Chapter 13 - Nervous Sys

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1.

The _________ accounts for the gray color of

areas that contain neuron cell bodiesthe
gray matter seen in gross dissection of the
brain or spinal cord.

chromatophilic
substance

2.

The activities of the _________nervous

system are usually outside our awareness
or control.

autonomic

3.

The activities of the somatic nervous

system may be _________or _________

voluntary,
involuntary

4.

The afferent division begins at

____________that monitor specific
characteristics of the environment.

receptors

5.

Almost all _________neurons are

pseudounipolar neurons with their cell
bodies located outside the CNS in
peripheral sensory ganglia.

sensory

6.

Almost all sensory neurons are

pseudounipolar neurons with their cell
bodies located outside the CNS in
peripheral sensory ganglia. They form the
_________division of the PNS.

afferent

Area between adjacent glial cells where

the myelin covering of an axon is
incomplete. Also termed a node of
Ranvier.

internode

_________are responsible for the analysis of

sensory inputs and the coordination of
motor outputs. The more complex the
response to a given stimulus, the greater
the number of _________involved.

Interneurons

9.

_________ are responsible for the transfer

and processing of information in the
nervous system.

Neurons

10.

_________ are smaller than neurons, and

they retain the ability to dividean ability
lost by most neurons

Glial cells

7.

8.

11.

Astrocyte functions can be

summarized as follows: (5)

Controlling the interstitial

environment, Maintaining
the blood-brain barrier,
Creating a threedimensional framework for
the CNS, Performing repairs
in damaged neural tissue,
Guiding neuron
development

12.

An axon may branch along its

length, producing side
branches called _________

collaterals

13.

An axon, or _________, is a long

cytoplasmic process capable
of propagating an action
potential.

nerve fiber

14.

Axons connecting the

ganglion cells with the
peripheral effectors are
known as _________ fibers

postganglionic

15.

Axons extending from the

CNS to a ganglion are called
_________fibers.

preganglionic

16.

The axons of sensory neurons,

called _________, extend
between a sensory receptor
and the spinal cord or brain.

afferent fibers

17.

An axon that carries impulses

away from the CNS.

efferent fiber

18.

Bundles of neurofilaments,
called _________, are
cytoskeletal elements that
extend into the dendrites and
axon.

neurofibrils

19.

The cell body is attached to

an elongated axon that ends
at one or more _________

synaptic terminals

20.

_________cells are cuboidal to

columnar in form. Unlike
typical epithelial cells,
_________cells have slender
processes that branch
extensively and make direct
contact with glial cells in the
surrounding neural tissue

Ependymal

_________cells ensheath every peripheral

axon. A single _________cell forms the
myelin sheath around a portion of a
single axon. A single _________cell can
encircle several unmyelinated axons.

Schwann

35.

Every peripheral axon, whether it is

unmyelinated or myelinated, is covered
by _________, or neurolemmocytes.

Schwann cells

36.

Fluid bathing the internal and external

surfaces of the CNS; secreted by the
choroid plexus.

cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF)

_________(cell type) processes tie clusters

of axons together and improve the
functional performance of neurons by
wrapping axons in myelin, a material
with insulating properties.

Oligodendrocyte
37.

Four types of glial cells are found in the

central nervous system: _________

astrocytes,
oligodendrocytes,
microglia, and
ependymal cells.

23.

The central nervous system (CNS)

consists of the ___.

brain and spinal

cord

38.

Glial cells responsible for the

neurilemma that surrounds axons in
the PNS.

Schwann cells

24.

CNS glial cells responsible for

maintaining cellular organization in the
gray matter and providing a myelin
sheath in areas of white matter.

oligodendrocytes
39.

_________improves the speed at which an

action potential, or nerve impulse, is
conducted along an axon.

Myelin

25.

A collection of nerve cell bodies outside

the CNS.

ganglion/ganglia

40.

The ____________ includes all of the neural

tissue outside the CNS.

PNS

26.

The cytoplasm that surrounds the

nucleus in the soma of a nerve cell. Also
termed the nerve cell body.

perikaryon

41.

myelin

27.

Cytoplasm within an axon

axoplasm

Insulating sheath around an axon

consisting of multiple layers of glial cell
membrane; significantly increases
conduction rate along the axon.

28.

Data from exteroceptors and

proprioceptors are carried by
_________sensory neurons.

somatic

42.

excitatory,
inhibitory

29.

Disintegration of an axon and its myelin

sheath distal to an injury site.

Wallerian
degeneration

Interneurons can be classified as

_________ or _________on the basis of their
effects on the postsynaptic membranes
of other neurons.

43.

visceral

The _________division also delivers

information provided by special sense
organs, such as the eye and ear.

afferent

Interoceptive information is carried by

_________sensory neurons.

44.

dendritic spines

The ____division carries information

from somatic sensory receptors, which
monitor skeletal muscles, joints, and
the skin, and from visceral sensory
receptors, which monitor other
internal tissues such as smooth muscle,
cardiac muscle, and glands.

afferent

In the CNS, a neuron receives

information from other neurons
primarily at the _________, which
represent 80-90 percent of the neuron's
total surface area.

45.

In the peripheral nervous system,

_________cells participate in the repair of
damaged nerves

Schwann

46.

The efferent division begins inside the

CNS and ends at an _________

effector

33.

The efferent division includes the

_________ which controls skeletal muscle
contractions, and the _________, or
visceral motor system, which regulates
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and
glandular activity.

somatic nervous
system (SNS),
autonomic
nervous system
(ANS)

In times of infection or injury, the

number of _________increases
dramatically. Roughly 5 percent of the
CNS glial cells are _________, but in times
of infection or injury this percentage
increases dramatically.

microglia

32.

47.

_________is A peripheral gland or muscle

cell innervated by a motor neuron.

effector

48.

axon

The ____ is responsible for integrating,

processing, and coordinating sensory
input and motor output. It is also the
seat of higher functions, such as
intelligence, memory, learning, and
emotion.

CNS

Elongate extension of a neuron that

conducts an action potential away from
the soma and toward the synaptic
terminals.

21.

22.

30.

31.

34.

49.

_________ is the Isolation of the CNS from

the general circulation; primarily the
result of astrocyte regulation of capillary
permeabilities.

blood-brain
barrier (BBB)

62.

Neural tissue contains two distinct cell

types

nerve cells, or
neurons, and
supporting cells,
or neuroglia.

50.

The largest and most numerous glial cells

are the _________

astrocytes

63.

glial cells

51.

The main trunk and the collaterals end in

a series of fine terminal extensions, called
terminal arborizations or _________

telodendria

The neural tissue of the body contains

approximately 100 billion neuroglia, or
_________. which is roughly five times the
number of neurons

64.

satellite cells

_________may be situated between sensory

and motor neurons. _________are located
entirely within the brain and spinal cord.
They outnumber all other neurons
combined both in total number and in
types.

Interneurons

Neuron cell bodies in peripheral ganglia

are surrounded by _________. _________
regulate the exchange of nutrients and
waste products between the neuron cell
body and the extracellular fluid.

65.

sensory

53.

Microfilaments in the cytoplasm of a

neuron

neurofilaments

Neurons are classified functionally into

three categories: (1) _________neurons that
detect stimuli in the PNS and send
information to the CNS

54.

Microtubules in the cytoplasm of a

neuron.

neurotubules

66.

motor

55.

The _________migrate into the CNS as it

forms, and thereafter they remain within
the neural tissue, acting as a roving
security force. _________are the phagocytic
cells of the CNS, engulfing cellular debris,
waste products, and pathogens.

microglia

Neurons are classified functionally into

three categories: (2) _________neurons to
carry instructions from the CNS to
peripheral effectors

67.

Neurons are classified functionally into

three categories: (3) _________in the CNS
that process sensory information and
coordinate motor activity.

interneurons

56.

_________ monitor the digestive,

respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, and
reproductive systems and provide
sensations of deep pressure and pain as
well as taste, another special sense.

Interoceptors

68.

_________neurons are relatively rare but

play an important role in relaying
sensory information concerning sight,
smell, and hearing. Their axons are not
myelinated.

Bipolar

57.

_________monitor the position and

movement of skeletal muscles and joints.

Proprioceptors

69.

Sensory

58.

Multipolar neurons that form the efferent

division of the nervous system are
_________neurons

motor

_________neurons collect information

concerning the external or internal
environment. There are about 10 million
_________neurons.

70.

pseudounipolar

The nervous system has two anatomical

subdivisions:

the central
nervous
system and the
peripheral
nervous
system

_________neurons have continuous

dendritic and axonal processes, and the
cell body lies off to one side. Sensory
neurons of the peripheral nervous
system are usually _________, and their
axons may be myelinated.

71.

_________neurons have several dendrites

and a single axon that may have one or
more branches. _________neurons are the
most common type of neuron in the
CNS. For example, all of the motor
neurons that control skeletal muscles
are _________neurons with myelinated
axons.

Multipolar

72.

Neurons may be classified based on (1)

_________or (2) _________.

structure,
function

52.

59.

60.

The _________nervous system includes all

the visceral motor neurons that innervate
peripheral effectors other than skeletal
muscles.

autonomic

61.

The nervous system usually provides

relatively swift but brief responses to
stimuli by temporarily modifying the
activities of other __

organ systems

73.

A _________neuron stimulates or modifies

the activity of a peripheral tissue, organ,
or organ system.

motor

74.

Nonneural cells of the CNS and PNS that

support and protect the neurons.

neuroglia

75.

____________of CNS carries motor

commands to muscles and glands.

efferent
division

76.

____________of the PNS brings sensory

information to the CNS

afferent
division

77.

One of the primary functions of

_________cells is to limit the number or
types of stimuli affecting individual
neurons.

glial

78.

The outer surface of a glial cell that

encircles an axon

neurilemma

79.

The plasmalemma of an axon is called the

_________

axolemma

80.

The PNS is subdivided into two divisions

afferent
division,
efferent
division

81.

Portion of the neural cell body adjacent to

the initial segment.

axon hillock

82.

_________provide information about the

external environment in the form of
touch, temperature, and pressure
sensations and the more complex special
senses of sight, smell, and hearing.

Exteroceptors

The proximal portion of the axon,

adjacent to the axon hillock, where an
action potential first appears.

initial segment

84.

Regions dominated by myelinated axons

constitute the _________matter of the CNS

white

85.

regions dominated by neuron cell bodies,

dendrites, and unmyelinated axons are
called _________matter

gray

86.

A representative neuron has a cell body, or

_________

soma

87.

The ribosomes and RER synthesize

peptides and proteins. Groups of fixed and
free ribosomes are present in large
numbers. These ribosomal clusters are
called chromatophilic substance or
_________.

Nissl bodies

The ribosomes and RER synthesize

peptides and proteins. Groups of fixed and
free ribosomes are present in large
numbers. These ribosomal clusters are
called _________ or Nissl bodies.

chromatophilic
substance

83.

88.

89.

A Schwann cell can myelinate only

about 1 mm along the length of a
single axon. In contrast, an _________(in
CNS) can myelinate portions of several
axons

oligodendrocyte

90.

_________sensory neurons transmit

information about internal
conditions and the status of other
organ systems.

Visceral

91.

_________sensory neurons transmit

information about the outside world
and our position within it.

Somatic

92.

A sensory process of a neuron

dendrite

93.

Site of communication between a

nerve cell and some other cell; if the
other cell is not a neuron, the term
neuroeffector junction is often used.

synapse

94.

A structure found where one neuron

synapses with another. Also termed a
synaptic knob.

terminal bouton

95.

the superficial cytoplasmic covering

provided by the Schwann cells is
known as the _________

neurilemma

96.

Synaptic communication most often

involves the release of specific
chemicals called _________

neurotransmitters

97.

The terminal arborizations end in a

_________, where the neuron contacts
another neuron or effector.

synaptic terminal

98.

There are two groups of _________

_________neuronsone group has cell
bodies inside the CNS, and the other
has cell bodies in peripheral ganglia.

visceral motor

99.

They form the afferent division of the

PNS. Their function is to deliver
information to the CNS. .

sensory neurons

100.

The two efferent divisions of the PNS

the _________nervous system, and the
_________nervous systemdiffer in the
way they innervate peripheral
effectors.

somatic,
autonomic

101.

Unlike the situation inside the

_________, every axon in the _________has
a complete neurilemmal sheath

CNS, PNS

102.

The ventricles of the brain and central

canal of the spinal cord are lined by a
cellular layer called the _________

ependyma

103.

Within the ventricles, specialized

_________cells participate in the
secretion of cerebrospinal fluid.

ependymal