 Body features
Gutenberg- (German) invented and introduced the printing
press to Europe
Martin Luther
German monk
Became the father of the Protestant
reformation
Known for criticising aspect of the Roman
Catholic Church
Believed that it was the Bible and not Roman
Catholic Church which was source of legitimacy for
interpreting word of Christ
Studied Philosophy at University of Effurt
Published 95 Theses
1517
Criticized Catholicism
Protested popes sale of
indulgences
Critical of baptism
Challenged Popes legitimacy
John Calvin
French Protestant who had spent the previous decade
in exile writing his Institutes of the Christian Religion
Stressed Gods power and humanitys
predestined fate.
Studied Theology in Paris. Got masters in
Theology
He was a Lutheran and the father of
Calvinism
Act of Supremacy- Made King Henry 8 the only supreme head
on earth of the Church of England.
Inquisition- Church court in the Middle ages. Renewed feelings
of intense faith. Often used secret testimony, torture and
execution to rule out heresy. Catholic reformation.
Medici family- Powerful, wealthy banking and political family
that supported the arts in Florence

Michelangelo
Artist during Renaissance
sculptor, painter, engineer, architect and
poet
sculpted Pieta- Mary with dead Christ in her
arms

cathedral

created design for the dome of St. Peters

in Rome
Painted roof of Sistine Chapel (took 4 years)
Famous statue: David
David expressed the beauty of
the human body

Erasmus

EUROPE

Author during Renaissance

Pressed for social reform
Spread Renaissance ideas throughout

Produced Greek version of new testament

Wanted bible translated to the vernacular
Open-minded and have good will=good
Wrote The Praise of Folly
Exposed immoral
behavior of Renaissance people with humor
Skepticism
95 Theses- a document written by Martin Luther in 1517,
challenged the teachings of the Catholic Church on the nature of
penance, the authority of the pope and the usefulness of
indulgences. Critical of many practices relating to baptism.
Indirectly challenged the Popes legitimacy. Written by Martin
Luther. Posted on the door of the Castle Church of Wittenberg.
Predestination- The theory that God has already decided where
everyone will end up in the afterlife
Anglicanism
Origin:
Started by Henry VIII of England
in 1534

 Wanted to divorce wife, Catherine

of Aragon. Wasnt allowed, so he took popes
power.
Sin and Salvation:
Believed that everyones born with
sin.
Can be washed away with baptism.
Luther: Justification by faith.
Faith leads to salvation. Be sorry. No praying, no
fasting, no doing good for others. Just believe.
Ultimate Source of Authority:
Based beliefs on Bible
King of England was head of
church, so his interpretation was most important.
Lower class has less indirect
teachings of Kings interp, so interp of beliefs was
not strict.
Rituals and Worship:
Preaching on bibleLutheran
service.
No decorations. White walls. 10
Commandments painted on walls.
Community life:
High church: Rich class. Low
church: Middle/low class. Communities: Flexible,
all ppl chose how to live based on beliefs. Queen
Elizabeth I: No ones conscience should be
forced to believe a certain thing.
Ignatius of Loyola
Founded the Jesuits
Spread Catholic faith to Asia, Africa, and the
Americas
Patron- supporter of the arts
Castiglione
Wrote Ideal Courtier


well educated,

Member of the court should be a

well-mannered, talented aristocrat
Gender equality
Beauty
I hold that many virtues
to mind are as necessary to a woman as to a
man.
Beauty is more
important to her than a courier

Sir Thomas More

Author during Renaissance
Pressed for social reform
Wrote the book Utopia in 1515
Gave description of ideal society:
Everyone does
productive work for short time rather than
less useful work and more time
Individualism
Creative thinking
Skepticism
Breaks down idea of
hierarchy
QUESTION AUTHORITY
Theocracy- A society where the government was run by the
church. Papal states are an example because the Catholic
religion (mainly the Pope) had a major say in the government.
Elizabeth I- daughter of Henry VIII. She never married, but she
united Protestant and Catholic England
Society of Jesus (Jesuits)- 1540, Society of Jesus/Jesuits were
people who spread Catholic faith to Asia, Africa, Americas.
Spread humanist and catholic beliefs. Part of Catholic Church
reform. Founded by Ignatius of Loyola.

Ideas

Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?

Italy is located on top of old Roman civilization. They had the
wealth and commerce from the middle ages, werent as affected
by the Black Death.
What was the Renaissance?
The Renaissance was the cultural rebirth of ancient Rome and
Greece (known as the Classics). As well as the spread of newer
ideas in terms of religion, education and government. During the
Renaissance there was a big focus on the arts.
What themes and techniques were the focus of
Renaissance artists and writers?
Themes- Beauty and the arts, Secularism, Humanism,
Individualism, classics, still religious but not quite so much
Techniques- perspective, rich color, vibrant, proportioned (art)
new ideas, reforms, using comedy with deeper meaning (Writing)
How did the Renaissance change and stay the same as it
moved north?
Northern humanists: Focused more on religion and
morality. Ancient learning.
Where it started (in the north): began in the
prosperous cities of Flanders, a region that included parts
of present day northern France, Belgium and the
Netherlands. Spain France Germany and England had their
great cultural rebirth 100 years later, in the 1500s.
Italian humanists: Focused more on classical
learning and new idea . Not as much about religion.
Difference: North stressed RELIGIOUS themes more
than Italian humanists did. Believed that the revival of
ancient learning should be used to bring about religious and
moral reform.
Similarities: both focused education and classical
learning
What abuses within the Catholic Church led to criticism
and eventually the Reformation? the church made people give

money to get into heaven and the money just payed for the
priests lavish lifestyle indulgences
What role did Martin Luther play in the Reformation?
Martin Luther wrote the 95 Theses, a document which attacked
the Catholic Churchs corrupt practice of selling indulgences.
He wrote that the Bible should be the only source of authority
and the only way to achieve salvation was to have faith. This
sparked the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Church was
now divided.
What role did the printing press play in the reformation?
The printing press made books and papers available to the
common people (made books cheaper). Because of this, it spread
Reformation ideas faster rather than have ideas being spread by
common word.
What was the reaction to Luthers ideas?
Luthers ideas were criticized heavily (mostly by the catholic
church), and eventually lead him to being banned by the catholic
church.
What were the short and long term effects of the
Protestant Reformation?
Short: Protestants were persecuted, sometimes even
excommunicated. Long: beliefs spread, Church practices
changed to be more moral, and four major (many minor)
religions branched off of protestant beliefs, taking them to the
extreme.
How do Protestant ideas and practice differ from Catholic
ideas and practice? Protestant was less showy/flashy, and
believed that faith was enough to be granted salvation.
What were the basic beliefs and practices of Lutherans:
Based off of Luthers beliefs.
Calvinists
Believed in predestination; lived in small, enclosed communities;
didnt condone anything fun; incredibly strict bible
interpretation.

Global Encounters
Crusades- Military voyages attempting to regain control of the
Holy Lands from the Muslims, some of which took place during
the 1500s. Often looked back upon as violent and brutal timesmany innocent deaths of the Muslims and Jews living in the area
(modern middle east).
Caravel A kind of ship
planks were fitted edge to edge rather than
overlapping
considerable caulking of the joins, regularly repeated
built to any length and more flexibility than clinkerbuilt vessels
low sides and a shallow draft (so could be used close
inshore)
Center mounted stern rudder of the northern design
(By late 14th century) sides and stern were raised to
prevent swamping and beam was broadened, the hull often
covered with a deck
(By mid 15 century) usually had a quarterdeck and
small permanent stern castle
sails influenced by the lateen sails of the dhows.
muslim mariners- vessels were carvel-built planks
fastened together with coir ropes
coir- spun from coconut fibers, highly durable,
unaffected by seawater and rot
Monopoly- complete control of the entire supply of goods or of a
service in a certain area or market
Prince Henry the Navigator
- Portuguese
- hoped to expand Christianity and find source of African
Gold
- gathered scientists, cartographers, and other experts:
they redesigned ships prepared maps and trained captains
and crews for long voyages

Cartographers- mapmakers
Dias
Sailed for Portugal, rounded the southern tip of Africa
Southern tip was named the Cape of Good Hope
because it opened the way for a sea route to Asia
Astrolabe- used to show how the sky looks at a specific place at
a given time. This is done by drawing the sky on the face of the
astrolabe and marking it so positions in the sky are easy to find.
da Gama
sailed for Portugal in 1497
led four ships around the Cape of Good Hope
Reached the great spice port of Calicut on the west
coast of India
Compass- A device used to determine geographic direction,
usually consisting of a magnetic needle or needles horizontally
mounted or suspended and free to pivot until aligned with the
earth's magnetic field.
Columbus
Opened New World to Europe (Sailed for Spain)
4 voyages, the first in 1492 in search of Gold
Thought he had reached the Indies
Magellan
Sailed for Spain but changed allegiances (changed
allegiances to Portugal)
circumnavigated the Earth for portugal
Went through the southern tip of South America (called
the Strait of Magellan)
reached the Philippines (and conquered) he died there,
killed by Lapu-Lapu a local chief
His crew was the first to circumnavigate the world
Ming Dynasty- (1368-1644) golden age in China (until its fall),
including Zheng Hes 7 expeditions/ missions of exploration;
reestablished Confucianism; farming and industry thrived; arts
and literature flowered; gained loyalty and looking up to from

many foreign countries; towards end of dynasty, exploration was

no longer profitable and country turned inward
Pizarro
sailed for spain
conquered the Inca empire which was in Peru at the
time
Captured Atahualpa after slaughtering thousands of
followers
Was paid a huge ransom (the largest ransom in the
history of the world actually: 24 tons of gold, a little more
than 1.5 billion dollars) but still killed Atahualpa
Encomienda
granted to conquistadors by the spanish monarchy that
gave them the right to demand labor or tribute from Native
Americans in a particular area.
Used this system to force Native Americans to work
under the most brutal conditions
Middle Passage- A part of the triangular trade - the portion of
the journey from Africa to the New World - notorious for the
brutal capture and treatment of African slaves from Africa, and
the 50% death rate of those transported in inhuman conditions to
the colonies.
Circumnavigate- sailing completely around the world
Hermit Kingdom
Korea originally did not trade with any foreigners
Japan and China were more open but then later closed
their doors
Atahualpa
Emperor of Ancient Inca
Was captured by conquistador Francisco Pizarro
His people gave the ransom money to Pizarro for
Atahualpa but Pizarro killed him anyway (ransom money
was around 24 tons of gold!)
de las Casas

- A Spanish priest/missionary who was against the

encomienda system, did not want Native Americans to be
enslaved
- however he did encourage enslaving Africans rather
than Native Americans
- advocated, before King Charles V, Holy Roman
Emperor, on behalf of rights for the natives.
Mercantilism- The main goal was to increase a nation's wealth
by imposing government regulation concerning all of the nation's
commercial interests. It was believed that national strength
could be maximized by limiting imports via tariffs and
maximizing exports. A belief that the wealth of a nation could be
judged by the amount of gold and silver it possessed.
Outpost- a small military post used to keep an eye out for
potential attackers (could also be a trading outpost)
Tokugawa Shogunate- Wanted to end feudal warfare in Japan;
imposed central government (called centralized feudalism);
orderly society; strict rules to control daimos; social classes very
rigid and supported by laws; women were restricted; economy,
agriculture, art, and trade flourished; Zen culture influenced
Japanese culture
Conquistador- Spanish conquerors that followed in the wake of
Columbus
Triangular Trade- raw materials from New World taken to
Europe to get manufactured, manufactured goods taken to Africa
to be traded for slaves, slaves taken to the new world to work.
Capitalism- economic and political system in which a country's
trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit,
rather than by the state.
Zheng He- a Chinese explorer who led 7 voyages with huge
ships and huge crews
China used him as a symbol of glory and respect
he was a big part of exploration

After Zheng he died, the new emperor stopped

exploring more
Cortes
Sailed for Spain
Landed on the coast of Mexico
Aztecs thought they were gods (Quetzalcoatl), sent
them gifts of gold and silver, but asked strangers not to
continue to Tenochtitlan
Spanish originally welcomed but then later pushed out.
Moctezuma (Aztec Emperor) killed in the fighting
Viceroy- A direct representative of a monarch. Answers directly
to the king. The Spanish had viceroys to rule their colonies in the
New World. Almost like a governor.
Treaty of Tordesillas
agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at
settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by
Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century
voyagers.
To accommodate them, the Spanish-born pope
Alexander VI issued bulls setting up a line of demarcation
from pole to pole 100 leagues (about 320 miles) west of the
Cape Verde Islands
Joint-stock company - a company whose stock is owned by
stockholders
Kowtow - The Chinese act of deep respect shown by prostration,
that is, kneeling and bowing so low as to have one's head
touching the ground.
Moctezuma
The Aztec Emperor at the time of Cortess arrival in
Mexico
Gave spanish gifts of gold and silver but asked them
not to come to Tenochtitlan

 Initially believed that the Spanish were gods but then

Aztecs drove the Spanish out of the city
He was killed in the battle
Plantation- Large farms, used entirely to grow a single crop
(often tobacco, sugar, corn, etc.); primary source of slave labor.
Olaudah Equiano - A prominent African in London, a freed
slave who supported the British movement to end the slave
trade.
Columbian Exchange- the exchange of plants, people,
technology, and disease after Columbus opened the new world to
Europe
Ideas:
What were the motives for European overseas exploration?
money, power, land, respect, etc (GGGs God Gold Glory)
What technological advances aided European exploration?
Navigational Tools: compass, astrolabe
Transportation: better built ships (took ideas from chinese
junkers and arab dhows)
Weapons: cannons, firearms, steel swords, lances
Who were the important European explorers and what
routes did they travel?Bartolomeu Portugal

rounded Cape of Good Hope but

Dias

didnt continue all the way around

Africa

Vasco da

Portugal

Gama

Rounded Cape of Good Hope but

continued going all the way around
Africa until he reached Calicut (a
spice port) in India

Christopher Spain

opened New World to Europe

Columbus
Vasco

Spain

Nuez de

saw Pacific Ocean- crossed Panama

forests

Balboa
Ferdinand

Spain

Magellan

Conquered Philippines (he died

there)
first crew to circumnavigate the
world

John Cabot

England

Found Newfoundland fishing grounds

Jacques

France

explored St. Lawrence River,

Cartier
Henry

Newfoundland
Dutch

found the Hudson river

Portugal

first European to see Brazil

Hudson
Pedro
Alvares
Cabral
What were the interactions and relationship between
Europeans and Asians?
What were Chinese, Korean and Japanese policies toward
European traders?
China at first allowed limited trade with Europe, but upon
realizing that the European nations wished to conquer, and that
China had nothing to gain from trade (essentially, they were self
sufficient), they closed their doors to visitors. The Japanese also
initially allowed trade, but stories of Portuguese conquerings and
a fear that Japanese loyalties would begin to lie with the Pope led
them to isolation as well. Korea was always isolating itself.

Who were the important conquistadors?

Francisco Pizarro, Hernando Corts, Magellan, Vasco Nunez de
Balboa, Chris Columbus
How did the conquistadors conquer Native American
Empires?
They took advantage of the Native Americans, who thought they
were gods. They also had advanced technology in terms of
weapons, because the conquistadors had strong steel lances,
swords and firearms. While the conquistadors were in the New
World they spread disease, enslaved many Native Americans,
took their land and broke down leadership.
What were the government, economy society, and culture
like in the New World after European colonization?
People of European descent would always be those with any
leadership or power positions. Natives, and later Africans were
treated as complete slaves.
What were the motives for the African slave trade?
There was much to be gained from the land in the New World
that couldnt be tapped without a skilled, strong workforce.
African slaves were skilled laborers, and were immune to some
of the diseases that Europeans brought over to the Americas.
How did the slave trade impact Africa? The african people
turned on one another, capturing and offering their people to the
europeans in exchange for goods and safety for themselves.
What was the Columbian Exchange? An exchange of goods
from europe to the new world
What were the goals and policies of mercantilism?
Policies: A nations wealth is measured in their gold and silver. A
nation should import less than they export, and allow their
colonies trade only with the mothercountry.
What was the commercial revolution?
period of European economic expansion and colonization before
the Industrial Revolution

Absolutism and Constitutionalism

Order of British Monarchs
Elizabeth I- Tudor
James I (Stuarts from then on)
Charles I
Oliver Cromwell- Lord Protector (not a monarch)
Charles II
James II
Mary and William
Absolutism- a political theory and form of government where
unlimited, complete power is held by a centralized individual
(like a king, queen etc.) with no checks or balances from any
other part of the nation or government. The individual holds
unlimited power.
Versailles- huge palace built by Louis XIV during his reign, to
keep all the nobles on his side
James I
Reigned from 1603-1625
At first, agreed to English laws
Eventually lectured Divine Right
Clashed with Parli over money and foreign relations
Clashed with Puritans who wanted to purify the
Catholic practices.
James I saw them as a religious threat.
Wanted to kick them out, if they didnt leave hed kill
them. So Puritans went to America.
POSITIVE: New translation of the bible
Cromwell
Background:
Leader of rebel group called Roundheads,
revolting against Charles I and his supporters called
Cavaliers. After successful rebellion, he took charge.
Charles II (son) supporters attacked England
by way of Scotland and Ireland. Was crushed by

Cromwell. Took harsh measures against Irish Catholic

majority.
1652: Parliament passed a law exiling most
Catholics to barren land in west Ireland.
William and Mary
Mary: Protestant daughter of James II
William: Marys Dutch husband
Parliament invited them to replace James II (her dad)
and become new rulers
1688: Mary and Will arrived, James I fled, didnt put up
a fight. Bloodless overthrow. Also known as the Glorious
Revolution.
Before being crowned, Will and Mary had to accept the
English Bill of Rights of 1689.
These rights ensured Parliament superiority
over monarchy
These rights protected individual traditional
rights
Junkers- Chinese sailing ship design. Extremely efficient and
sturdy. Capable of carrying over 700 people. Used by Zheng He
on his voyages.
Divine Right- a belief that absolute rulers were given the right
to rule from god
Nobility- In a class distinguished by rank or title, often at birth.
Charles I
Reigned from 1625-1649
Believed he was absolute monarch
Didnt fake his agreement w English laws
and then change his mind. Started out this way from
start.
Imprisoned people without trial and squeezed nation
for money
Parliament made him sign the Petition of Right: 1629
The Petition forbid Charles I from raising
taxes or imprisoning ppl because he wanted to
without Parli

 Parli held taxes back until Charles signed it

Charles signed it to get more taxes passed
Once he signed the Petition of Right, he never followed
it.
Charles ignored Parli for 11 years
1637: Charles tries to impose the Anglican prayer book
on Scotland
1640: Scotland rebels so Charles calls Parli to get more
$$ to suppress the Scottish rebellion
Parliament refused to help them. Decided: Its time
for you to leave, Charles
Charles tried to regain power of England but was
disadvantaged from the beginning. He lost and was
executed with charges of high treason.
Restoration- When Charles II was invited back into England (by
Parliament) he brought back the taverns, the dancing, fun, etc
Bill of Rights- William and Mary had to sign it- it limited the
power of the rulers, + gave more power to parliament
Peter the Great
Three goals he had:
Strengthen military
Expand Russian borders
Centralize royal power
He seeked to expand Russian territory so that he could
get the warm water port, which was a kind of port that
was free of ice year-round. That way, he could have yearround trade instead of pausing during winter while the
water was frozen. However, he couldnt defeat the Ottoman
Empire, so he couldnt achieve his warm water port.
Philip II
Overall: Hardworking. Expanded Spain, strengthened
Cath Church, increased power.
Devoted time to govt work, lived simply. NO
FUN (not hunting, no jousting)
Reigned as an absolute monarch: a ruler
with complete authority over the govt + lives of ppl.

 Believed in divine right: authority to rule

came from God
Defended Catholic Reformation. Lessened
Protestant tide in Europe.
Enforced religious unity. Turned Inquisition
against Protestants.
Wars
Battled Protestant rebels in the Netherlands
(Revolt in the Netherlands)
North part of the Netherlands
becomes Dutch Netherlands
South part of the Netherlands
remained part of the Spanish empire
Philip lost the northern half of Netherlands,
but didnt lose it completely. Lost economically.
Invading England:
1580s: Philip saw Queen Elizabeth I as his
chief Protestant enemy
Elizabeth encouraged English
captains to plunder Spanish treasure ships
Philip attacked England w his
armada 1588
Philip was unsuccessful w his
attack on England
Phils ships were too
large to maneuver w small ships. Bad battle
tactics. English ppl had guns, outdated slow
Spanish. Spanish brought 20,000 men. Lost
15,000 men, but that didnt stop Phil. this
was the last big battle before France became
new best country
Spains Golden Age: 1550-1650
Philip II was a patron (supporter) of the arts,
math, and science. Painters: Used Renaissance
techniques, religious pictures. Writers: Wrote plays
Econ Decline:

 Lack of strong leadership

Costly overseas wars
Treasure from Americas led to Span neglect
for farming and commerce
Heavy govt taxes on middle class
Weakened group that supported
royal power
Expulsion of Muslims and jews from Spain
Loss of good artists and merchants
American gold and silver led to soaring
inflation
By 1600s, France replaced Spain as most
powerful European nation
Edict of Nantes- Henry the IV was a huguenot prince who
inherited the French throne. He became Catholic (because he
ruled a mainly Catholic land), but issued the Edict of Nantes. The
Edict of Nantes granted Huguenots religious toleration and let
them fortify their own towns and cities.
English Civil War- Cromwell vs Charles I (roundheads vs
cavaliers), Cromwell won, Charles fled
Charles II
Background:
Came to power by Divine Right.
Charles II supporters attacked England by
way of Scotland and Ireland. Was crushed by
Cromwell.
1660: Charles II welcomed back to London (by Parli)
from exile.
Restored official Church of England
Tolerated other Protestants
Constitutional monarchy - A form of government in which a
king or queen acts as Head of State. The ability to make and pass
legislation resides with an elected Parliament, not with the
Monarch.
Westernization - A process whereby societies come under or
adopt Western culture in areas such as industry, technology, law,

politics, economics, lifestyle, diet, clothing, language, alphabet,

religion, philosophy, and values.
Richelieu -Chief Minister of France (named that in 1624) to
Louis XIII
Accomplishments- crushed rebellions and advanced royal
absolutism, attacked Huguenots, reformed military, supervised a
foreign policy designed to make France the greatest power in
Europe
Tudors- Cooperated with Parliament pretty well.
King Henry VIII:
Broke from the Roman Catholic Church
Parli made him head of the Church of
England
Consulted Parliament frequently for money
Elizabeth I
Consulted but controlled parliament
Cavaliers- Wealthy nobles who supported Charles I
Puritans - A group of English Reformed Protestants in the 16th
and 17th centuries who sought to purify the Church of England
from all Roman Catholic practices, maintaining that the Church
of England was only partially reformed.
Maria Theresa - The only female ruler of the Habsburg
dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg.
Boyars - A member of the old aristocracy in Russia, next in rank
to a prince.
Louis XIV
Inherited the throne in 1643 (5 years old) took power in 1661.
Took the sun as a symbol of his absolute power.
Sun stands at the center of the universe, so the Sun
King stands at the center of the nation.
Never called a meeting of the Estates General (council
made up of all social classes)
This showed how he was the only true ruler
and did not need anyone else to tell him what to do

 Estates general played no role in checking

his power.
Appointed intendants, recruited soldiers.
Strongest army in Europe as well as the wealthiest
(during his time)
Wars of Louis XIV: Defeated by the Dutch and English
who were united to maintain the Balance of Power
Persecution of Huguenots: Louis saw Protestants as a
threat to his political unity and his religious unity
Loss of the Huguenots was a serious blow to
the French econ
Stuarts- not good with Parliament, they clashed a lot
Not as popular as the Tudors nor as skillful in dealing
with Parli
Inherited problems that Henry and Elizabeth had long
suppressed ($$)
Tried to solve those problems by over taxing,
and borrowing money
Roundheads- People who supported Parliament (some members
of Parli, some citizens)
Glorious Revolution: The Glorious Revolution was when James
II abdicated the throne, and William and Mary took over. It was
glorious because there was no bloodshed; James l fled
voluntarily.
Frederick William I from Prussia. He was an absolute monarch.
Also a Protestant. His rival was Maria Theresa of Austria; they
fought to get land.
Catherine the Great: ruler of Russia, ruled after Peter the
Greats reign. She actually accomplished his goals by claiming
the warm-water ports, which allowed her to trade year round
(including Winter). She also made policies that were unfair
toward peasants. The reason why she did this was to keep the
nobles in check and to remain an absolute monarch. When the
peasants revolted, she could easily suppress them. She also
made an alliance with two other countries to take over Poland,

but gave the nation a supposed freedom by appointing a Polish

monarch.
Ideas:
What is absolutism?
When a leader controls over all aspects of the country
What characterizes absolute rule? ruler having all the power
over the govt, and the ppl, the religion, education, trade,
economy, etc. etc. (literally everything).
How did each absolute monarch consolidate his/her power?
Violence, divine right, idk what else
How did the Tudors and Stuarts differ in their relations
with Parliament?They (Stuarts) did not have good relations with Parliament;
usually ended up disbanding the legislative body. The Tudors
were able to control Parliament, or work alongside it.
What events led to the English Civil War? Charles I was
taxing too strongly, and not giving people any choices, while
suppressing parliament, so the roundheads fought the cavaliers
What was rule under Cromwells Commonwealth like?
Religious, No bars/taverns/fun
What were the causes and results of the Glorious
Revolution?
Causes- There was a strong tension between Catholics and
Protestants at this time. James II was Catholic and appointed
Catholic to important positions in military and Parliament.
Parliament then felt threatened by this.
Results- Because Parliament felt threatened they invited Jamess
daughter Mary and (her husband) William to rule. The Glorious
Revolution was peaceful and James II fled to France. William and
Mary assumed power but had to agree and sign the English Bill
of Rights.
Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
Copernicus came up with heliocentric model of the universe

Descartes first real philosopher of the Enlightenment

Philosophe- member of a group of Enlightenment thinkers who
tried to apply the methods of science to the improvement of
society.
Diderot
A Philosophe who created a 28-volume Encyclopedia.
His purpose was to change the general way
of thinking
new ideas on religion, gov., philosophy
denounced slavery, freedom of expression,
education, NO divine right theory and attacked
traditional religions
Ideas not accepted by French gov. or
Catholic church
Enlightened despots absolute rulers who applied some
Enlightenment ideas to their rule. Catherine the Great, Frederick
the Great, Joseph II
Heliocentric meaning sun-centered
Scientific Method series of steps to prove a hypothesis
Hobbes believed people were inherently evil/selfish and that a
strong government was needed to keep them in line
Wollstonecraft believed women should be independent of their
husbands to be good wives/moms
Frederick the Great
Newton Theorized about gravity, and wrote Newtons 3 Laws of
Universal motion.
Enlightenment
Locke-Believed all humans were naturally good,
life/liberty/property
Laissez-faire the belief that the free market should be left alone
for it to flourish
Catherine the Great enlightened despot of Russia
Galileo- Developed a telescope that could see planets
closer, realized that the earth is not the center of the solar
system, but the sun is.

Natural Law- the rule or law that governs human nature

Montesquieu-Thought of the system of branches of power
(judicial, legislative, executive), and of checks and balances
between each branch
Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations, believed in laissezfaire and free market
Joseph II aka the peasant emperor ruled Hapsburg empire
Was enlightened despot(absolute rulers who used
power for political/social change)
travelled in disguise among subjects to learn
of their problems
granted toleration to protestants and jews in
his catholic empire
ended censorship and tried to bring Cath.
Church under royal control and sold monasteries and
convents to build hospitals
Sir Francis Bacon came up with the scientific method
Natural right right that belongs to all humans from birth
Voltaire believed everyone had the right to free speech
Salons groups of people gathered to discuss Enlightenment
ideas
Ideas:
How did scientists change the way people viewed the
universe?
Geocentric beliefs changed to heliocentric. Before the scientific
revolution, many people believed that the earth was the center of
the universe and that the sun, moon, and the rest of the planets
revolved around it. This belief was known as geocentric. It did
make sense, considering the fact that humans couldnt (and still
cant) feel the rotation of Earth and such. But after the scientific
revolution, it was discovered that the world was heliocentric,
which meant that the sun was in the middle of the solar system
and all the planets orbited around it.

How were these new ideas a threat to traditional authority

(churches)?
The church did not like the scientific revolution because it defied
their preached beliefs. Churches felt threatened by the scientific
change in thoughts. This was shown when the church told Galileo
to shut up or something
What was the new scientific method?
step by step process of discovery (in Science). Scientists can run
experiments in different ways... involves observations, carefully
collected and (relevant) evidence, logical reasoning, and some
imagination in developing hypotheses and explanations.
Basically: problem; observations; hypothesis; experiment;
analyze; interpret; prove/disprove theory; repeat forever and
ever and ever.
How did the scientific revolution lead to enlightenment?ideas of math/science, not religion. people agreed that
experiments and analyses need to be performed to find proof of
theories, instead of believing what theyre told unblinkingly (sort
of like Renaissance ideal of skepticism). z
What were the philosophes ideas about human nature,
government, law, liberty and the economy
Locke
Rights- Life, Liberty and Property
Human Nature- Believed that people were
born with reason and tolerance, (knowing right from
wrong). He did not believe people were BORN bad, but
he did believe that people could choose to be bad.
Government- the government should be
more loose and give people freedoms and rights
Hobbes
Human Nature- Believed that people were
born naturally evil/bad.
Government- the government should be
restricting and powerful to keep society under control
-> absolute government.

 Rousseau
education: play outside when youre young,
then learn a handicraft, then study w/ tutor about what
interests you
girls cant do science etc., they arent smart
enough and should stay at home which is NOT TRUE
Wollstonecraft
Women should have equal rights and
education
they should be independent of their
husbands, think for yourself
this will make them good wives/mothers,
which is their 1st duty
Tending to the homes is not a mindless job, it
does take talent and ability
Voltaire
BELIEF- Freedom of thought and speech
used writing and wit as a weapon to expose corruption
like bad officials, idle aristocrats
hated inequality, injustice and superstition.
Also, hated slave trade and deplored religious
prejudice
I may disagree with what you have to say,
but I will defend to the death your right to say it.
Kant
think for yourself
the reason for peoples opression is their
laziness (too lazy to come up with their own ways to do
things, and question givens), and their fear of
change/the unknown.
Montesquieu
separation of powers
How did the enlightenment ideas influence enlightened
despots? they used enlightenment ideas in their rule.
Enlightened Despots include Joseph II, Frederick the Great (not

Frederick William I of Prussia- that was his dad) and Catherine

the great. However, their enlightenment was limited, because
they would not at all sacrifice their power and control for the
enlightenment ideas.
French Revolution
Seven Years War (the French and Indian War was a part of
this)
Estates General- a meeting of all the estates, where they would
consult with the king. Louis XVI called them after a long hiatus
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen- set forth by
the new national assembly, declaring them their own thing idk
National Convention
Directory
Battle of Waterloo
Old regime (estates)- three estates: 1st 2nd and 3rd 1st is the clergy, which is religious people
Pay 2% of taxes
2nd is the nobility, who are born into power
Pay 0% of taxes
3rd is the bourgeois and peasants (98% of population)
Pay 50% of taxes (not 98%?)
National Assembly- the third estate (of france) declared
themselves the national assembly and started a revolution
Emigres:
Immigrants
Committee of Public Safety- made to keep the people safe,
killed lots of people (ran by Rousseau, not very successful).
Napoleon rose to power after the revolutionary war,
Congress of Vienna
A Meeting where European Nations leaders met to try to restore
traditional balances of power.
Bourgeoisie
A large portion of the 3rd Estate, made up of the educated
working class (lawyers, doctors, enterpreneurs, etc.)- because

they were actually making money, whilst the peasants werent,

they were the ones paying taxes to everyone else.
Tennis Court Oath- a pledge signed by the national assembly
(third estate) to
Republic system of gov. where officials are chosen by the
people.
Robespierre
Coup detat
Louis XVI
The underage, inexperienced, and uninterested new king of
France.
Bastille- Big prison in France, held ammunition and weapons,
first battle of revolution (storming of the bastille)
Legislative Assembly
Reign of Terror
A time period during the Revolutionary era where extremist
revolutionaries were driving nobles and clergy members out of
france out of fear.
Napoleonic Code
Cahiers- notebooks that the estates prepare for the estates
general, which list grievances and reforms
Great Fear
Declaration of Pilnitz set forth by austria and prussia saying
that they didnt want the war coming to their country (essentially
a peace treaty).
Reaction
Continental System
Ideas:
How did the enlightenment ideas influence revolution and
new government?
What was Frances social structure under the Old Regime
Why did France face economic troubles at the end of the
18th century?

How did Louis XVI deal with the economic troubles

What was the role of the National Assembly?
How did the masses in Paris and the countryside react to
the troubles and rumors?
How did foreign nations react to the French Revolution?
What fate did the King and Queen suffer?
What were the goals and methods of the Reign of Terror
How did Napoleon come to power
What was France like under Napoleons rule?
How did Europe react to Napoleons ambitions?
Locate on Map
Europe- France, England, Russia, Austria, Spain, Portugal,
German States, Italy
Asia- India, China, Japan, Korea,
New World- Brazil, Aztec Empire, Incan Empire, West
Indies, Colonial North America
Also EXPLORER ROUTES

ENGLISH

The vocabulary list

Quizlet from cooper: https://goo.gl/NSF75v
Memorization math tip: There are 232 terms across 4 books,
assuming she picks average 7.5 words per book you only need to
know 209 words, 52 from each book. This allows you to on
average get 90% on the vocabulary part. You probably know
about 70 of the words already, therefore the amount of words you
have to know suddenly seems like its cut in half.
omg whaaaaaat ^^^^^
Julius Caesar
Did Shakespeare write in Old English, Middle English or
Modern English? - modern english
Did Caesars rule turn the Roman Republic into a Roman
Empire? Why or why not?
(I personally think) Caesars rule turned Rome into an Empire
not a Republic. The first reason why is because Rome continued
to expand after Caesar came into power which is a characteristic
of an Empire. After Caesar died, people continued to struggle for
power rather than go back to a democratic republic an example
is in the struggle for power between Marc Antony and Octavian
(Caesars adopted son). Octavian continued to rule for many
years, as a dictator. In fact, many emperors continued to rule
after Octavian such as Nero, Tiberius etc. Definitely not a
Republic.
What is the great chain of being and how does it play a
role in Julius Caesar?
1) God
2) Angels
3) Humans
4)
Animals
5) Plants
6) Nonliving things (Dirt, Rocks etc.)
Minerals
What is the role of fate and free will in Julius Caesar?
Recall the Fates

How much control a given character has over their actions, and
their results. The three fates had control over the path and
duration of any given persons life.
What are the three methods for integrating quotations?
Words words words: Quote quote quote
Words words talking-verb, quote quote quote
Words words words quote quote quote
How do characters feel about Caesars rule? Consider
Brutus, Cassius, they feel like he isnt a good ruler, and want
him dead. Cassius has no doubts, and uses flattery to convince
Brutus to feel the same way, although Brutus originally isnt sure.
Plebeians other public officials (Marullus and Flavius)
They arent huge fans of Caesar either, but they have more fear
as to speaking out against him (or at least Marullus does- Flavius
convinces him otherwise).
Describe Caesar and Calpurnia and Portia and Brutus
relationship
Portia and Brutus are respectful, courteous, and careful of each
other. Caesar and Calpurnia- Caesar disrespects women in
general, and goes back on him promises to his wife often, which
results in his death.
Describe how fate and free will play a role in Caesars
assassination
One could aregue that Calpurnias visions were proof of Caesars
fate being to die, but at the same time, had he not been so proud,
he mightve survived. Similarly, if he had given the conspirators
the freedom of their friend as they asked, they mightve been
more kind. And finally, had Caesar listened to the Soothsayers
warnings, he wouldve survived. His ignorance of these clear
signals shows either his impenetrable stupidity and ignorance, or
he really was fated to die.
Which characters can be considered tragic heroes and
why? Define, identify and analyze

Caesar- his false sense of security in his own greatness (cough

cough hurbis cough cough cough) caused him to disregard many
clear warnings of danger.
Brutus- he was proud enough to be manipulated. And while he
didnt die (did he?), he was talked into doing something arguably
regrettable, and taking the blame.
anagnorisis- When the hero makes a critical discovery or
realizes something
hamartia- The characters fatal flaw
hubris- Excessive pride
Define identify and analyze the following literary devices:
motif - reccuring element or symbol in a story contributes to
theme
symbol- object/concept that represents an idea
imagery- describing something in a way that the reader can
picture it perfectly
metaphor- a figure of speech where a word/phrase is applied to
an action/object which does not literally fit
aside- When an actor turns to the audience and says
something
allusion- reference to an event, historical person, and/or a
literature work
irony (Dramatic situational verbal)
Dramatic- When the audience knows something that the
character doesnt know.
Situational- The opposite of something that is expected.
Example: Fire station burns down. Dentist gets a cavity. The
police station gets robbed etc.
Verbal- Basically sarcasm. Says or writes one thing but means
another using tone or choice of words.
All eleven rhetorical devicesRepetition: The reiteration of words and phrases
Parallelism: Repeated grammatical structures

Rhetorical Question: Questions that require no answer, but are

simply meant to engage the audience
Anecdote: A short and amusing story about a real incident or
person
Antithesis: A person or thing that is the direct opposite of
someone or something else
Rule of Three: A series consisting of three elements
Lists: A series consisting of three or more elements
Sound Pattern: The repetition of the same letter or sound at the
beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.
Descriptive Language: Language that produces mental images
Hyperbole: Using exaggeration for effect
Emotive Language: Use of words likely to engage strong
emotions in the audience
foreshadowing- hints that something will happen later in the
book
Understand the characters to prepare for speaker
identification questions
The Odyssey
What is Ancient Greeces time period, time period overlap
with Ancient Rome, influences on Rome and the modern
world, geography and form of government and Trojan War?
About 800-500BC. Ancient Rome was founded by Romulus
c.735BC.
Ancient Roman culture took cues from Greek mythology,
architecture, daily routines, art, and eventually government.
They made their own changes though- religious figures names
changed, stories varied slightly. Roman art was more idealistic
(everything more beautiful, less realistic necessarily).
What are elements of an epic poem
Formal, dignified, objective tone
Long narrative about serious/worthy/traditional subject
Exploits of a hero
Superhuman feats of strength or military prowess

 Gods or supernatural beings take part in the action

and impact the outcome
Poem begins with an invocation of a muse to inspire
the poet
Narrative begins in medias res (middle of action)
Poem focuses on highborn kings and warriors (rather
than peasants and commoners)
Employs extended similes
Begins with a prayer to the muse for emotion and
creativity
Hero represents the cultural values of a race, or
religious group and the success or failure of his exploits will
determine that groups fate
According to Ancient Greeks and the odyssey what were
the gods roles in the lives of humans the gods played big
roles in humans life. For example, when Athena was helping Ody
in The Odyssey
Characterize Penelope, the suitors, Telemakhos
Character

Appearance

Speech

Actions

Thoughts

Effect on Others

Penelope

Beautiful

Very intelligent

Tricks suitors so that

Worried for

Bc shes pretty and

she wont have to

son

powerful, many suitors

marry them. Stalls.

Loyal to

want to marry her.

husband

Suitors

Telemachus

Beasts

Rude speech

Kicks Ody disguised

Just wanna

Others (Tele, Wifey, Ody)

toward Ody as

as a man

marry for

hate him

an old man

Eats excessively

power

Maids like them

Clear-headed

Sets sail to find dad,

Misses dad,

Athena likes him, Odys

Telemakhos

courageous

wants to kill

proud of him, suitors see

suitors

him as an annoyance and

obstacle
Odysseus

the great

Taunted Cyclops

Just wanted to

tactician

(tragic pride)

get home

Suitors feared him

defeated suitors
(powerful)

Nestor
Menelaos
Athena

Kirke

Grey-eyed,

Helped Odysseus and

Wanted to help Ody and Tele forever

disguised as

Telemachus

poor Ody

grateful for her. Has an

different

throughout their

home after all

influence on Zeuss

people

journeys

these years

actions.

Pretty witch

Turned Odys crew

Wanted to

Ody and his crew are

into pigs. Later

tango with

thankful for her meals

helped them out.

Ody

Odysseus gets attached to

her bc he doesnt leave for
a year.

Kalypso

Cyclops

Pretty

Took Odysseus into

Wanted a

Odysseus does not fall in

nymph

her care, nursed him

husband,

love w her bc of his

to health, kept him

someone to be

loyalty to his wife

with her for years

with

huge, one

you are a

Ate some of Odys

Wanted to eat.

Odysseus stabbed his eye

eyed

ninny

crew and wouldnt let

Felt foolish

out, escaped, taunted Ody

him out

when Ody

monster

stabbed his eye

out, angry
when Ody
persistently
taunted him
Lotus Eaters

Peaceful, offered

Idk they

Odysseus told the rest of

Lotus plants, lured

wanted to

his crew to flee

Odys crew in so they

recruit more

immediately. Alarmed.

never

Lotus Eaters to
their fam

Sirens

Skylla

Pretty

Sang beautiful songs

Wanted to kill

Ody was REALLY

Birdwomen/

to lure men to their

men at sea

attracted to them, wanted

mermaids(?)

deaths

SCARY

to get closer
Ate his men
while they
were focused
on the
whirlpool

Poseidon

Big

Odysseus- main character, telemakhos father, on a mission to

get home, faces many challenges in doing so, the suitors are
trying to take his house, etc
Nestor
Menelaos
Kyklopes- cyclops that ody encountered on one of the islands,
captured/ ate oday and his men, ody tricked him and stabbed him
in the eye, then escaped
Sirens: singer ladies who were like its okay, were safe, listen
to our seductive singing! but then they actually eat you

Skylla big-ass se monster with 6 heads that will eat one person
of your crew for every head
Poseidon- god of the seas, did not like odysseus, made storms
so he wouldnt make it home
What is the significance of the story of Agamemnon?- He
portrays women in a negative light. He believes that women
cant be completely trusted, for once a man tells her all his
secrets and reveals his weaknesses and trusts too much, shell
have the power to betray him and lead him to his downfall. This
is what happened with Agamemno. After coming home from an
overseas journey, his wife and the man she was having an affair
with had killed him. Agamemnons story warned Odysseus to
come home disguised first to see if his wife was truly loyal to him
Explain Telemakhos initiation rites- going to a different
place, sacrificing/libation, being kidnapped by Athena without
his mother knowing, performing a feat (gaining knowledge of
Odysseus), becoming an adult, not a little boy, separation from
mum
Describe Ancient Greek values seen in the Odyssey HOSPITALITY
Excellence or virtue- greek hero should display
admirable traits like wisdom, leadership, skill in battle,
honor etc.
How is Odysseus trial at sea similar to the birth of a baby1. Extreme change in settings: from womb to real word
vs. froms sea to land.
1. Dynamic: contractions vs. wave/ocean strength and
intensity. Calm to crazy.
2. Tired, sleepless.

3. Athena is like the parent, keeping Ody from trouble

(crashing into rocks on shore).
4. When Odysseus arrives on the shore, he emerges
helpless and weak(like a baby)
Explain how Odysseus is a tragic hero- His pride led him to
his downfall. After he had escaped from the Cyclops, Odysseus
was supposed to sail away, but he continued taunting the
monster. It had gotten to the excessively dangerous level, when
even his shipmates were telling him to stop and leave. If
Odysseus would continue taunting Polyphemus, then the monster
could easily chuck a rock at them and destroy their ships, or
perhaps send a deadly wave toward them. However, Odysseus
ignored the consequences and allowed his pride to take control.
He continued making fun of the monster and that resulted in
Polyphemus father, Poseidon, cursing Odysseus, which did lead
Odysseus and his crew to his downfall by hindering his home
journey by 8 or more years (7 years with Calypso, 1 year with
Kirke).
Evaluate Telemakhos and Odysseus acts of revenge
Odysseus, disguised as an old beggar, distracted the suitors as
Telemachus gathered everyones weapons and stored it away in a
locked room. Penelope hosted a competition between the suitors
to decide a winner, it was a shooting competition. Odysseus
enters with a bow and arrow, grand entrance, kills the main
suitor, Antinoos, with an arrow. Then he and Telemachos trapped
the suitors in the room and killed them off with the help of some
others. They killed all the suitors and Melanthios as well. It was
bloody. Spared only 2 innocents.
Be able to identify, define and analyze the following
literary devices: characterization
imagery Language used to produce a vivid picture in the
readers mind

epithets An adjective expressing a quality characteristic of a

person
epic poems Genre of classical poetry originating in Greece.
really long poems.
epic similes really long similes.
Enders Game
Enders Game Game Theory
Game theory is essentially thinking of what
other people will do, and then reacting to that to get
what you want.
Zero-sum: if one wins, the other
loses
Mutual gain: both win
Mutual harm: both lose
Cooperative: working together
Noncooperative: not working
together
Sequential: one after the other, like
chess.
Simultaneous: at the same time.
Ender uses game theory a lot, especially
against his leaders. He takes things he knows about his
leaders and then says stuff to them. They react and
ultimately Ender gets what he wants.
Identify and analyze the use of symbolism in the novel (especially the
Giants Drink game)
Giants Drink:
Little boy/ bear/mouse: Ender is
weak and powerless.
Cats/furniture: Peter the cat is
dangerous, but Ender can handle him and
Valentine protects him.
Through the mousehole: leaving
comfortable Earth for Battle School

 Ducks/Mosquitoes: moving on from

less challenging/dangerous things
Landslides: Not giving up,
mastering a skill
Giants Drink Challenge: breaking
the rules to win, the launch to Battle School, a
turning point. BEATING THE IMPOSSIBLE
Bat: welcome to Fairyland
Playground w/ wolf-children: Cant
play like a kid, feels bad when he kills, forget
morals to win?, inner wolf, playing w/ big kids
now
Ender accidentally kisses the snake instead of
killing it, it turns into Valentine
Valentines trust/ love
thinking outside the box
EVERYONE IN THE CROWD IS
PETER!!!
opposite of Giants drink
Ender is good, not evil (the letter
from Valentine)
Identify and analyze the use of rhetorical appeals (logos, pathos,
ethos) in the novel
Logos: logic, facts
Pathos: passion, emotion
Ethos: a speakers credibility, testimonial
authority
Enders leadership style is very hands-off. He tells his
toon leaders what to do, and they can do it however they
see fit. Enders military tactics are always novel, thinking
outside the box. His opponents have never seen his
strategies before.
Understand Locke and Demosthenes and how their real stories are
reflected in the novel
Demosthenes lived in Athens in the 3rd
century B.C. He was an ambassador who favored direct
confrontation when faced with a problem. He was

opposed to the Macedonian takeover of Athens; he

wanted Athens to be its own autonomous state.
Valentine is not like Demosthenes because she doesnt
do direct confrontation.
John Locke lived in England. His ideas greatly
influenced the American Constitution. Locke was a
philosopher who favored a limited government that
mainly protected an individuals rights. He believed that
monarchs could be overthrown by the people, and that
everyone is entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness(and property). Peter is not like Locke
because he doesnt care about individual rights: he just
wants to take over the world
Understand the internal and external conflicts that appear in the novel
INTERNAL
Graff doesnt want to hurt Ender,
but does so anyway to save humanity
Ender doesnt want to kill anyone
but feels it necessary to protect himself
EXTERNAL
Ender vs. Bully
Humanity vs. Buggers
Dink vs. The System
Make inferences/predictions
Understand the impact of perspective/point of view; identify shifts in
perspective
See effects of actions on more characters,
engaging plot, less unreliable narrator, understand the
story better, show others perception of Ender,
DRAMATIC IRONY !!!!!!
Understand the components of an introduction, body paragraph and
conclusion
Introduction
Grabber
Background
Thesis

 Body
Reason
Context/evidence/analysis
quote
Conclusion/transition
Conclusion
Thesis Restated
Reasons Restated
Moralization (why do I care?)
In-text citation:
Words words word quote quote quote
(Author #).
Speak
Understand the figurative significance of voice having
your thoughts/ideas heard, being able to speak
Understand what it means to have a voice and not have a
voice; trace Melindas journey to regain her voice- to have
people listen to you, respect what you are saying/having people
listen to her, standing up for herself, letting go of the past
Be able to define the tone used in a passage tone is
someones attitude toward a situation.
Be able to identify and analyze a motif in a passage motifs
are predator/prey, mouth/lips/throat, mirrors, and trees. they
symbolize Melindas journey through the novel
Be able to identify and analyze syntax in a passage syntax is
the length of a sentence, how its structured
Be able to identify and analyze symbols in a passage Trees,
lips/mouth, mirrors
Evaluate the level of enlightenment in the novels
characters in class fam
Be able to identify and analyze allusions in a passage
Maya Angelou- raped and went mute
Scarlet Letter- Hester Prynne is an outcast
Picassos blue period- depression

Oprah/Sally Jessy (Raphael)/Jerry (Springer)- talk show

hosts
Understand Maya Angelous early life and influences Maya
Angelou was a poet. She was raped when she was a young girl
and she did not talk for a while, until her teacher pushed her to
talk through poetry. you dont truly love poetry until you can
recite it

Stages of Grief:
1. Shock and Denial
2. Anger
3. Depression and Detachment
4. Dialogue and Bargaining
5. Acceptance
Understand the novels characters
http://www.biography.com/people/cesare-beccaria39630#criminal-justice
Good Quotes
I get out of my bed and take down the mirror. I put it back in my closet, facing the wall
(6.11). ~mirror motif
My goal is to go home and take a nap (10.10)~ Depression