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Implementation of Discrete PWM Control Scheme on

Dynamic Voltage Restorer for the Mitigation of


Voltage Sag /Swell
V.Jayalakshmi
Research Scholar, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics engineering
Bharath University
Chennai, India
jayas_1979@yahoo.co.in

Abstract A Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is one of


the most common custom power devices to compensate for
the voltage sag and swell. The main functions of the DVR
are the injection of voltage to the power line and maintain
the pre-sag voltage condition in the load side. Different
control strategies are available depending upon the
compensation technique. In this paper, a simple method for
the generation of reference voltage for a DVR is presented.
This control scheme provides superior performance
compared to conventional control methods because it
directly measurers the rms voltage at the load point without
involving any transformation process. Even under system
disturbances, this control scheme maintains a constant
voltage at the load point. The control scheme is rather
simple, flexible in cost and has an excellent voltage
regulation capability. The simulation was carried using
MATLAB/ SIMULINK and the results of the simulation
show that this proposed method is able to provide the
desirable power quality in the presence of a wide range of
disturbances.
Keywords Custom Power Devices; DVR; Power Quality
;Voltage sag; Voltage swell; Voltage source inverter.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Power distribution systems should provide uninterrupted


flow of energy at smooth sinusoidal voltage with constant
magnitude level and frequency to their customers. However,
in practice, power systems, especially the distribution system
has numerous non linear loads which produce power quality
problems such as voltage sag/swells, flicker, harmonics,
distortion, impulse transient and interruptions [1] [2].Among
these, two power quality problems such as voltage sag and
voltage swell have been identified a major concern to the
customers . The voltage sag/swell has major impact on the
performance of the microprocessor based loads as well as the
sensitive loads[3]. There are two approaches to mitigate the
power quality problems. The solution to the power quality
problems can be done either from customer side or from

978-1-4673-6150-7/13/$31.00 2013 IEEE

Dr.N.O.Gunasekar
Professor, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics engineering
Easwari Engineering College
Chennai, India

utility side. First approach is called load conditioning, which


ensures that the equipment is less sensitive to power
disturbances, allowing the operation even under significant
voltage distortion. The other solution is to install line
conditioning systems that suppress or counteracts the power
system disturbances. Currently they are based on PWM
converters and connect to low and medium voltage
distribution system in shunt or in series.
Though there are many different methods to mitigate
voltage sags and swells, but the use of a custom Power
device is considered to be the most efficient method. The
term custom power pertains to the use of power electronics
controllers in a distribution system specially to deal with
various power quality problems. There are many types of
Custom Power devices [4]. Some of these devices are Active
Power Filter (APF) , Battery Energy Storage system
(BESS),Distributed Static compensator (DSTATCOM)
,Distribution series capacitor, Dynamic Voltage Restorer
(DVR).Out of these devices Dynamic Voltage Restorer
(DVR) is one of the most efficient and effective modern
custom power device used in power distribution networks.
DVR is series connected solid state device that injects
voltage into the system in order to regulate the load side
voltage [5]. It is normally installed in the distribution system
between the supply and the critical load feeder at the point of
common coupling (PCC). Other than voltage sag and swell
compensation, DVR can also added other features like: line
voltage harmonics compensation, reduction of transients in
voltage and fault current limitations [6] and [7].
II.

DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER

A. DVR Power Circuit


The basic functions of the DVR are the detection of
voltage sag/swell occurred in the power line and injection of
balance voltage through injection transformer so as to
maintain the desired load voltage. This can be achieved
either by absorbing or injecting the active and reactive
power. It basically consists of, Battery energy storage,
Voltage Source Inverter, Passive Filter, Injection/ Booster
Transformer as shown in Fig 1.

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INJECTION TRANSFORMER

Sensitive load

AC SOURCE

FILTER

ENEGRY

VSC

STORAGE

Fig. 1.

voltage drop of the injection transformer and device losses.


When voltage sag/ swell occur in the distribution system, the
DVR injects a controlled three-phase AC voltage with
certain phase angle and magnitude in series with the AC
supply voltage in order to maintain the load voltage. The
injected voltages are made synchronized with the network
voltages. The DVR is capable of generating or absorbing
reactive power but the active power injection of the device
must be provided by an external energy source or energy
storage system. The expected response time is about 25
milliseconds, and which is much less than some of the
traditional methods of voltage correction such as tapchanging transformers
C. Equivalent circuit

Schematic diagram of DVR

1) DC Energy Storage
This circuit charges the energy source after a sag
compensation and maintain dc link voltage at the nominal dc
link voltage. Various devices such as flywheels, lead acid
batteries, super conducting magnetic energy storage and
super capacitors can be used as energy storage devices.
2) Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
It converters the DC Voltage supplied by the energy
storage device to a sinusoidal voltage at any required
frequency, magnitude and phase angle. There are four types
of switching devices, Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field
Effect Transistor (MOSFET),Gate Turn off thyristor
(GTO),Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) and
Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristor (IGCT).Each type
has its own benefits and drawbacks.

Fig. 2.

Equivalent circuit of DVR

The Fig 2 shows the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the


DVR. During Voltage sag/ swell, the DVR injects a series
voltage V DVR through the injection transformer so as to
maintain the desired load Voltage VL .The series voltage
injected by the DVR (VDVR) can be obtained as

3) Passive Filter
It consists of an Inductor and a capacitor .It eliminates
the higher order harmonic component during DC to AC
conversion in Voltage Source Inverter which will distort the
compensated output voltage. These Filters can be placed
either load side or inverter side.
4) Injection /Booster Transformer
The primary of the injection transformer is connected in
series with the distribution line and the secondary of the
injection transformer is connected to the DVR power circuit.
The main functions of Injection /Booster Transformer are the
increasing the voltage supplied by the filtered Voltage
Source Inverter (VSI) to a desired level and isolation of the
DVR circuit from distribution network.
B. Operating Principle of DVR
When the power system network is working under
normal condition i.e with out any fault in power system, a
capacitor between rectifier and inverter will be charging and
the DVR injects only a small voltage to compensate for the

VDVR=VL + ZTH IL-VTH

(1)

Where
VL is the desired load voltage
ZTH is the thevenin equivalent impedance
IL is the Load current
VTH is the system voltage during fault.
The load current is given by
IL=[PL+jQL]/ V

(2)

The Load power factor angle is given by


= tan -1 (QL/ PL)

(3)

The complex power injected by DVR can be written as


SDVR= V DVR I L *

(4)

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From the above equation, it is clear that when the


injected voltage V DVR is in quadrature with I L , DVR
requires only reactive power and the DVR itself generate the
reactive power. Other phase relationship between V DVR and
I L requires active power injection which must be provided
by the energy storage of the DVR system
III.

CONTROL SCHEME OF DVR

A. Existing Voltage sag/swell Mitigation Technique


In most of the published work on DVR , Reference
voltage generation are achieved using pqr power theory
[13], dq transformation [14], fuzzy logic control[15], sliding
mode control[16], Artificial neural network [17] and
software PLL [18]. Generally open loop feed forward control
is preferred to meet the fast compensation requirement .The
presence of passive LC filter, saturation of series injection
transformer and the voltage drop across the inductor affect
the performance of DVR in open loop control. The Load
voltage may not be compensated to the desired value in open
loop feed forward control. Closed loop control can reduce
the damping oscillation caused by the switching harmonics
LC filter but not catching up with fast dynamic response. In
the dqo transformation method, the quantities are expressed
as the instantaneous space vectors. First three phase voltages
(Va,Vb,Vc) are converted to stationary reference frame V
and V and then it is converted to d-q-o reference. During a
fault these dc values will drop and the difference between the
pre-sag and sagged value will form an error signal. This error
signal is then converted back to V and V which is again
modulated using space vector modulation to produce the
required pulse to switch on the inverter thus restoring the
load voltage .This method is applicable only to three phase
system. The computations are instantaneous but incur time
delays in filtering dc quantity.
B. Proposed Compensation Technique
The basic functions of a controller in a DVR are the (i)
detection of voltage sag/swell events in the system (ii)
computation of the correcting voltage and (iii) generation of
trigger pulses to the sinusoidal PWM based DC-AC inverter.
In order to mitigate the simulated voltage sag / swell a
Discrete PWM-based control scheme is implemented. This
control system only measures the rms voltage at load point
and exerts voltage angle control as follows: an error signal is
obtained by comparing the reference voltage with the rms
voltage measured at the load point. The PI controller
processes the error signal and generates the required angle
to drive the error to zero. In the PWM generators, the
sinusoidal signal, Vcontrol, is phase modulated by means of the
angle or delta .The modulated signal, Vcontrol, is compared
against a triangular signal (carrier) in order to generate the
switching signals of the VSC valves. The main parameters of
the sinusoidal PWM scheme are the amplitude modulation
index, ma, of signal Vcontrol, and the frequency modulation
index, mf, of the triangular signal. The amplitude index ma is
kept fixed at 1 pu, in order to obtain the highest fundamental
voltage component at the controller output. It should be

noted that, an assumption of balanced network and operating


conditions are made.
The modulating angle or delta is applied to the PWM
generators in phase A, whereas the angles for phase B and C
are shifted by 240 or -120 and 120 respectively.
Va = Sin (t +)

(5)

Vb= Sin (t+-2/3)

(6)

Vc = Sin (t ++2/3)

(7)

It can be seen that the control implementation is kept


very simple by using only voltage measurements as feedback
variable in the control scheme. The speed of response and
robustness of the control scheme are clearly shown in the
simulation results. Since custom power is a relatively lowpower application, PWM methods offer a more flexible
option than the fundamental frequency switching (FFS)
methods favored in FACTS applications. Besides, high
switching frequencies can be used to improve the efficiency
of the converter, without incurring significant switching
losses.
IV.

SIMULATION RESULTS

To verify the adopted control system, the total system of


DVR was developed using the MATLAB /SIMULINK.
Figures 3-8 shows the simulation results during voltage sag/
swell with the proposed control scheme. Voltage sag and
swell are simulated by temporary connection of different
impedances at the supply side bus.
A. Voltage Swell
The three phase voltage swell is simulated for 0.5 m sec
from t=0msec to t=0.5 m sec as shown in Figure 3. The
Figure 4 and Figure 5 shows the injected voltage during
voltage swell and the load voltage. As seen in figure 5 the
DVR regulate the load voltage to the reference voltage by
injecting appropriate voltage component (negative voltage
magnitude)

Fig. 3. Three phase Swell voltage

1038

Fig. 4. Voltage injected by the DVR during voltage swell

Fig. 7.

Voltage injected by DVR during voltage sag

Fig. 8.

Three phase voltage after mitigating voltage sag

Fig. 5. Three phase voltage after mitigating voltage swell.

B.

Voltage Sag
The three phase voltage sag is simulated for 0.5 m sec
from t= 1.5 m sec to t=2 m sec as shown in Figure 6. Figure
7 shows the injected voltage during voltage sag and Figure 8
shows the load voltage. As in the case of voltage swell, the
DVR injects appropriate voltage to regulate the load voltage
to reference voltage

The simulation results illustrates that the proposed


Discrete PWM control scheme restoring the rms voltage very
effectively. The sag and swell mitigation is performed with a
smooth, stable and rapid DVR response.
V.

Fig. 6.

Three phase voltage sag

CONCLUSION

This paper has presented a discrete PWM control scheme


for Dynamic Voltage Restorer to improve the system
response and injection capability for the mitigation of
voltage sag/swell. As opposed to fundamental frequency
switching
schemes
already
available
in
the
MATLAB/SIMULINK, this PWM control scheme requires
only rms value of the voltage. The simulation results show
that this control technique compensates for the voltage
sag/swell and its excellent performances. This proposed
control technique is very effective, efficient and very simple
for the mitigation of Voltage sag/swell.
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1039

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