Civil Works

STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS
For
CIVIL WORKS
August 1999
Page 1 of 10
August 99
SHIRE OF YARRA RANGES

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
SECTION 1
GENERAL CLAUSE (ID 6001)
SECTION 2
SPECIFICATION FOR PUBLIC UTILITIES (ID 6002)
SECTION 3
SPECIFICATION FOR CLEARING AND GRUBBING (ID 6003)
SECTION 4
SPECIFICATION FOR EARTHWORKS (ID 6004)
SECTION 5
SPECIFICATIONS FOR INSITU CEMENT & LIME

STABILISATION OR SUBGRADE (ID 6005)
SECTION 6
SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROAD PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION

OF BASE AND SUB-BASE COURSES (ID 6006)
SECTION 7
SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONCRETE FOR CIVIL WORKS (ID

6007)
SECTION 8
SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONCRETE KERB & CHANNEL (ID

6008)
SECTION 9
SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONCRETE PAVING (ID 6009)
SECTION 10 SPECIFICATIONS FOR UNDERGROUND STORMWATER

DRAINS (ID 60010)
SECTION 11 SPECIFICATIONS FOR ASPHALT (ID 60011)
SECTION 12 SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF ASPHALT
PAVING (ID 60012)
SECTION 13 SPECIFICATIONS FOR PRIMING AND PRIMER SEALING
(ID 60013)
SECTION 14 SPECIFICATIONS FOR SEGMENTAL PAVING (ID 60014)

SECTION 15 SPECIFICATIONS FOR LINEMARKING (ID 60015)
Page 2 of 10
August 99
SECTION 16 SPECIFICATIONS FOR REMOVAL BY COLD PLANNING

(ID 60016)
SECTION 17 SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONCRETE ROAD PAVEMENT

(ID 60017)
SECTION 18 SPECIFICATIONS FOR LANDSCAPE (ID 60018)

SECTION 19 SPECIFICATIONS FOR BEACHING (ID 60019)
SECTION 20 SPECIFICATIONS FOR BITUMEN SCRAP RUBBER SEALS
(ID 60020)
SECTION 21 SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLYMER MODIFIED COLD

OVERLAY (ID 60021)
SECTION 22 SPECIFICATIONS FOR ERECTION OF SIGNS (ID 60022)
SECTION 23 SPECIFICATIONS FOR FENCING (ID 60023)
SECTION 24 SPECIFICATIONS FOR INSITU STABILISATION OF
EXISTING PAVEMENT MATERIALS (ID 60024)
SECTION 25 SPECIFICATION FOR GRASSING AND MAINTENANCE
(ID 60025)
SECTION 26 SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICES

(ID 60026)
Page 3 of 10
August 99
SECTION 1 - GENERAL CLAUSES

1.1
Nature of Contract
1.2
General Conditions
1.3
Contractors Responsibility
1.4
Time of Commencement
1.5
Rise and Fall Provisions
1.6
Construction Program
1.7
Discrepancies
1.8
Wet Weather
1.9
Defects Liability Period
1.10
Overtime Worked
1.11
Setting Out
1.12
Construction through Private Property
1.13
Protection of Boundary Fences
1.14
Sanitary Accommodation
1.15
Permanent Survey Marks
1.16
Explosives
1.17
Maintaining Access
1.18
Safety of Traffic
1.19
Make Good
1.20
Statutory Responsibilities
1.21
Damage to Roads, etc
1.22
Hours of Work
1.23
Fire Precautions for Constructional Equipment
1.24
Field Assistance
1.25
As Constructed Notes
1.26
Payment
1.27
Emergency Call Out
Page 4 of 10
August 99
1.1
NATURE OF CONTRACT: QUANTITIES

This contract shall be a Lump Sum Contract, where the contract sum
includes the completion of all items contained in the Schedule of Prices to
effect completion of the works as intended by or described herein and on
the drawings which form part of this contract.
The Bill of Quantities shall not form part of this contract except that scheduled
prices and rates will be used to determine the value of any Variation Order issued
during the currency of the contract.
The Contractor shall have made their own assessment of quantities at the time of
tendering and where their quantities are at variance with those shown in the Bill
of Quantities the contractor shall be deemed to have made allowance for such
discrepancies and other omitted items, within their Tender. Payments to the
Contractor will only be made on the quantities stipulated in the Schedule of
Prices at the tendered rates.
Clause 3.3 of the General Conditions of Contract has been deleted. Refer to
Annexure Part B.
The provisions of Clause 3.2 of the General Conditions of Contract have been
amended as detailed in Annexure Part B. Variations to the contract shall only
result from a change to the nature of the work or its extent as defined by the
drawings and specification at the time of tendering.
1.2
GENERAL CONDITIONS
The General Conditions of Contract applicable shall be the Australian Standard
2124-1992. A copy of the General Conditions is not included in the Tender
Documents, but may be inspected in the Market Testing Unit at the Shires
Lilydale Office. Alternatively, Tenderers if they are not familiar with the document,
should obtain a copy for themselves. Annexure Part A and B as they relate to
this Contract are attached.
1.3
CONTRACTORS RESPONSIBILITY
The Contractor shall be entirely responsible for ensuring that all operations and
methods of construction, set out, materials and workmanship are safe, sufficient
and in accord with the contract documents. No inspection by the Superintendent
and no instruction given or certificate issued by the Superintendent shall be
deemed to imply that the Superintendent has assumed or taken over any part of
the contractors responsibility or liability.
Page 5 of 10
August 99
1.4
TIME OF COMMENCEMENT
The contractor shall commence the works of this contract within four weeks of
the date of the Letter of Acceptance of the contract. Failure to commence within
the specified time may be treated as a breach of contract. The contractor shall
give 14 days clear notice in writing to the Superintendent's Representative before
commencing the work.
1.5
RISE AND FALL PROVISIONS

The works to be executed under this contract shall not be subject to rise and fall
of costs.
1.6
CONSTRUCTION PROGRAM
The contractor will be required to submit for the approval of the Superintendent a
construction program within 14 days of acceptance of tender in accordance with
Clause 33.2 of the General Conditions of Contract.
The program is to allow for installation and alterations of all services.
The period for practical completion of works, as shown in Annexure A, includes
the time required for the installation of services, including those to be installed by
other contractors or authorities, statutory public holidays, industry paid days and
rostered days off.
No claims for extensions of time resulting from the above will be considered.
The contractor shall be deemed to have made his own assessment of the period
required to complete the works and where this is at variance with Annexure A
shall state the period of completion at the time of tendering.
1.7
DISCREPANCIES
Where discrepancies exist between this section of the specification and the
requirements of the General Conditions of Contract, the provisions of this section
shall apply.
Where discrepancies exist between this section of the specification and
requirements of the Municipal or standard technical specifications, the provisions
of this section shall apply. The General Conditions of Contract shall have
precedence over the Municipal or technical specifications.
Page 6 of 10
August 99
1.8
WET WEATHER
The contractor shall allow in his construction program and in the period for
practical completion, an amount for wet weather. The contractor shall be entitled
to extensions of time for wet weather in excess of one day or longer for the
period of time during and after rainfall where work on site is unable to proceed.
1.9
DEFECTS LIABILITY PERIOD, CLEARANCES AND FINAL CERTIFICATE

The defects liability period as referred to in Clause 37 of the General Conditions
of Contract shall be for the period stated in Annexure A. The defects liability
period shall commence from the date of issue of the certificate of practical
completion. The contractor will be required to repair all defects occurring during
this period.
On completion of the work and prior to the issue of the final payment certificate,
the contractor shall produce written clearances from all landowners and public
authorities whose properties have been trespassed on or damaged in any way
by the contractor or his employees.
1.10
OVERTIME WORKED
Where approval has been given by the Superintendent's Representative for work
to be carried out other than during normal working hours, any expense incurred
by the Superintendent's Representative for payment of overtime supervision
resulting from such approval shall be deducted from the contract payments.
In this regard, the contractor will be required to give Council 48 hours notice of
his intention to work so that the necessary arrangements of staff may be carried
out.
1.11
SETTING OUT
The Superintendent's Representative has furnished basic reference lines and
bench marks from which the contractor shall establish such other points as may
be necessary for the proper completion of the contract.
The contractor shall take every care to preserve all Engineering reference and
title survey pegs. Any pegs which are to be covered by the work must be kept
marked with stakes and the location of any pegs which must be removed in order
to complete the works must be accurately preserved to the satisfaction of the
Superintendent's Representative. In the event of failure by the contractor to
preserve the position of any survey pegs, which will necessitate a re-survey, the
cost of this survey will be deducted from the contract payments.
1.12
CONSTRUCTION THROUGH PRIVATE PROPERTY

Page 7 of 10
August 99
Where the works under this contract are constructed through private property the
contractor shall take whatever precautions are necessary to protect the property,
buildings, occupiers or livestock from any damage or risk. This may include
temporary fencing, shoring, drainage or other works as deemed necessary. The
contractor shall not enter any land or remove any fence until he has given at
least one weeks notice to the owner or occupier of his intention to do so.
On completion of the works, including all reinstatement, a clearance in writing
shall be obtained from the property owner stating that the owner is satisfied with
the reinstatement and does not have any claims for compensation or damages
against the contractor.
1.13
PROTECTION OF BOUNDARY FENCES

The contractor must take care to ensure that the fences along the boundaries
adjacent to private property be protected during progress of the works and any
damage caused shall be repaired by the contractor to the satisfaction of the
abutting owner, from whom a written clearance will be required.
1.14
SANITARY ACCOMMODATION
The contractor shall provide, to the satisfaction of the Superintendent's
Representative, suitable sanitary accommodation for all persons employed on
the works in accordance with relevant industrial awards.
1.15
PERMANENT SURVEY MARKS

Before commencing construction, the contractor shall ascertain from the
Department of Lands and Survey the location of all permanent survey marks in
the area.
The contractor shall ensure that all permanent survey marks are clearly indicated
throughout the period of the contract and shall ensure that no permanent survey
mark is interfered with in any way.
In the event of any interference with a permanent survey mark, the contractor
shall be liable to a penalty as provided in the relevant Act and shall pay all costs
and charges involved in the resetting of the permanent survey mark by a
Licensed Surveyor as provided in that Act.
The contractor shall set standard covers over all permanent survey marks where
shown on drawings or where directed by the Superintendent's Representative.
Covers will be supplied by the Superintendent's Representative.
1.16
EXPLOSIVES
Page 8 of 10
August 99
In excavation in or through hard materials, the contractor shall not, unless

authorised by the Superintendent in writing, use any explosives. Where
explosives are to be used, the contractor shall provide himself with the necessary
licences from the appropriate authorities and shall conform to all Government
Regulations and instructions relating to the transport, storage, handling and use
of explosives. The contractor shall be liable for any damage, accident, or injury
to any person or property resulting from the use of explosives.
1.17
MAINTAINING ACCESS
The contractor shall program all works in such a manner so as to offer the least
possible obstruction and inconvenience to the public, and he shall have under
construction no greater length or amount of work than he can properly manage
with due regard to the rights of the public.
Unless otherwise specified, all traffic shall be permitted to pass through the
works with as little inconvenience and delay as possible.
All sections of existing formations and side tracks which are being used by traffic
or pedestrians shall be maintained in a safe and trafficable condition throughout
the period of the contract. Material falling on any carriageway as a result of
carting operations shall be removed immediately by the contractor at his
expense.
In the event of the failure of the contractor to provide adequate access, the
Superintendent's Representative may provide such access as he may deem
necessary and deduct the cost thereof from contract payments.
1.18
SAFETY OF TRAFFIC
The contractor shall be held responsible for the safety of traffic and the public
and shall erect and maintain all warning signs, lights and barriers, necessary for
the adequate control and safety of traffic and pedestrians. Adequate illumination
of these signs and barriers shall be provided and maintained by the contractor
and kept alight from sunset to sunrise. All signing and lighting must be in
accordance with the Vic Roads Roadworks Signing Code of Practice AS1742.3.
If the arrangements as provided by the contractor are not considered satisfactory
by the Superintendent's Representative, the contractor shall remedy the defects
immediately, and in default thereof, the Superintendent's Representative may
provide such barriers, warning signs and lights as he may consider necessary
and deduct the cost thereof from contract payments. The contractor will be
required to supply, at his own expense, all necessary barriers, warning signs and
lights.
1.19
MAKE GOOD
Page 9 of 10
August 99
On completion of the work, the contractor shall make good all footpaths,
naturestrips, easements and other surfaces disturbed by the works, do all other
necessary repairs, properly clean up and leave the site in a condition satisfactory
to the Superintendent's Representative.
The contractor shall also re-erect and/or repair, to the satisfaction of the
Superintendent's Representative, all fences, signs, gates and buildings removed
or damaged during the progress of the works.
1.20
STATUTORY RESPONSIBILITIES
Before commencing any excavation in which the depth of face exceeds 1.5 m, or
any tunnelling operation, the contractor shall notify in writing the Department of
Labour, Building and Construction Industry Division, Construction/Excavation
Section and shall comply with the requirements of the Department and the
instructions of any authorised Inspector.
A copy of the Notice of Intention to Commence Operations shall be forwarded to
the Superintendent's Representative prior to commencing work.
The contractor shall comply with the provision of the Extractive Industries Act (if
the material is extracted from more than 2 m below the natural surface) or
Section 17A of the Soil Conservation and Land Utilisation Act (if extraction is
from less than 2 m below the natural surface and covers more than 0.2 ha in
extent). Non-compliance with this clause shall render this contract void, at the
Superintendent's Representative's discretion.
1.21
DAMAGE TO ROADS, ETC

Any damage caused to any roads, footpaths, bridges or other structures by
carting materials associated with works included in this contract shall be
thoroughly repaired to the satisfaction of the Superintendent's Representative.
The contractor shall only cart along such roads or portions thereof as the
Superintendent's Representative may from time to time direct and he shall
submit clearances from any local authorities concerned.
1.22
HOURS OF WORK
No works or deliveries shall be carried out outside the hours of 7.00am to
5.00pm Monday to Friday, inclusive, or any public or municipal holiday, unless
approval in writing is given by the Superintendent's Representative.
1.23
FIRE PRECAUTIONS FOR CONSTRUCTIONAL EQUIPMENT
Page 10 of 10
August 99
The Contractor's construction plant operating during declared fire danger shall:(a)
(b)
(c)
1.24
be free from mechanical faults and defects likely to cause fire,

be equipped with an efficient spark arrestor,
be equipped with a knapsack fire - fighting outfit in working order, with the
container fully charged with water ( or equivalent ).
FIELD ASSISTANCE
The contractor shall provide a person to assist with the checking and surveying
of as constructed works during the course of the contract, as may be required by
the Superintendent's Representative.
1.25
AS CONSTRUCTED NOTES
The contractor must provide on or before practical completion of the contract one
set of construction plans noting any changes made during the course of
construction ( as constructed notes), to the Superintendents Representatives.
The as constructed notes must be made on a clean set of plans in red pen, and
detail anything that has deviated from the design and/ or is outside the specified
tolerances.
1.26
PAYMENTS
The contractor must make all claims for payments in accordance with Councils
standard format as detailed in Appendix 1 of the Specification
1.27
AFTER HOURS CALL OUT FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

In the case of an emergency the contractor must be available to respond the
initial phone call within 10 minutes to acknowledge receipt of the call out. If the
contractor has not acknowledged within 10 minutes, Council will respond to the
emergency including engaging another contractor to act on behalf Council. All
associate costs including a 20% administration fee will be charged to the
Contractor.
Prior to commencing works the Contractor must provided to Council a list of its
staff which can be contacted in case of an emergency as detailed in Appendix 2
of the Specification. If during the term of the contract it becomes necessary to
change contact details then Council must be informed of the new details prior to
the proposed changes occurring.
Page 11 of 10
August 99
APPENDIX 1
COUNCILS STANDARD PAYMENT CLAIMS FORM ( Clause 1.21 of the Specification )
Item No:
Description
Quantity
Unit
Rate
Amount
Claimed
1
2
3
4
Amount Claimed
Sub-Total
$
$
Variations
Item No:
Description
Quantity
Unit
Rate
Amount
Claimed
Amount Claimed
1
2
3
4
Sub-Total
Less previous payments
1
2
Amount Claimed
$
$
Sub-Total ($
Total
Page 12 of 10
August 99
APPENDIX 2
After Hours Call Out for Construction Projects

( Clause 1.22 of the Specification )
Contract No:
................
Date Works Commenced:
......./........./......
Melway Ref:
.................
Anticipated Completion Date: ....../........../......
Project:
......................................................................................................
Contractor:
......................................................................................................
Location of Works
.....................................................................................................
Office Hours
Name
Phone
Mobile
Pager
Fax
Phone
Mobile
Pager
Fax
After Hours
Name
If any of the phone numbers are changed throughout the contract, the contractor must inform
Council in writing before the number has changed.
Signature :...................................................................................
...................................................................................
(Please print name )
Date
........../............../ 19..........
SECTION 2 - SPECIFICATION FOR PUBLIC

UTILITIES
Page 13 of 10
August 99
2.1
Public Utilities
2.2
Services
2.3
House and Sewer Drains
2.4
Service Conduits
ID 6002
Page 14 of 10
August 99
2.1
PUBLIC UTILITIES
Prior to commencing any of the works of this contract, the contractor shall obtain
all relevant information from the appropriate authorities concerning the location of
any water, sewerage or gas mains, underground pipes or cables which may be
affected by the works of this contract. Any alterations to authorities plant (other
than services to households) will be altered and costs borne by the Shire of Yarra
Ranges. The contractor shall have no claims against the Superintendents
Representative for any delay, loss or inconvenience which may occur through the
necessity of such alteration. The contractor shall notify the Superintendents
Representative as soon as possible of any required alterations.
The contractor shall be responsible for any damage which in the opinion of the
Superintendents Representative has been caused to any of the authorities
services by any works or operations under his control. Where any damage is
caused, the contractor shall notify the appropriate authority immediately of the
damage.
The contractor shall at all times keep all water main cocks and fire fighting
appliances free from obstruction.
Should it be necessary to temporarily dump spoil or other material over authorities
surface fittings, the position of these fittings shall be conspicuously marked by the
contractor.
2.2
EXISTING SERVICES
All gas and water services shall be lowered to a minimum of 150 mm below the
finished subgrade level of the road and to 450 mm below the finished levels in the
naturestrip. All such alterations to services shall be carried out by the contractor
at his own expense and he will be held responsible for making good any services
damaged during the execution of the contract work.
Page 15 of 10
August 99
2.3
HOUSE & SEWER DRAINS

The contractor shall supply and lay house drains to each allotment where shown
on the drawings or where directed by the Superintendents Representative. Pipes
shall be 100 mm PVC laid from the building line to the channel in a straight line
with a uniform fall of not less than 1 in 60, generally 5m from the low side
boundary.
OR
The contractor shall assess the integrity of each existing house drain within the
road reservation and replace conduits where necessary or where directed by the
Superintendents Representative and also allow for connection of existing house
drains that are within 2 metres away from the construction zone.
Where it is necessary to lower or relocate any sewerage connection from a house
or building to the sewer, the appropriate sewerage authority shall be notified and
the alterations carried out by the contractor at his expense under the supervision
of that authoritys representative.
Where house drains connect directly to a piped drain behind the kerb, the kerb
shall be marked with a 50 mm high H to indicate the location of the house drain.
The location of all house drains shall be marked with a 50 mm high H on the
back of the footpath.
2.4
SERVICE CONDUITS
Service conduits shall be provided under the road pavement where shown on the
plans or where directed by the Superintendents Representative. The pipes shall
be laid 375 mm below the edge of the low wing and have a rise of 75 mm to the
high side, and shall extend at least 600 mm behind the back of kerb. Where
conduits cross agricultural pipes, the bottom of the service pipe shall be not less
than 75 mm above the top of the agricultural pipe.
Service conduits shall be 50 mm diameter GI pipe, Class 12 UPVC or other type
of pipe approved by the Superintendents Representative and shall be laid on a
straight line and grade. All pipe ends shall be securely plugged.
Page 16 of 10
August 99
The kerb shall be marked over each conduit with a 50 mm high letter indicating
the type of conduit, W to indicate water, G to indicate gas, T to indicate
Telecommunications and E to indicate Electricity conduits
Conduits should be laid square to the road, however, if necessary to lay skewed,
letter marks on the kerbs should also be angled.
Trenches shall not be backfilled until the pipe line has been inspected and
approved by the Superintendents Representative. The pipe trenches shall be
backfilled with 20mm nominal size class 2 fine crushed rock unless otherwise
directed by the Superintendents Representative.
Page 17 of 10
August 99
SECTION 3 - SPECIFICATION FOR CLEARING

AND GRUBBING
3.1
Description
3.2
Removal of Trees & Vegetation
3.3
Area
3.4
Clearing
3.5
Grubbing
3.6
Removal and Disposal of Materials
3.7
Survey Marks
3.8
Damage to Property
ID 6003
Page 18 of 10
August 99
3.1
DESCRIPTION
Clearing and grubbing shall consist of the removal and proper disposal of all
trees, brush, stumps, logs, grass weeds, blackberries, roots and all decayed
vegetable matter, pole stumps, refuse dumps, and all other objectionable matter
resting on or protruding through the surface of the original ground from the
specified area except as hereinafter set out. It shall also include the removal of
concrete paving and foundations from all areas, and the removal and proper
disposal of all obstructions including kerbs, kerbs and channel, drainage pits,
fences and any old or incidental structures within the specified area which will
conflict or interfere with construction.
The method of clearing, grubbing and disposal of the material cleared and
grubbed from the specified area shall be in accordance with the provisions and
requirements of this specification and in conformity with the requirements
indicated on the plans or as directed by the Superintendent's Representative.
The price for clearing and grubbing shall be included in the cost of the earthworks
unless allowed for in a separate item in the schedule.
3.2
REMOVAL OF TREES & VEGETATION

Only those trees which are marked on the plans, to be removed, shall be removed
as part of this contract.
Reserves or roadways are not to be used as depots or dump sites.
Removal of any trees, other than those shown on the plans, shall only be carried
out by the Contractor after Council approval in writing has been granted.
In the event of unauthorised removal of trees and natural vegetation being carried
out by the Contractor, the appropriate reinstatement including planting, soil
preparation and mulching shall be effected to a standard as directed by the
Superintendent's Representative and in accordance with the Shire of Yarra
Ranges Code of Environmental Practice for Works on Council Controlled Land.
Page 19 of 10
August 99
3.3
AREA
The area to be cleared and grubbed shall comprise the minimum area required for
completion of all works included in this contract.
3.4
CLEARING
The surface within the specified area shall be completely cleared of all perishable
or objectionable vegetable matter and all obstructions as hereinbefore specified.
No trees shall be removed or trimmed without prior approval of the
Superintendent's Representative. Trees shall be felled within the area to be
cleared in such a manner as to avoid damage to vegetation or any property
outside this area.
Separate planning permits for tree removal may be required.
Trees shall be felled one at a time, and except for those actually engaged in
felling no other persons shall work nearer to any other trees being felled at a
distance less than 6m plus the estimated height of the tree.
Where possible, trees shall be felled towards the centre of the area being cleared,
and where they cannot be felled without danger to traffic or damage to other trees,
shrubs, structures or property, they shall be cut in sections from the top down.
Tree branches extending over the roadway which hang within 5 m of the finished
road level shall be cut off close to the boles in a workmanlike manner.
All cuts on trees shall be made flush with the trunk so as to leave no stubs. All
branches or long stubs 50 mm or more in diameter shall be under cut so that the
branches or stubs will not tear down the trunk when falling. All timber, scrub and
debris shall become the property of the Contractor, and shall be disposed of as
specified in Clause 3.6. If so desired the Contractor may stack surplus timber in
such a manner as to be convenient for removal as firewood by others. Royalties
to be paid if wood sold.
On no account shall logs be placed near the toes of embankments to act as
retaining walls. No timber shall be allowed to fall on private property. The
Contractor shall remove at his cost any timber so fallen before final payment is
made.
Page 20 of 10
August 99
3.5
GRUBBING
The entire specified area shall be grubbed free from heavy grass, vegetation,
decayed stumps, roots other perishable matter, foundations, concrete works, pits,
tanks and other structures. All matter and material to be grubbed shall be
removed to a depth of not less than 600 mm below the existing surface. All holes
shall be backfilled with approved material in accordance with the requirements of
the earthworks specification.
3.6
REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL OF MATERIALS

All tree trunks, rubbish, concrete and other debris collected in clearing and
grubbing shall be removed from the site of the work in advance of construction
operations. The roadway and adjacent areas shall be left with a neat and tidy
finished appearance free from unsightly debris. No accumulation of inflammable
material shall be permitted to remain on or adjacent to the road reserve. Cleared
and grubbed material shall not be stacked or burned on private property without
the written consent of the owners and/or occupiers. All permits must be obtained
from the relevant authorities prior to burning taking place.
3.7
SURVEY MARKS
During clearing and grubbing, care shall be taken not to disturb any benchmarks,
survey or level pegs. Any survey pegs lost as a result of the contractors
carelessness shall be replaced at the Contractor's costs.
3.8
DAMAGE TO PROPERTY
In all circumstances the Contractor will be held responsible and liable for any
damage to fences, buildings, grass cultivation or other property caused by or
arising from the execution of work under this section.
Any damage to fences shall be repaired immediately to the satisfaction of the
Superintendent's Representative at the Contractor's expense.
Any trees outside the specified area, which are damaged by the Contractors action, directly or
indirectly, shall be removed or rendered safe as determined by the Superintendent's
Representative.
Page 21 of 10
August 99
SECTION 4 - SPECIFICATION FOR EARTHWORKS

4.1
General
4.2
Conformity with Drawings
4.3
Topsoil
4.4
Excavation
4.5
Rock Excavation
4.6
Filling
4.7
Moisture Content and Filling
4.8
Minimum Subgrade CBR
4.9
Soft Spots
4.10
Compaction Plant
4.11
Compaction of Earthworks
4.12
Vehicle Access
4.13
Test Rolling
4.14
Dust Nuisance
4.15
Runoff and Soil Erosion Control
ID 6004
Page 22 of 10
August 99
4.1
GENERAL
This specification covers the requirements for stripping topsoil, forming and
grading of earthworks including excavation, placement and compaction of filling,
disposal of surplus and unsuitable materials and the trimming and shaping to
alignments, grades, levels and cross sections shown on the drawings or as
directed by the Superintendent.
4.2
CONFORMITY WITH DRAWINGS

The Contractor shall set out and execute the works in strict accordance with the
alignments, levels, grades and cross sections shown on the drawings, or on any
detail sections, drawings, etc., supplied by the Superintendent during the course
of the Contract, or as directed by the Superintendent.
In particular, deviation in line and level from dimensions and levels on the
drawings outside the limits of the table below for the stated sections of the works
will not be permitted.
4.2.1 Level and Shape
Plus
10mm
Minus
40mm
Topsoil areas
20mm
40mm
Cut and Fill Batters (and no

deviation greater than 75mm
below
a 3m straight edge).
50mm
75mm
Pavement subgrade for roads

and car
parks (and no deviation greater
than
25mm below a 3m straight edge,
except across a crown).
4.2.2 Width and Alignment

The edges of the subgrade shall not lie inside and not more than 100mm
outside, the designed offset from centreline or design line.
Page 23 of 10
August 99
4.3
TOPSOIL
In cut and fill areas, the Contractor shall remove a sufficient quantity of the best
topsoil available from the site before commencing excavation. The topsoil shall
be stockpiled on the job and used as topsoil for the naturestrips, batters,
easements and disturbed areas.
The Contractor shall be responsible for ensuring that there is sufficient topsoil to
reinstate and topsoil all areas as required. If sufficient topsoil is not available onsite, the Contractor shall allow to import topsoil from his own sources.
Topsoil shall be fertile, dark coloured loam, friable soil containing organic matter
and shall be free from subsoil, refuse, tree roots, noxious weeds, clay lumps and
stones.
On completion of the works, fill areas, easements and naturestrips shall be
surfaced with a 75 mm minimum depth of topsoil. Naturestrips shall be neatly
raked and trimmed on an even grade from footpath to back of kerb.
4.4
EXCAVATION
Excavation shall consist of excavation, removal and satisfactory disposal of all
materials from within the limits of the work. Where specified, pavement materials
shall be salvaged from existing pavements and spread or stockpiled as directed.
Excavation operations shall be so conducted that the material outside the limits of
the batters is not disturbed. Any slips or falls of material outside the specified
batters due to lack of precaution on the part of the Contractor shall be made good
at his expense to the satisfaction of the Superintendents Representative.
On no account shall any surplus spoil be deposited on private land, without the
written permission of the landowner. Should any such spoil be placed on property
not owned by the Contractor, then the Superintendent's Representative shall
require the Contractor to obtain a clearance in writing from the owner of the
property on which the spoil has been placed before making the final payment. No
spoil shall be dumped on reserves or roadsides without prior permission from the
Council.
Page 24 of 10
August 99
The Superintendent's Representative may direct the Contractor to dispose of any

or all surplus spoil within a lead of 4 km from the site of the works. Where not
directed by the Superintendent's Representative, the Contractor will be required to
dispose of any surplus spoil off the site of the works. The Contractor shall comply
with all regulations and by-laws of all authorities relating to the transport and
placement of the surplus material.
Should excavations not remain free draining during the currency of the work or
where material has, in the opinion of the Engineer, become unsuitable to any
depth due to the Contractor's negligence or use of inappropriate methods, shall
be treated in situ or excavated and replaced and no additional payment will be
made for this work.
4.5
ROCK EXCAVATION
No claim will be considered on the account of any rock or other materials met
within the excavation as the contract amount for excavation shall be binding.
All rock or boulders encountered shall be excavated at least down to the finished
surface of the subgrade. Any resulting depressions shall be backfilled with
approved material properly compacted and drained to suitable outfalls to the
satisfaction of the Superintendent's Representative.
No additional payment will be made for this work.
4.6
FILLING
Material to be used for fill construction shall consist of approved materials free
from logs, stumps, weeds or other perishable matter. Areas upon which fills are to
be constructed shall first be grubbed, cleared and stripped as specified.
After completion of clearing, grubbing and stripping of areas upon which filling is
to be placed, the Superintendent may direct or authorise that any unsuitable
material immediately below these areas shall be treated in situ or excavated to
depths as directed or authorised and replaced with approved material which shall
be spread and compacted as specified.
Page 25 of 10
August 99
Prior to filling the surface of the prepared areas shall be test rolled. Any unstable
area detected by test rolling shall, unless otherwise specified or directed by the
Engineer, be rectified by the Contractor using methods agreed to by the
Superintendent and shall be re-presented for test rolling.
All filled areas shall be constructed in layers of uniform thickness not exceeding
200 mm loose depth. Each layer shall be compacted as specified in Clause 4.11
and 4.13. The maximum size of fill material shall be 150 mm.
Filling over and around pipes, culverts, bridges and other structures shall be
placed in such a manner that will avoid unbalanced loading and that will not cause
movement or place undue strain on any structure. Any rocky material present in
the filling for any layer shall be uniformly distributed within the layer and the whole
shall be compacted as specified.
During the filling operation, the surface of each layer shall be kept generally
parallel to the surface of the subgrade, except that where necessary the outer 1 m
of the fill shall be raised so as to prevent uncontrolled flow of water down the
batter. Prior to the cessation of work each day, the top of the fill shall be shaped
and compacted to minimise damage resulting from wet weather.
Densities shall be checked in situ and fill not meeting the required density shall be
re-excavated and recompacted at the Contractor's cost.
Fill material shall be derived from on-site excavation or from external sources. It
shall be the responsibility of the Contractor to provide all of the filling required for
all purposes necessary to achieve the lines and levels of finished work shown on
the drawings.
Unless otherwise specified, all embankments shall have side slopes not steeper
than 3 to 1.
Page 26 of 10
August 99
4.7
MOISTURE CONTENT OF FILLING

Unless otherwise specified, filling shall have during compaction a moisture
content within the range 85% to 115% of the optimum moisture content as
determined in the standard compaction test for the fraction of the filling that
passes the 37.5 mm AS sieve. After completion of compaction of a layer, the
moisture content of the material in the layer shall be maintained within the range
specified until the layer has been test rolled.
Fill materials which have been satisfactorily compacted, but which become wetted
beyond 130% of optimum moisture content, shall be removed, dried and
recompacted.
4.8
MINIMUM SUBGRADE CBR

Unless otherwise stated on the approved plans, pavement design is based on a
subgrade CBR of 8.0.
Where the subgrade CBR is less than 8.0, the subgrade shall be improved by
stabilisation or replaced with imported material to obtain a CBR of 8.0 as directed
by the Superintendent's Representative.
4.9
SOFT SPOTS
Where directed by the Superintendent's Representative, any soft, wet or unstable
areas of depths exceeding 150 mm below the designed levels of the subgrade
which exists or develop during construction shall be excavated and replaced with
approved material in layers not exceeding 150 mm loose thickness compacted, as
hereinafter specified. The depth to which soft spots shall be dug out shall be
determined on-site by the Superintendent's Representative.
As an alternative to excavation, the Superintendent's Representative may instruct
the Contractor to treat the soft areas in situ by stabilisation or other methods, as
determined by the Superintendent's Representative.
Payment for excavation of soft spots and backfilling materials will be made in
accordance with the relevant item in the schedule.
Page 27 of 10
August 99
Should excavations not remain free draining during the currency of the work or
where material has, in the opinion of the Engineer, become unsuitable to any
depth due to the Contractor's negligence or use of inappropriate methods, shall
be treated in situ or excavated and replaced and no additional payment will be
made for this work.
4.10
EARTHWORKS PLANT & EQUIPMENT

The Contractor shall provide and operate sufficient earthworks plant and
equipment of suitable type and mass to carry out the works in accordance with the
specification.
4.11
COMPACTION OF EARTHWORKS
Compaction of earthworks shall include the compaction of the subgrade in
cuttings, the compaction of areas upon which fill is to be placed and the
compaction of all fill material to the standard indicated hereunder.
All compaction shall be carried out using approved rollers.
(a)
The top 150 mm of the subgrade shall be compacted to a dry density not
less than 100% of the maximum value obtained in the standard compaction
test carried out in accordance with AS 1289.
(b)
Areas upon which fill is to be placed shall be compacted to produce a dry

density not less than 98% of the minimum density required under (a) above
in the top 150 mm of the area.
(c)
All fill material shall be compacted to a dry density not less than 98% of the
minimum density required under (a) above, except for the top 150mm of
any subgrade which shall be compacted in accordance with (a) above.
Construction equipment and traffic shall not be allowed on the subgrade or fill
while it is in a wet condition. Material which has become excessively wet shall be
dried or removed from the site and replaced by material of suitable moisture
content for compaction at the Contractor's expense.
Page 28 of 10
August 99
4.12
VEHICLE ACCESS
Vehicle access is to be provided to all properties as directed by the
Superintendent's Representative.
All allotments must be accessible at the title boundary at a maximum grade of 1 in
5.
Where the grade of such access is unobtainable within the road reserve, the
construction work is required to be extended into the property concerned for a
maximum distance of 7.5m, in order to achieve an acceptable grade or as
described on the plans.
4.13
TEST ROLLING
All layers areas shall be test rolled prior to the placement of any subsequent
pavement materials. The finished surface of filled areas shall likewise be test
rolled. Any unstable area detected shall be rectified by the Contractor using
methods agreed to by the Superintendent's Representative.
All layers shall be compacted such that no visible deformation or springing is
visible under the action of test rolling. Test Rolling shall be carried out by the
contractor in the presence of and to the satisfaction of the Superintendents
Representative by using; six (6) cubic metre truck fully loaded with approved
material or a vehicle of equivalent weight as agreed by the Superintendents
Representative.
4.14
DUST NUISANCE
Under no circumstances shall a dust nuisance be allowed to develop during
construction works. Any dust problems determined by the Superintendents
Representative shall be contained by watering or any other methods approved by
the Superintendents Representative.
Page 29 of 10
August 99
4.15
RUNOFF & SOIL EROSION CONTROL

The Contractor shall take whatever necessary measures may be required during
construction to control runoff from the land. Such measures may include the use
of contour and cutoff drains, and sediment traps and shall ensure that polluted or
sediment laden runoff does not enter directly or indirectly any drainage systems,
creek or water course.
Runoff control plans shall be submitted to the
Superintendent for examination and approval prior to the commencement of
earthworks.
Accepted turbid runoff control practice can be found within the publications
Guidelines for Minimising Soil Erosion and Sedimentation from Construction Sites
(1979) and Control of Erosion on Construction Sites published by the Department
of Conservation Forests and Lands (NRE).
When directed by the Superintendent, temporary control works shall be removed and the area
reinstated to the satisfaction of the Superintendent.
Page 30 of 10
August 99
SECTION 5 - SPECIFICATION FOR INSITU

CEMENT AND LIME STABILISATION
OF SUBGRADE
5.1
General
5.2
Definitions
5.3
5.4
Materials
5.5
Construction Plant
5.6
Construction Method
5.7
Requirements for Testing and Acceptance
5.8
Test Rolling
5.9
Curing and Protection of Compacted Layers
ID 6005
Page 31 of 10
August 99
5.1
GENERAL
This section covers the requirements for materials and construction for insitu
cement and lime stabilisation of the subgrade. The requirements relate to
preparation of soil, quality of lime and cement, mixing and compaction plant, and
spreading, mixing and compaction procedures.
5.2
DEFINITIONS
Quicklime
Quicklime is a granular form of lime consisting primarily of calcium oxide and can
be readily slaked.
Hydrated Lime
Hydrated lime is a powdered form of lime consisting primarily of calcium
hydroxide.
Equivalent Calcium Oxide Content
Equivalent calcium oxide content is the amount of calcium oxide, expressed as a
percentage by mass, which:-
5.3
(a)
in quicklime produces calcium hydroxide after slaking;
(b)
in hydrated lime is chemically proportional to the amount of calcium

hydroxide available after slaking.

The stabilised subgrade shall be finished to reasonably smooth and uniform
surfaces and after compaction shall conform within the following limits to the
levels, lines, grades, thicknesses and cross sections shown on the drawings, or
specified, or directed by the Superintendent's Representative.
Page 32 of 10
August 99
5.3.1 Level and Shape

The level at any point in the stabilised layer shall not differ by more than
20mm from the specified level. The Superintendent's Representative may
require that the shape be checked by means of a 3m straightedge laid
parallel to the centreline of the road or, except on crowned sections, laid at
right angles to the centreline, in which case no point on the surface shall lie
more than 20mm below the straightedge.
5.3.2 Thickness
The average thickness of the stabilised layer at any point shall be not less
than the thickness specified on the drawings. At no point shall the
thickness of the stabilised layer be more than 20mm below the required
depth.
5.3.3 Width and Alignment
The edges of the stabilised layer shall not lie inside, and not more than
100mm outside, the designed offset from centreline or design line.
5.4
MATERIALS
5.4.1 Lime Properties
(i)
Quicklime
The equivalent calcium oxide content of quicklime shall be not less
than 60%.
When slaked in accordance with AS 1672 testing procedures the
residue of quicklime shall not exceed 30%.
At the time of spreading, quicklime shall comply with the grading
requirements specified in Table 1.
Table 1
Sieve Size
AS (mm)
9.5
4.75
2.36
Test Value
(% Passing)
100
95-100
85-100
Page 33 of 10
August 99
(ii)
Hydrated Lime
The equivalent calcium oxide of hydrated lime shall be not less than
60%.
Hydrated lime shall be dry and shall have been produced not more
than 14 days before delivery.
At the time of spreading, hydrated lime shall comply with the grading
Table 2
Sieve Size
AS (mm)
9.5
4.75
2.36
Test Value
(% Passing)
100
95-100
85-100
5.4.2 Cement Properties

Cement shall comply with either AS1315 - Portland Cement or AS1317 Blended Cement.
5.4.3 Water
Water shall be clear and free from detrimental impurities such as oils, salts,
acids, alkalis and vegetable substances.
5.4.4 Supply, Delivery and Storage of Lime and Cement
The Contractor shall nominate the supplier of lime and cement at least 7
days prior to the commencement of delivery. The Contractor shall supply,
on request, a certificate from the supplier stating the minimum equivalent
calcium oxide content of the lime. The Contractor shall also supply, on
request, a certificate from the supplier stating that the cement complies
with AS1315 or AS1317 as appropriate.
If at any time the Contractor proposes to obtain lime or cement from
another source or of a different quality the Superintendent's Representative
shall be notified in time to allow the Superintendent's Representative to
perform such inspections, tests and evaluations as required.
Page 34 of 10
August 99
Lime and cement may be delivered to the site either in bulk or in bags and
shall be stored in weatherproof structures. Lime or cement which is
damaged by moisture shall not be used and shall be removed from the site
by the Contractor.
5.5
CONSTRUCTION PLANT
5.5.1 General
The Contractor shall provide and operate sufficient spreading, mixing,
watering and compacting plant to carry out the work specified.
5.5.2 Spreading Plant
Plant for spreading both the lime and the cement shall be capable of
distributing the material evenly over the area at the required spreading
rate. The spreading rate shall be capable of being varied within the range
3 kg/sq.m to 22 kg/sq.m.
5.5.3 Mixing Plant
The mixing plant shall be capable of pulverising the soil as specified and
uniformly mixing the pulverised soil, lime, cement and added water to a
depth at least equal to the specified thickness of the stabilised layer.
The plant shall be fitted with an adjustable screed plate and cover flaps.
5.5.4 Watering Plant
Watering plant shall have spray bars capable of uniformly distributing water
in a mist and shall be fitted with rapid-acting positive shut-off valves
controlled from the operator's cabin.
Watering plant shall be fitted with constant head devices or pumps capable
of delivering a uniform rate of flow regardless of the quantity of water in the
tanks.
Page 35 of 10
August 99
5.6
CONSTRUCTION METHOD
5.6.1 General
Construction includes the preparation of soil, spreading of lime, spreading
of cement, slaking of quicklime, mixing of lime, cement and soil, and
compaction, trimming and curing of stabilised soil.
Unless otherwise approved by the Superintendent's Representative,
construction carried out each day shall be completed across the full
specified width.
The Contractor shall ensure that his employees are instructed concerning
the hazards of working with lime and that safe working practices are
observed. Personnel engaged in handling, spreading and mixing of lime
shall wear suitable protective clothing such as overalls, boots, gloves,
goggles and respirator and shall have access to skin protection cream,
hand cleanser, clean water and towels.
5.6.2 Preparation of Soil
The soil to be stabilised shall be scarified to a depth equal to the specified
thickness of the stabilised layer. Any stones larger than 75mm shall be
removed from the scarified soil and the scarified soil shall be compacted
sufficiently to provide a reasonably even surface.
5.6.3 Spreading of Lime and/or Cement
Spreading of lime and/or cement shall not commence without the consent
of the Superintendents Representative. Spreading shall not be carried out
during windy periods if, in the opinion of the Superintendent's
Representative, lime or cement could be dispersed or become a nuisance
or a hazard to persons, property or livestock.
(i)
Lime shall be spread uniformly over the prepared surface at a rate

determined as follows:
Specified distribution rate x 100
Spreading rate = Equivalent calcium oxide content
(ii)
Cement shall be spread uniformly at a controlled rate (kg/sq.m)

across the material to be stabilised.
Page 36 of 10
August 99
The Superintendent's Representative may direct a light watering of

the spread cement to be carried out, to prevent loss of cement by
wind action.
The distribution rate of the stabilising additive is that rate specified
on the drawings or as directed by the Superintendent's
Representative.
Only plant used in the spreading, slaking or mixing operations shall
be allowed to pass over the spread lime.
5.6.4 Slaking of Quicklime
Slaking of quicklime shall not commence without the consent of the
Superintendent's Representative. Slaking shall be effected by spraying
water over the quicklime at a uniform rate just sufficient to allow complete
hydration.
5.6.5 Mixing of Lime with Sub-grade.
Mixing shall not commence without the consent of the Superintendent's
Representative. Where quicklime is used, mixing shall not commence until
slaking is complete unless otherwise consented to by the Superintendents
Representative.
All lime spread shall be mixed into the soil to a depth equal to the specified
thickness of the stabilised layer within 6 hours of spreading, unless
otherwise consented to by the Superintendent's Representative. Mixing
shall proceed until all material other than stones can pass a 37.5mm AS
sieve and at least 60% of such material can pass a 9.5mm AS sieve and
the lime is uniformly mixed throughout the soil.
Where the required degree of breakdown of the soil is not achieved on the
day of commencement of mixing the Contractor shall allow the soil-lime
mixture to stand for a conditioning period of up to 3 days. If at the end of
the conditioning period the required breakdown of the soil is not achieved
after further mixing the Superintendent's Representative may direct the
Contractor to add further lime to the soil and mix the material until the
required degree of breakdown has been achieved.
Page 37 of 10
August 99
The moisture content shall be adjusted as necessary during the mixing

process to maintain the moisture content within the range 85% to 115% of
the standard optimum moisture content of the stabilised material.
Where lime has been spread, but not mixed into the soil and windy
conditions develop, the Contractor shall water the lime as necessary to
minimise loss, nuisance or hazard, and in the case of quicklime to effect
slaking, and mixing shall proceed without delay.
5.6.6 Cement Content
The cement content (%) is expressed as a percentage of the dry mass of
the material to be stabilised. The cement content shall be maintained
within +/- 10% by mass of the rate specified on the drawings or as directed
by the Superintendent's Representative throughout the stabilised subgrade
area and depth.
5.6.7 Mixing of Cement with Sub-grade
Mixing shall be conducted as soon as practicable after spreading to enable
compaction to be completed within two hours of spreading or within the
period directed by the Superintendent's Representative. The cement shall
be mixed throughout the specified depth to within a cement content of +/10% of that specified. The paving material shall be pulverised to the
degree that excluding solid particles, 100% of the material shall pass a
37.5mm AS sieve and 80% of the material shall pass a 4.75mm AS sieve.
After pulverisation, any individual particles larger than 50mm shall be
removed from the subgrade.
5.6.8 Compaction of Lime and/or Cement Stabilised
Material
Compaction shall commence at the earliest practicable time. It shall be

completed within two hours of water being added to the mixed material.
The amount of water added shall be sufficient to permit the specified
compaction to be achieved. The moisture content of the pavement,
immediately after compaction, shall be within the range 80% to 100% of the
modified optimum moisture content.
The stabilised subgrade shall be compacted to a dry density of not less
than 100% of the maximum value obtained in the standard compaction test
carried out in accordance with AS 1289 E1.1.
Watering and compaction plant shall not be allowed to remain standing on
material being compacted or on newly compacted material.
Page 38 of 10
August 99
5.6.9 Trimming
After compaction, the surface shall be trimmed, to the required levels,
grades and cross sections. The finished surface shall be smooth riding
and free from loose material.
5.7
REQUIREMENTS FOR TESTING AND ACCEPTANCE OF LIME AND CEMENT

CONTENT
The Superintendent's Representative may ascertain the average spreading rate of
the stabilising additive by dividing the mass of the additive spread by the area
over which the additive has been spread.
Where the average spreading rate is less than the specified rate, additional
additive shall be spread to bring the average rate up to at least the specified rate.
When directed by the Superintendent's Representative, the Contractor shall check
the uniformity of spreading of additive by placing mats with a plan area not less
than 1sq.m. in the path of the spreading vehicle and dividing the mass of additive
deposited on each mat by the plan area of the mat. Where the spreading rate so
determined for any mat is greater or less than the specified rate by more than
10%, the Superintendent's Representative may require that additional additive be
spread over part or all of the area over which the additive has been spread.
Page 39 of 10
August 99
5.8
TEST ROLLING
All layers shall be test rolled prior to the placement of any subsequent pavement
materials. The finished surface of filled areas shall likewise be test rolled. Any
unstable area detected shall be rectified by the Contractor using methods agreed
to by the Superintendents Representative.
visible under the action of test rolling. Test rolling shall be carried out by the
Representative.
5.9
CURING AND PROTECTION OF COMPACTED LAYERS

The surface of the compacted layer shall be kept sufficiently moist to make good
any moisture loss, to lay, test and to maintain about the standard optimum
moisture content until the succeeding layer is placed or until any subsequent
pavement work under the Contract is commenced or until the Superintendents
Representative accepts and take responsibility for that area.
Construction or other traffic shall not use a compacted layer without the approval
of the Superintendent's Representative. The surface shall be kept in good order
and condition and be kept free from contamination. Unless otherwise consented
to by the Superintendent's Representative, placing and compacting of any
subsequent layer under the Contract shall be carried out within 48 hours of
notification of acceptance of the stabilised layer.
Page 40 of 10
August 99
SECTION 6 - SPECIFICATION FOR ROAD

PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION OF
BASE AND SUBBASE COURSES
6.1
General
6.2
Standards
6.3
6.4
Spreading and Finishing Plant
6.5
Watering Plant
6.6
Compaction Plant
6.7
Spreading of Material
6.8
Compaction of Material
6.9
Test Rolling
6.10
Approval of Pavement Construction
6.11
Salamander/Soft Rock Fill Course
6.12
Crushed Rock for Subbase Pavement Courses and Road Shoulders
6.13
Crushed Rock and Plant-mixed Wet-mixed Crushed Rock Pavement

Courses
6.14
Cement Treated Crushed Rock Pavement Courses
6.15
Testing
ID 6006
Page 41 of 10
August 99
6.1
GENERAL
This section covers the requirements for the delivery, spreading and compaction
of various quarry materials, construction plant, and methods and finished
properties for the construction of pavement courses. Other items and types of
plant may be used subject to the agreement of the Superintendents
Representative.
6.2
STANDARDS
The following Australian Standards shall apply to these works:
AS 1141
AS 1315
AS 1317
6.3
Methods for Sampling and Testing Aggregates

Portland Cement
Blended Cement

The pavement courses shall be finished to give a reasonably smooth and uniform
surface and after compaction shall conform to the levels, lines, grades,
thicknesses and cross sections shown on the drawings or specified or directed by
the Superintendent's Representative.
6.4
SPREADING AND FINISHING PLANT

The Contractor shall provide and operate sufficient spreading and finishing plant
and equipment of suitable type and mass to carry out the works in accordance
with the specification.
6.5
WATERING PLANT
Watering plant shall have spray bars capable of uniformly distributing water on the
road and shall be fitted with rapid acting positive shut-off valves controlled from
the operator's cabin. Watering plant used for construction of plant mixed wet-mix
and cement treated crushed rock courses shall be fitted with constant head
devices or pumps, capable of delivering a uniform rate of flow regardless of the
quantity of water remaining in the tank.
Page 42 of 10
August 99
6.6
COMPACTION PLANT
The Contractor shall provide and operate sufficient compaction plant and
equipment of suitable type and mass to carry out the works in accordance with the
specification.
6.7
SPREADING
Spreading of any layer of material shall not commence without the prior consent
of the Superintendent or his representative.
Each layer shall be spread and compacted as soon as practical after the previous
layer has been compacted and the consent of the Superintendent's
Representative has been given. The previous layer shall be kept in good
condition during spreading of the layer. Until compaction has been completed and
the consent of the Superintendents Representative has been given, no further
material shall be spread.
Plant mixed wet-mix crushed rock shall be spread with a self-propelled paver
unless otherwise approved by the Superintendents Representative. Care shall be
taken to minimise segregation of material. If segregation occurs in plant mixed
wet-mix crushed rock, the segregated material shall be replaced at the
Contractor's expense.
If segregation occurs in crushed rock, the segregated material shall be mixed and
respread using methods agreed to by the Superintendents Representative.
Unless otherwise specified or shown on the drawings, the compacted thickness of
any layer of any course shall not exceed 150mm or be less than 3 times the
nominal size of material.
The Superintendents Representative may consent to a greater thickness.
6.8
COMPACTION
Compaction shall commence promptly after spreading and all material spread
each day shall be compacted sufficiently to provide a dense surface to minimise
the entry of water in the event of rain.
Watering and compaction plant shall not be allowed to remain standing on
pavement being compacted or on newly compacted pavement.
Where the work of the contract includes preparation of the surface for sealing, the
top of the base course shall be rolled with a suitable roller to provide a hard dense
surface capable of being swept with a rotary broom to leave a tight surface free
from loose material.
Page 43 of 10
August 99
Fine crushed rock pavements shall be placed and compacted in layers to obtain a
final density of not less than 98% Australian Modified Maximum Density as
determined by the Australian Modified Compaction Test. All tests shall be carried
out in accordance with Australian Standard AS 1289.
The Contractor shall be required to provide compaction test results to the
Superintendent and shall allow, in the amount tendered for pavements, to engage
a Soils Consultant ( or independent N.A.T.A. laboratory ) approved by the
Superintendent to carry out compaction testing on all layers of pavement, based
on the following criteria :Pavements in siteworks or roadways shall be tested at 30m centres or a 30m grid
of testing over the site. Tests shall be taken on each layer of pavement. It will be
an expressed condition of this contract that the contractor allows for the cost of
compaction testing in accordance with this Clause in the tendered price for the
works.
The Superintendent's Representative may require additional testing over and
above the nominated testing interval set out above. The Contractor shall be
reimbursed from the prime cost sum for materials and compaction testing for
these tests. The costs for testing pavement which is found to be faulty together
with the cost of replacing and recompaction of the faulty pavement material shall
be borne by the contractor.
Material not meeting the required density
specification will be reworked and recompacted until the specified density is
achieved.
6.9
TEST ROLLING
All layers shall be test rolled prior to the placement of any subsequent pavement
to by the Superintendents Representative.
visible under the action of test rolling. Test rolling shall be carried out by the
Representative.
6.10
APPROVAL OF PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION

The base and each course of road pavement shall be approved in writing by the
Superintendents Representative before any further works are carried out on a
subsequent course. The Contractor shall be responsible for making good any
damage to, and maintaining to the satisfaction of the Superintendents
Representative the pavement course on which he is carrying out works for the
Page 44 of 10
August 99
construction of a subsequent course, not withstanding that approval has been

previously given for further works to proceed.
The surface of any compacted layer shall be kept sufficiently moist to maintain
approximately the appropriate optimum moisture content in that layer until any
succeeding layer is placed or until any subsequent pavement works under the
Contract are commenced or the Superintendents Representative accepts and
takes responsibility for that area. Except where a pavement is being constructed
under traffic, construction or other traffic shall not use a compacted layer of
pavement without the approval of the Superintendents Representative. The
pavement shall be kept in good order and condition by grading and rolling and
kept free of contamination.
6.11
SALAMANDER/SOFT ROCK FILL COURSE

All materials to be used in this course shall be free from decayed vegetable
matter, tree roots and grass etc. No stone larger than 150mm in diameter will be
tolerated.
Salamander shall comply with the following specifications.
Sieves
%
Passing
TOLERANCE OF SIZING
Percentage by Weight Passing Sieves Designated (mm)
150
106
53
26.5
13.20 2.36
1.18
425u
0
m
100
846450382217-22
8-14
88
72
58
45
28
300u
m
7-12
TOLERANCE ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Properties of Material Passing
No. 36 Sieve
Plasticity Index:
Minimum 0
Maximum 9
6.11.1 Conformity with Drawings
The salamander course shall be finished to a smooth and uniform surface
and shall conform to the limits of the levels, lines, grades, thicknesses, and
cross-sections shown on the drawings and spread and compacted as
specified in accordance with Clause 6.2 to Clause 6.9 inclusive.
(i)
Level and Shape

The level at any point on the salamander course shall not differ by
more than 20mm from the specified level. The Superintendents
Representative may require that the shape be checked by means of
a 3m straightedge laid parallel to the centreline of the road or,
except on crowned sections, laid at right angles to the centreline, in
Page 45 of 10
August 99
(ii)
which case no point on the surface shall lie more than 20mm below
the straightedge.
Thickness
The average thickness of the salamander course at any point shall
be not less than the thickness specified on the drawings. At no point
shall the thickness of the salamander layer be more than 20mm
below the required depth.
(iii)
Width and Alignment

The edges of the salamander course shall not lie inside, and not
more than 100mm outside, the designed offset from the centreline or
design line.
Page 46 of 10
August 99
6.12
CRUSHED ROCK FOR SUBBASE PAVEMENT COURSES AND ROAD

SHOULDERS
Class 3 crushed rock shall be used for subbase pavement courses and road
shoulders as defined on the drawings or specified on the accompanying
schedules.
The coarse crushed rock and fine crushed rock shall have maximum stone sizes
of 40mm and 20mm respectively and shall comply with the tolerance on physical
properties set out below.
Sieve Size
AS (mm)
53.0
37.5
26.5
19.0
13.2
9.5
4.75
2.36
0.425
0.075
Permitted Grading before Compaction

(% Passing)
Nominal Size
Nominal Size
20mm
40mm
100
95-100
100
75-95
95-100
64-90
75-95
60-90
42-78
42-76
28-64
28-60
20-50
10-28
7-23
2-10
2-9
TOLERANCE OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Properties of Materials
Passing 425um Sieve
Plasticity Index
Los Angeles
Lower Liquid
Abrasion Loss
Limit
Min.
Max.
Max.
Max.
0
10
30
35
6.13
CRUSHED ROCK AND PLANT-MIXED WET-MIX CRUSHED

ROCK PAVEMENT COURSES
Class 2 crushed rock shall be used for pavement courses as defined on the
drawings or specified on the accompanying schedules.
Page 47 of 10
August 99
The coarse crushed rock and fine crushed rock shall have maximum stone sizes
of 40mm and 20mm respectively and shall comply with the tolerance on physical
properties set out below.
Sieve Size (mm)
53.0
37.5
26.5
19.0
13.2
9.5
4.75
2.36
0.425
0.075
Permitted Grading before Compaction

(% Passing)
Nominal Size
Nominal Size
20 mm
40mm
100
95-100
100
80-90
95-100
66-82
78-92
63-83
44-64
44-64
29-49
30-49
21-38
14-23
10-18
6-11
5-9
TOLERANCE OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Properties of Materials
Passing 425um Sieve
Plasticity Index
Los Angeles
Lower Liquid
Abrasion Loss
Limit
Min.
Max.
Max.
Max.
0
6
25
30
The crushed rock pavement courses, each consisting of one or more
layers, shall be finished to reasonably smooth and uniform surfaces and
after compaction shall conform to the limits of the levels, lines, grades,
thicknesses and cross-sections shown on the drawings, and spread and
compacted as specified in accordance with Clauses 6.2 to 6.9 inclusive.
Page 48 of 10
August 99
(i)
Level and shape

The level at any point on the crushed rock course shall not differ by
more than 10mm from the specified level. The Superintendents
Representative may require that the shape be checked by means of
a 3m straightedge laid parallel to the centreline of the road or,
except on crowned sections, laid at right angles to the centreline, in
which case no point on the surface shall lie more than 10mm below
the straightedge.
(ii)
Thickness
The average thickness of each crushed rock layer at any point shall
be not less than the thickness specified on the drawings. At no point
shall the thickness of the crushed rock layer be more than 10mm
below the required depth.
(iii)
Width and Alignment

The edges of the crushed rock layers shall not lie inside, and not
more than 100mm outside, the designed offset from the centreline or
design line.
6.14
CEMENT TREATED CRUSHED ROCK PAVEMENT

COURSES
This section covers the requirements for cement treated Class 2 crushed rock
subbase of 20mm and 40mm nominal size which shall conform to the material
gradings and physical properties as specified in Clause 6.11. Cement treated
crushed rock is a mixture of crushed rock fragments, cement and water or
crushed rock fragments, sand, cement and water produced at a controlled mixing
plant to tolerances of grading, moisture content and cement content.
6.14.1 Moisture Content
The moisture content of the materials at the time of spreading, expressed
as a percentage by mass, shall not differ from the modified optimum
moisture content, as appropriate, by plus or minus 10%.
Page 49 of 10
August 99
6.14.2 Cement Content

Cement shall be added and mixed into the crushed rock in such a manner
as to produce a uniform cement content. After mixing, the cement content
of the moisture, expressed as a percentage by mass of the dry crushed
rock, shall be within plus or minus 0.3 of the value as specified on the
drawings or elsewhere.
(a)
Delivery
The methods of loading and unloading material shall be such that
segregation will be minimised.
Material shall be delivered to the site within 75 minutes from the time
of completion of mixing. Material delivered to the site more than 75
minutes from the time of completion of mixing or at a time of day
which in the opinion of the Superintendents Representative would
not allow the specified spreading and compaction procedure to be
completed may be rejected by the Superintendents Representative.
Material which does not comply with the Specification shall be
removed from the site at the Contractor's expense.
(b)
Delivery Vehicles
Delivery vehicles shall have bodies approved by the
Superintendents Representative and be fitted with covers of canvas
or other approved material to prevent loss of moisture during
transport. Vehicles used for delivery of material to the hoppers of
pavers shall have bodies or discharge equipment which will enable
the load to be discharged direct into the hopper without spillage and
in such a way that segregation will be minimised.
Page 50 of 10
August 99
6.14.3 Curing and Protection of Compacted Layers

The surface of each compacted layer shall be kept moist for a period of 7
days unless sooner covered with the succeeding layer or with a curing
membrane approved by the Superintendents Representative. Construction
or other traffic shall not use a compacted layer without the approval of the
Superintendents Representative. The subbase shall be kept in good order
and condition and free from contamination.
The cement treated pavement courses each consisting of one or more
layers, shall be finished to reasonably smooth and uniform surfaces and
after compaction shall conform to the limits of the levels, lines, grades,
thicknesses and spread and compacted as specified in accordance with
Clause 6.2 to Clause 6.9 inclusive.
(i)
Level and shape

The level at any point on the cement treated crushed rock course
shall not differ by more than 10mm from the specified level. The
superintendents representative may require that the shape be
checked by means of a 3m straightedge laid parallel to the
centreline of the road or, except on crowned sections, laid at right
angles to the centreline, in which case no point on the surface shall
lie more than 10mm below the straightedge.
(ii)
Thickness
The average thickness of each cement treated crushed rock layer at
any point shall be not less than the thickness specified on the
drawings. At no point shall the thickness of each layer be more than
10mm below the required depth.
(iii)
Width and Alignment

The edges of the cement treated crushed rock course shall not lie
inside, and not more than 100mm outside, the designed offset from
the centreline or design line.
6.15
TESTING
The Contractor shall provide test results including Sieve Analysis, Plasticity Index,
Los Angeles Abrasion Loss, and Lower Liquid Limit prepared in accordance with
AS 1141 on a quarterly basis throughout the duration of the contract period
demonstrating compliance with each type of material defined in this specification.
The Contractor shall allow for the cost of this testing in his tender price.
Page 51 of 10
August 99
Quarterly test results produced by the Contractor shall not take away the right of
the Superintendent's Representative to reject material delivered to job sites that
does not comply with this specification.
The Superintendent's Representative may require additional testing to be
undertaken by an independent laboratory on a random sampling basis. The
Contractor shall provide access to material at the quarry site during normal
working hours to enable samples to be taken by Council's nominated testing
officer.
Page 52 of 10
August 99
SECTION 7 - SPECIFICATION FOR CONCRETE

FOR CIVIL WORKS
7.1
Australian Standards
7.2
Description
7.3
Cement Content
7.4
Storage of Cement
7.5
Water
7.6
Steel Reinforcement
7.7
Fine Aggregate for Concrete
7.8
Coarse Aggregate
7.9
Mixture
7.10
Mixing
7.11
Transportation of Concrete
7.12
Cement Mortar
7.13
High Early Strength Concrete
7.14
Measuring
7.15
Placing
7.16
Compacting
7.17
Curing
7.18
Construction Joints
7.19
Concreting
7.20
Forms
7.21
Arrangement of Formworks
7.22
Removal of Forms
7.23
Surface Finish
7.24
Defective Concrete
7.25
Concrete Testing and Analysis
ID 6007
Page 53 of 10
August 99
7.1
STANDARDS
AS 1302
AS 1303
AS 1304
AS 1315
AS 1317
AS 1379
AS 1465
AS 1478
AS 1479
AS 3600
7.2
Steel Reinforcing Bars for Concrete

Hard - Drawn Steel Reinforcing Wire for Concrete
Hard - Drawn Steel Wire Reinforcing Fabric for Concrete
Portland Cement
Blended Cement
Ready - Mixed Concrete
Dense Natural Aggregates for Concrete
Chemical Admixtures for Use in Concrete
Code of Practice for the Use of Chemical Admixtures in
Concrete
Concrete Structures
DESCRIPTION
The concrete shall consist of a mixture of cement, fine aggregates, coarse
aggregate, and water proportioned so that there will be the quantity of cement in
each cubic metre of finished concrete as set out in clause Cement Content of
this specification. The proportion of fine aggregate to coarse aggregate will
depend on the grading of the materials, but the amount of fine aggregate shall
always be the minimum which, combined with cement, will produce only
sufficient mortar to fill the voids in the coarse aggregate and leave a slight
excess for finishing. The proportions will be determined by the Superintendents
Representative and shall be strictly adhered to by the Contractor.
7.3
CEMENT CONTENT
The proportions of cement to aggregate for the various parts of the work, will be
determined by the Superintendents Representative. The Contractor shall at all
times when ordering concrete ensure that the order is for a minimum 25 mPa
mix.
Page 54 of 10
August 99
7.4
STORAGE OF CEMENT
Cement shall be stored in a shed so that it is kept thoroughly dry. Any that
becomes wet or otherwise defective will be condemned, and shall be removed
from the works immediately.
7.5
WATER
All water used in concrete shall be subject to the approval of the Superintendents
Representative, and shall be reasonably clear, free from oil, alkali, or vegetable
substance and neither brackish or salty.
7.6
STEEL REINFORCEMENT
Reinforcement shall be thoroughly cleaned of all loose scale, rust, and other
detrimental coatings and shall be accurately placed, secured and maintained in
position until incorporated in the concrete to the satisfaction of the
Superintendent.
Where shown on plans, steel reinforcement shall be left protruding for the
purpose of bonding on future work. Care shall be taken to avoid damage to the
dowels after they have set and any dowels damaged in any way shall be cut out
and replaced by the Contractor at his own expense.
7.7
FINE AGGREGATE FOR CONCRETE

The fine aggregate for concrete shall conform to the following requirements:
(a)
Description
Fine aggregate shall consist of clean, hard durable naturally occurring
uncoated grains of silica free from lumps, dust, soft or flaky particles, shale,
salt, alkali, organic matter, loam, or other deleterious substances.
(b)
Grading
Fine aggregate shall be uniformly graded from coarse to fine material and
shall, when tested with laboratory sieves comply to the following limits:
Sieve Sizes AS (mm)
4.75
2.35
1.18
600um
300um
Percentage of total
Sample Passing
Not less than 100
76
56
40
20
Page 55 of 10
August 99
150um
(c)
Strength
Mortar composed of one part by weight of Portland Cement, two and half
parts by weight of fine aggregate and one half by weight of water mixed
and tested by the laboratory of an authority approved by the
Superintendent, shall develop compressive strength at the age of seven
days of not less than 25 mPa.
(d)
Organic Impurities
Fine aggregate when tested in standard manner with 3% Sodium
Hydroxide solution, shall not after 24 hours show a colour darker than a
pale yellow. If aggregates which are defective in this respect are
satisfactorily washed, permission may be given to use them.
7.8
COARSE AGGREGATE
The coarse aggregate shall conform to the following requirements:(a)
Description
Coarse aggregate shall consist of crushed stone or gravel having clean,
hard, strong, durable, uncoated particle, free from soft friable, thin
elongated or laminated pieces, disintegrated stone, salt, alkali, organic
matter, or other deleterious substance.
(b)
Prevention of Segregation
To avoid segregation in supply delivery and stacking, coarse aggregate
shall be delivered on to the site in the following sizes:
(c)
(i)
5mm minimum to 13mm maximum
(ii)
10mm minimum to 20mm maximum
(iii)
20mm minimum to the largest allowable size.
Grading
Coarse aggregate shall be well graded from the largest to the smallest
pieces, and when tested by means of laboratory sieves shall comply with
the following limits:
Sieve Sizes
19.00mm
Percentage of Whole
Sample Passing
Not less than 100
Page 56 of 10
August 99
13.2mm
9.50mm
6.70mm
4.75mm
2.36mm
80
60
39
14
0
The actual grading shall be such that the sum of the maximum divergence
above the curve of the specified grading plotted and the sum of the
maximum divergence below the curve of the specified grading plotted shall
not exceed 10%. The divergence shall be considered as a percentage of
the amount passing each sieve.
(d)
Abrasion
When tested in the Los Angeles machine in the standard manner, the loss
shall not exceed 22%.
The various grades of stone and sand shall be stored in such a manner
and place that they will be kept clean and not become mixed. Materials
condemned by the Superintendents Representative shall be forthwith
removed from the works.
7.9
MIXTURE
Unless otherwise specified, all concrete used on the works shall consist of:One (1) part cement
Two (2) parts sand (half part fine sand, 1.5 parts coarse sand)
Three (3) parts bluestone screenings (20mm)
One (1) part bluestone toppings (10mm)
Limil shall be added to the mortar mixture in such proportion as the
Superintendents Representative shall determine.
The ratio of fine to coarse aggregate may be varied by the Superintendents
Representative, but the ratio of cement to the total aggregate shall remain
unaltered.
The quantity of water used shall be as directed by the
Superintendents Representative, and shall be the minimum required to give a
workable mixture. Concrete shall have a maximum slump of 50mm when the
standard slump test is applied. The measured concrete slump at the point of
placement shall be within 10mm of the approved design value when measured in
accordance with requirements of AS 1012 Part 3. Any concrete that does not
comply with this requirement shall not be used.
All concrete shall have 28 days compressive strength of not less than 25 mPa for
general concrete work and shall be a minimum of 30 mPa for road pavement.
Test cylinders will be prepared on the job by the Contractors representative when
directed by the Superintendents Representative.
Page 57 of 10
August 99
Cylinders to be prepared in presence of Contractor or his representative, and

shall be numbered and marked with date. The Superintendent's Representative
will keep a register of such test cylinders which shall also show the dimensions
and chainages of the various concrete works executed on every day and in
particular those executed on the days upon which samples were taken. Samples
will be tested at an approved laboratory. Two cylinders will be prepared for each
nominated site as follows:
No 1 Tested for 7 days strength.
No 2 Tested for 28 days strength.
In the event of No 2 not reaching the required standard, the remains will be
analysed. The result of this test will be binding and final on the Contractor and the
Superintendent's Representative. The Contractor is to take immediate steps to
remove and reconstruct any work condemned by reason of this section of the
specifications.
The cost of all testing shall be borne by the Contractor.
The maximum shrinkage when tested in accordance with AS 1012 Part 13 shall
not exceed 650 microstrain.
Page 58 of 10
August 99
7.10
MIXING
The concrete shall be mixed in such quantities as are required for immediate use.
The use of partly hardened concrete or remixing of such concrete, with or without
additional cement, aggregate or water, will not be permitted. Hand mixing will only
be carried out with the approval of the Superintendent.
Machine mixing may be completed at site or at a central mixing plant. The mixing
of concrete shall be done in a batch mixer of an approved type which will ensure
the uniform distribution of materials throughout the mass, so that the mixture is
uniform in colour and consistency and is homogenous. The entire contents of the
mixer are to be discharged before recharging. The mixer shall be cleaned at
frequent intervals while in use. The volume of material mixed in each batch shall
not exceed the manufacturers rated capacity of the mixer. The order of placing
materials in the mixer shall be coarse aggregate, water, sand, cement or such
order as may be approved by the Superintendent's Representative. The mixing
period shall not be less than 1.5 minutes after all ingredients have been placed in
the mixer.
7.11
TRANSPORTATION OF CONCRETE
Concrete mixed at a central mixing plant shall be transported either in an
approved water tight agitator in which segregation will not take place and from
which the concrete can be discharged freely, or in a truck mixer operating at
agitator speed. Agitation shall be maintained from the time the concrete is placed
in the agitator until delivered to the works. In the case of truck mixed concrete the
mixer on completion of mixing shall continue to operate at agitating speed until
the concrete is delivered to the work.
Concrete shall be discharged at the work from the truck mixer or agitator and
placed in its final position in the forms within 1.5 hours from the addition of cement
to the aggregates.
7.12
CEMENT MORTAR
All cement mortar shall consist of:
One (1) part cement
Two (2) parts sand, (to include 1/2 part of fine finished sand)
One (1) part screened bluestone dust
7.13
HIGH EARLY STRENGTH CONCRETE

Rapid hardening cement may be used provided that the Contractor is prepared to
pay the extra cost and approval is obtained from the Superintendent.
Page 59 of 10
August 99
7.14
MEASURING
All aggregate shall be proportioned on a gravumetric or by weight basis but where
suitable apparatus is not available, volumetric measurement will be permitted on
the following basis:
Cement shall be measured as packed by the manufacturers and a sack of cement
containing a known weight shall be considered the unit of measurement in
proportioning measures. Batches shall be proportioned on the basis of integral
sacks of cement.
The measures for the aggregate shall be approximately rectangular, and the
maximum dimensions shall not be greater than twice the minimum dimension.
They shall be of such dimensions as will give, when struck, the exact volumes
required.
7.15
PLACING
After mixing, concrete shall be conveyed to the place of final deposit without
delay, and shall be placed immediately. The methods of handling shall be such as
will prevent the segregation or loss of the ingredients and avoid rehandling.
Dropping the concrete a greater height than 1m, depositing large quantities at any
point and moving or working it along the forms will not be permitted. A plastic
surface shall be maintained until the completion of the unit.
Concrete shall be placed in a spreading platform as specified hereinafter after
transport from the mixer. It shall be turned over to ensure that consistency is
constant and shall then be shovelled into place. Under no circumstances shall
concrete be thrown from the shovels. No concrete is to be placed under water.
Page 60 of 10
August 99
7.16
COMPACTING
During and immediately after placing, the concrete shall be thoroughly compacted
by means of continuous tamping, spading, slicing and vibration as specified.
Care shall be taken to fill every part of the forms to force the concrete under and
around the reinforcement without displacing it, to work back coarse aggregate
from the face, and to remove all air bubbles and voids. The men employed on
compacting shall have had experience in concrete work, and shall be under the
control of the Superintendent's Representative during the period of compacting
concrete.
7.17
CURING
7.17.1 Cold Weather
During colder weather (as determined by the Superintendent's
Representative), no form work may be stripped until the concrete is at least
seven days old so that the insulating properties of the boards will be
available. Any top or exposed surfaces of newly placed concrete which are
not protected by timber formboards shall be covered within six hours and
for at least seven days by a layer of sand or other approved heat insulating
materials.
7.17.2 Hot Weather
The forms shall be removed as specified under the clauses Removal of
Forms.
In both cases, concrete shall be protected from premature drying.
Surfaces exposed to the sun shall be shaded by means of canvas, hessian
or sand, placed as soon as the concrete has taken hard set. All exposed
surfaces, formwork, hessian, canvas, or sand shall be kept continuously
wetted for a period of at least seven days.
New surfaces shall be effectively protected from rain until hard set has
occurred.
Page 61 of 10
August 99
If requested by the Contractor, consideration will be given to the use of a

curing compound for curing purposes but, in general, moisture curing shall
be adopted.
Full details of any curing compound to be used shall be submitted for the
approval of the Superintendent's Representative and shall include the time
and rate of application and the effectiveness of the curing compound as a
curing agent.
7.18
CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
Whenever the work of placing concrete is delayed; until the concrete placed shall
have taken its initial set; the point of stopping shall be deemed a construction
joint. The location of construction joints shall be planned in advance, and shall be
made only when approved by the Superintendent's Representative. The placing
of concrete shall be carried continuously from joint to joint. These joints shall be
perpendicular to the principal lines of stress, and in general shall be located at
points of minimum shear.
Before placing new concrete on or against concrete which has set, the form shall
be re-tightened and the surface of the set shall be roughened as required by the
Superintendent's Representative, thoroughly cleaned of foreign matter, laitance
and loose or porous material, and saturated with water. The surface shall then be
covered with a thin coat of neat cement and water to ensure bond, and concreting
shall then proceed immediately.
No work shall be stopped or temporarily discontinued within 375mm of the top of
any finished surface, unless such work is finished with a coping having a
thickness less than 375mm in which case the joint shall be made at the under line
of the coping.
7.19
CONCRETING
The Contractor shall pour the whole of each monolithic section of the work in one
continuous operation excepting when permission to use construction joints is
given by the Superintendent's Representative.
No construction joints will be permitted on exposed faces excepting where moulds
or other features enable the joints to be effectively masked.
Concreting of the superstructure shall commence at one end of the monolithic
section to be poured and shall then be proceeded with simultaneously and
uniformly for the full structure width.
The concrete shall be wheeled on a substantial gangway. The gangway shall be
supported above the reinforcement by means of trestles resting on the formwork.
A further similar gangway shall be provided transversely to the aforementioned
gangway for distribution at the working face. For a width of 2m on both sides of
the centre lines of the gangway, the formwork and reinforcement shall be
Page 62 of 10
August 99
protected from dropping material by a layer of hessian or canvas. The gangways

shall be kept back a distance of 2-3m from the working face by continuous
adjustment to the trestles and planks.
A series of square board platforms supported above the formwork by means of
trestles shall be provided to receive the concrete from the barrows or buggies.
One man shall be employed on each platform. Concrete shall be actually placed
in such order as will be directed by the Superintendent's Representative, but the
guiding consideration will be that the new concrete is continually being placed
against concrete which is still fresh and unset so that a perfectly monolithic
structure will result.
7.20
FIXED-FORM PAVING
17.4.1 Fixed-Form Paving
Sideforms shall consist of steel, timber, or steel-shod-timber forms.
Excepting for small or irregular-shaped pavement areas, the face of the
form against which concrete is to be placed shall not be made of built-up
elements.
Forms shall be of such cross section and strength and so secured as to
resist the pressures of the concrete when paced, and the impact and
vibration of any equipment they support, without springing or settlement.
The method of connection between adjacent form units shall be such that
the joints are braced against movement, and continuity of gradient across
the joint is maintained. For curves of radius 30 m or less flexible or curved
forms shall be used. Where required forming strips for keyways shall be
accurately dimensioned, located and securely fastened against the form
face.
Page 63 of 10
August 99
Forms shall be pinned or staked into place with not less than three pins in
each 3m length and with a pin placed at each side of every form joint. The
pins shall be of sufficient length to hold the forms securely in position
during construction. The top surface of an individual form unit or a
completed length of formwork shall not deviate by more than 3mm from a
3m straightedge supported at its ends. The inside face of the form shall be
vertical.
Forms shall be fully and continuously supported over the entire length of
paving runs by either one or both of the following methods:
(a)
The sub-base under sideforms shall be trimmed and compacted to

ensure that the forms when set are uniformly supported over their
entire length at the correct level and gradient.
(b)
Forms shall be adjusted to the correct level by the use of steel shims
or wedges. In this case the space between the sub-base and the
form shall be filled solid and trimmed flush with the inside face of the
form.
Forms shall be set sufficiently in advance of concrete placing to
permit inspection. Where any form or the sub-base has been
disturbed, the sub-base shall be corrected if necessary and the
forms reset and rechecked. Forms shall be cleaned and coated with
a suitable form-oil before each use.
Forms shall remain in place for at least one day unless joints are to
be sawn, in which case forms shall remain in place from the time of
concreting until the concrete is ready for sawcutting. Forms shall be
carefully removed to avoid damage to the pavement and any
projecting tie-bars or dowels.
7.21
ARRANGEMENT OF FORMWORKS
The whole of the formwork for each monolithic section of the work shall be wholly
constructed before concreting of that section is commenced.
If so directed by the Superintendent's Representative, the Contractor shall submit
details of the proposed arrangement of formworks, and no formwork shall be
erected until such details have been approved by the Superintendent's
Representative.
Placing of the concrete will not be permitted to proceed until the formwork has
been checked by the Superintendent's Representative.
7.22
REMOVAL OF FORMS
Unless adequate supports are provided, forms shall not be disturbed until the
concrete has adequately hardened. While the temperature of the air remains
Page 64 of 10
August 99
above 10oC forms supporting slabs shall remain in place at least seven days and
forms supporting beams and girders at least 21 days; and if the temperature of
the air drops below 10oC supporting forms shall remain in place for longer periods.
No forms or falsework whatever shall be removed at any time without the approval
of the Superintendent's Representative.
In order to obtain a satisfactory surface finish on ornamental work, parapets, and
on exposed faces of the structure, forms unless directly supporting the concrete
shall be removed as soon as the concrete has hardened, but in not less than 12
nor more than 48 hours after placing of the concrete, except in cold weather as
specified under Curing. The form-work of adjacent parts of the structure shall be
designed to facilitate this early removal.
7.23
SURFACE FINISH
All concrete surfaces shall be true and even, free from stone pockets, excessive
depression, or projections. Surfaces shall not be plastered or cement washed,
and shall be in accordance with the finish as specified or noted on the drawings.
7.24
DEFECTIVE CONCRETE
The Contractor shall be fully responsible for employing effective methods of
mixing, placing, protecting and curing concrete, and for the adequacy of falsework
and forms. Approval of any such work or methods by the Superintendent's
Representative will be tentative only, shall not relieve the Contractor of his
responsibility.
Concrete which is not placed and completed in accordance with this specification
or which is, in the opinion of the Superintendent's Representative, defective, shall
be removed within the limits assigned by the Superintendent's Representative,
and replaced to his satisfaction.
7.25
CONCRETE TESTING AND ANALYSIS

The Contractor shall carry out all required sampling and testing of concrete at his
own cost. Testing shall be carried out by an independent Testing Laboratory
registered by NATA and shall follow the standard procedure set out in AS3600 1988. Not less than three (3) specimens shall be made and tested from each
placement of concrete in excess of one (1) cubic metre. Where more than fifteen
(15) cubic metres of concrete is placed on one day, three cylinders shall be made
for each 15 cubic metre or part thereof. Specimens shall be spread so as to
obtain a representative result.
One test cylinder of each set of two specimens shall be tested at seven days, one
other at 28 days and the third when required the Superintendents Representative.
Should any two test cylinders of a set fail to fulfil the compressive strength
requirements specified, the Superintendent may reject the whole or part of the
Page 65 of 10
August 99
concrete represented by these specimens in which case it shall be removed and

replaced to comply with the specification at the Contractors expense.
The test results, certified by the Laboratory, shall be made available to the Superintendent
within 24 hours of the completion of each test. The report shall clearly state the location from
which the specimen was taken.
Page 66 of 10
August 99

KERB & CHANNEL
8.1
8.2
General
8.3
8.4
Bedding Preparation
8.5
Kerb Extrusion Machines
8.6
Concrete
8.7
Finishing of Kerb and Channel
8.8
Compaction
8.9
Joints
8.10
Drainage Openings
8.11
Household Drains
8.12
Perambulator Crossings
8.13
Vehicle Access - Concrete Open Invert Sections (Lay-Back)
ID 6008
Page 67 of 10
August 99
8.1
AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS
AS 1379
AS 2876
AS 3610
AS 3799
8.2
Ready Mixed Concrete

Concrete Kerbs and Channel (Gutters) - Manually or Machine
Placed
Formwork for Concrete
Liquid Membrane forming Curing Compounds for Concrete
GENERAL
This work shall consist of the construction of cast in-situ concrete kerb and/or kerb
and channel, and vehicle and pram crossings, together with the necessary
excavation, in the locations shown on the drawings.
8.3

The kerb and/or kerb and channel shall be finished in conformity to the levels,
lines, grades and cross sections shown on the drawings, or specified, or directed
by the Superintendent's Representative within the following limits:
8.4
(a)
The level of the kerb and/or kerb and channel shall not differ from the
specified level by more than 20mm. Grades shall be constructed in
accordance with the drawings and the kerb and channel shall at no point
hold water.
(b)
Alignment of the kerb and channel shall not differ from the specified line by
more than plus or minus 50mm providing that the minimum pavement
width is achieved at all points throughout the construction.
BEDDING PREPARATION
A minimum 50mm layer of bedding material consisting of 20mm class 2 crushed
rock, toppings or other approved granular material shall be spread on the boxing
with the surface flat perpendicular to the alignment and true to levels and grades.
The bedding shall be firmly compacted to the satisfaction of the Superintendent's
Representative.
The cost of all works specified above, including the supply of bedding material
shall be deemed to be included in the scheduled price for the construction of kerb
and channel.
8.5
KERB EXTRUSION MACHINES

Kerb extrusion machines may
be
used
subject
to
approval
by
the
Page 68 of 10
August 99
Concrete used shall be of such consistency that after extrusion it will have the
moisture content to maintain the shape of the kerb section without support.
Where it is intended to form a vehicular or pram crossing opening in machine
placed kerb and channel, all concrete shall be thoroughly compacted by rodding
and ramming to produce a dense and water tight structure, free from
honeycombed or porous patches. Additional water may be required to achieve
this.
Joints shall be constructed at regular intervals not exceeding 2.5m by a method
approved by the Superintendent's Representative.
8.6
CONCRETE
Concrete, the material and methods of mixing, placing and curing shall comply
with the requirements set out in Section 7, Concrete.
8.7
FINISHING OF KERB AND CHANNEL

The concrete after screeding to template shall be left rough and receive a
rendering of cement mortar consisting of one part cement, two parts fine
aggregate, mixed with sufficient water to produce a mix of suitable consistency as
approved by the Superintendent's Representative. The mortar shall be placed
within 30 minutes after placing the concrete and trowelled to a smooth uniform
surface.
The whole of the work shall present a smooth, neat appearance. The surface
shall be consistently smooth and of uniform colour, and all discoloured concrete
shall be cleaned by the Contractor at his expense.
Page 69 of 10
August 99
8.8
COMPACTION
All concrete placed in kerb and channels shall be compacted both manually and
by use of vibrators immersed in the concrete to the satisfaction of the
The internal, or immersion, vibrating tool shall have a frequency of not less than
4000 per minute and shall have a rotating eccentric of at least 1 kg with an
eccentricity of 12mm.
At least one hand tamper shall be used for every 4 cubic metres of concrete
placed per hour. Two internal vibrators shall be used for the first 4 cubic metres of
concrete placed per hour and one additional internal vibrator shall be used for
every additional 4 cubic metres of concrete placed per hour.
8.9
JOINTS
Steel templates cut to the cross sectional dimensions shown on the standard
drawings shall be used on all joints. Joints shall be at regular intervals and the
spacing between joints shall not exceed 2.5m without the approval of the
Joints shall be 3mm in width and clean for the full area of the plates with edges
neatly rounded by jointing tool.
8.10
DRAINAGE OPENINGS
In order to provide for drainage from vacant allotments, and for natural drainage
where necessary from built on allotments, a House Drain Connection shall be left
in the kerb opposite each allotment in the position as directed by the
Superintendent's Representative, generally 5m from low side boundary.
The contractor shall supply and lay house drains to each allotment where shown
on the drawings or where directed by the Superintendents Representative. Pipes
shall be 100 mm PVC laid from the building line to the channel in a straight line
with a uniform fall of not less than 1 in 60, generally 5m from the low side
boundary.
OR
Page 70 of 10
August 99
The contractor shall assess the integrity of each existing house drain within the
road reservation and replace conduits where necessary or where directed by the
Superintendents Representative and also allow for connection of existing house
drains that are within 2 metres away from the construction zone.
Where it is necessary to lower or relocate any sewerage connection from a house
or building to the sewer, the appropriate sewerage authority shall be notified and
the alterations carried out by the contractor at his expense under the supervision
of that authoritys representative.
Where house drains connect directly to a piped drain behind the kerb, the kerb
shall be marked with a 50 mm high H to indicate the location of the house drain.
The location of all house drains shall be marked with a 50 mm high H on the
back of the footpath.
8.11
HOUSEHOLD DRAINS
Existing house drains across naturestrips shall be relaid and/or extended if
necessary, and neatly connected to the concrete channel in accordance with
standard drawings and with approved adaptors. Actual length of pipes required to
connect existing drains to new channel shall be paid for at scheduled rate.
House drainage shall be kept unobstructed during the progress of the Contract.
8.12
PERAMBULATOR CROSSINGS
Where shown on the plans, perambulator crossings shall be constructed in
accordance with the detailed drawings for disabled perambulator crossing. For
the purposes of tendering and payments the cost or perambulator crossings shall
be treated as the same as the scheduled price for concrete kerb and channel.
Page 71 of 10
August 99
8.13
VEHICLE ACCESS - CONCRETE OPEN INVERT SECTIONS (LAY-BACK)

On vacant allotments where directed by the Superintendent's Representative and
at a driveway on tenanted allotments, unless otherwise directed, the Contractor
shall construct open invert sections in accordance with the standard drawings.
The Contractor shall make approved provision for vehicle access to properties
during the progress of the work by way of temporary bridging of new concrete
work and by trimming and surfacing of entrances adjacent to open crossings after
same are open to traffic.
For purposes of tendering and payments the cost of open invert sections including
temporary bridging if necessary, shall be treated as the same as the scheduled
price for concrete kerb and channel.
Page 72 of 10
August 99

PAVING
9.1
Formation
9.2
9.3
Bedding
9.4
Plinths
9.5
Concrete
9.6
Placing
9.7
Compaction of Concrete
9.8
Finishing
9.9
Curing
9.10
Expansion Joints
ID 6009
Page 73 of 10
August 99
9.1
FORMATION
The Contractor shall excavate to the full depth of paving plus approved granular
material bed below the finished levels of the pavement. All formation shall be
neatly trimmed true to line, level and cross slope so as to give the full thickness of
concrete and bedding material at all places.
Soft spots in the formation shall be excavated , filled with approved material and
compacted to the satisfaction of the Superintendent's Representative.
9.2

All surfaces shall be finished in conformity to the levels, lines, grades, thicknesses
and cross sections shown on the drawings, or specified, or directed by the
Superintendent's Representative within the following limits:
9.3
(a)
Footpaths and surfacing shall be shaped to match existing fixtures, eg. pit
covers, edgings and driveways, within 5mm.
(b)
The level of the concrete paving shall not differ from the specified level by
more than 20mm. Grades shall be constructed in accordance with the
drawings and the concrete paving shall at no point hold water.
(c)
Alignment of the concrete paving shall not differ from the specified line by
more than plus or minus 50mm providing that the minimum pavement
width is achieved at all points throughout the construction.
BEDDING
Upon the trimmed formation a minimum 50mm consolidated thickness of 20mm
class 2 crushed rock, toppings, or other approved granular material shall be laid
as a bed for the concrete pavement. The bedding shall be compacted by an
approved method to the satisfaction of the Superintendent's Representative.
Page 74 of 10
August 99
9.4
PLINTHS
Unless otherwise ordered by the Superintendent's Representative, the Contractor
shall lay temporary 75mm x 40mm hardwood plinths on both sides of the path.
Plinths shall be in long lengths and shall be true to line and level and shall be
securely pinned in position. Plinths shall extend an adequate distance in advance
of concreting. Pavement at street corners shall be laid as directed by the
Superintendent's Representative, and all plinths at street intersection shall be set
out in full before any concrete is placed. Approved steel forms (76mm x 5mm
equal angle) may be used in lieu of hardwood plinths.
9.5
CONCRETE
Shall comply with the requirements set out in Section 7.
9.6
PLACING
After mixing, concrete shall be conveyed to the place of final deposit without delay
and shall be placed immediately. The methods of handling shall be such as will
prevent the segregation or loss of the ingredients and will avoid rehandling.
During and immediately after placing, the concrete shall be thoroughly compacted
by means of tamping, spading and vibrating to ensure that all concrete is
thoroughly consolidated and fills all space between forms.
The concrete shall be screeded off on the plinths or adjacent finished slabs until a
true surface is obtained. Slabs shall be cut through at intervals of 1.4m or as
specified and the joint ruled with a jointing tool.
No concrete shall be poured until the formation, bedding and placing of formwork
has been approved by the Superintendent's Representative.
9.7
COMPACTION OF CONCRETE
All concrete shall be compacted both manually and by the use of a mechanical
vibrating screed of approved type to the satisfaction of the Superintendent's
Representative.
Page 75 of 10
August 99
9.8
FINISHING
After screeding off all slabs shall be floated to a smooth even surface with wooden
floats and steel trowels and then flat trowelled with a steel float. To give a non
skid surface the Contractor shall, if necessary, after trowelling lightly broom the
surface with a hair broom. All joints shall be finished with an approved grooving
tool and the edge of the footways shall be finished with an approved edging tool.
The use of driers or rendering will not be permitted.
9.9
CURING
Refer Section 7.17.
9.10
EXPANSION JOINTS
Expansion joints shall be constructed at approximately 10m intervals as directed
by the Superintendent's Representative. See Section 7.18. An expansion joint
shall be constructed at each joint between 75mm thick and 150mm thick concrete
which occurs one thickened bay either side of driveways.
These expansion joints shall be constructed by placing strips of an approved
jointing material in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications. Unless
otherwise directed jointing strips shall be 13mm thick and the width of the strips
shall equal the thickness of concrete.
Expansion joints shall be constructed both sides of sewer manhole covers and
driveways or as directed by the Superintendent's Representative.
Page 76 of 10
August 99
SECTION 10 - SPECIFICATION FOR

UNDERGROUND STORMWATER
DRAINS
10.1
10.2
General
10.3
Pipes and Box Culverts
10.4
Age of Pipes
10.5
Handling of Pipe Sections
10.6
10.7
Diversion of Water
10.8
Excavation
10.9
Timbering
10.10 Pipe Bedding and Laying

10.11 Jointing of Pipes
10.12 Household Drains
10.13 F.C.R. Bedding around Pipes
10.14 Backfilling
10.15 Pipe Drains under Paved Areas
10.16 Construction Loads on Pipe Culverts
10.17 Notice of Inspection
10.18 Drainage Pits
10.19 Step Irons
10.20 Blasting
10.21 Disposal of Spoil
10.22 Subsoil Drains
ID 60010
Page 77 of 10
August 99
10.1
AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS
The following Australian Standards apply to these works:
AS 1741
AS 1693
AS 2032
AS 2033
AS 1597
AS 1646
AS 4058
CA 56
AS 4139
AS 2566
10.2
Vitrified Clay Pipes

Rubber Ring Joints for Vitrified Clay Pipes
Code of Practice for Installation of uPVC Pipe Systems
Installation of Polyethylene Pipe Systems
Precast Reinforced Concrete Box Culverts
Rubber Ring Joints for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage
Purposes
Precast Concrete Drainage Pipes
Code of Recommended Practice for the Construction of Vitrified
Clay Pipelines (up to and including 300mm diameter with flexible
or rigid joint systems)
for Fibre Reinforced Pipes
Buried Flexible Pipes; Part 1 Structural Design
GENERAL
This specification covers the materials, procedures, workmanship and installation
of underground stormwater drainage pipes, pits, manholes and drainage
connections shown on the drawings as specified, or as directed by the
Superintendent.
10.3
PIPES & BOX CULVERTS

Pipes & Box Culverts shall be in accordance with the appropriate standard.
Pipes to be laid in easements and road reserve shall be:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fibre reinforced cement pipes - as specified on the plans.

Precast, reinforced concrete pipes, as specified on the plans.
uPVC Pipe conforming to AS 1260-1974 (sewer quality), as specified on
the plans.
Other types of pipe covered by AS2566: Buried Flexible Pipes
All pipes up to and including 600mm in diameter shall be spigot and socket,
rubber ring jointed pipes.
In road reserves, pipes greater than 600mm diameter shall be spigot and socket
rubber ring jointed.
Pipes in other locations and greater than 600mm diameter where not under head
may have interlocking joints.
Page 78 of 10
August 99
Solvent welding of joints in uPVC pipe works may be permitted subject to the prior
approval of the Superintendents Representative.
Pipe Types/Class to be
used
For Roadways and heavy trafficed areas
Depths in millimetres
0-400
400 - 600
FRC pipe
RC pipe
High Density
Polyethylene Pipe
Polyethylene/stee
l composite pipe
(300dia to
600dia)
Polyethylene/stee
l composite pipe
(750dia to
900dia)
uPVC Pipe
600-1500
1500-2500
2500-3800
Class 2
Class 2
Class 3
Class 2
Class 2
Class 3
3000 N/m/m 3000 N/m/m 4000 N/m/m
*
*
*
Class 10
Class 10
Class 15
3800greater
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
Not to be
used
Not to be
used
Class 2
Class 2
Not to be
used
Not to be
used
Not to be
used
Not to be
used
Class 15
Class 15
Class 40
TBA
Not to be
used
SEH *
SH *
SH *
SH *
TBA
600-1500
1500-2500
2500-3800
3800greater
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
* Only with approval of the contract manager

For areas not under traffic loadings
Depths in millimetres
0-400
400 - 600
FRC pipe
RC pipe
Black Brute Pipe
TBA
TBA
Not to be
used
Polyethylene/stee Not to be
l composite pipe
used
(300dia to
600dia)
Polyethylene/stee Not to be
l composite pipe
used
(750dia to
900dia)
uPVC Pipe
Not to be
used
SH = Sewer heavy
Class 2
Class 2
Not to be
used
Not to be
used
Class1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 2
Class 2
Class 3
1250N/m/m 1250N/m/m 3500N/m/m
*
*
*
Class 10
Class 10
Class 15
TBA
Not to be
used
Class15
Class 15
Class 40
TBA
SH *
SH *
SH *
SH *
TBA
with approval of the contract

* Only
manager
SEH = Sewer extra heavy
10.4
AGE OF PIPES
Page 79 of 10
August 99
No concrete pipe shall be transported from the place of manufacture until the
minimum 28 days strength has been attained, or without the approval of the
Superintendents Representative.
10.5
HANDLING OF PIPE SECTIONS

The Contractor shall employ adequate means of handling pipe sections, and shall
be responsible for all damage done to these in unloading from delivery trucks,
cartage to the site and laying in position. All pipe sections damaged in these
operations will be replaced, or repaired as directed by the Superintendent's
Representative, at the Contractor's expense.
10.6

The Contractor shall set out the drainage works in accordance with the drawings
or as specified or as directed by the Superintendent.
10.7
DIVERSION OF WATER
During the progress of these works, the Contractor shall provide for the effective
diversion and disposal of surface water to the approval of the Superintendent's
Representative. The Contractor shall provide at his expense, equipment for
effective de-watering of excavations during the period of the works, and shall be
solely responsible for all damage to any portion of the works or surrounding
properties due to inadequate drainage diversion or de-watering equipment.
10.8
EXCAVATION
Excavation for installation of pipes shall include all excavation necessary to
prepare the pipe foundation, and to provide the full specified depth of pipe
bedding.
Trenches shall be excavated to a minimum width (external diameter of the pipes +
300mm) sufficient to allow for proper jointing of the pipe sections and thorough
compaction of the bedding and backfill material under and around the pipe.
Where practicable trench walls shall be vertical. Excavations shall be supported
by satisfactory means to ensure the safety of workmen and traffic.
The base of the completed trench shall be firm and uniform for its full length so as
to avoid any unequal settlement along the length of a pipe.
Excess excavation below the required level shall be backfilled at the Contractor's
expense with sand, gravel or other material as directed by the Superintendent's
Representative, and thoroughly compacted.
Page 80 of 10
August 99
No claim will be considered on the account of any rock or other materials met
within the trench excavation.
Where directed and authorised in writing by the Superintendent's Representative,
soft, wet or unstable areas below the level of the minimum required thickness of
pipe bedding shall be excavated and backfilled with gravel or other approved
stable material spread in layers not exceeding 150mm loose thickness and
thoroughly compacted to ensure an unyielding foundation.
Payment for authorised excavation and replacement of unsuitable material below
the level of the minimum required thickness of pipe bedding shall be made at the
schedule rate applicable for this work.
Wet or unstable areas of any depths which, in the opinion of the Superintendent's
Representative, have been caused by the Contractor's negligence or improper
methods shall be excavated and replaced with gravel or other approved stable
material spread and compacted as above by the Contractor at his own expense.
10.9
TIMBERING
The Contractor shall supply and fix at his own expense strong and sufficient
timber, when necessary, to support the sides and/or bottom of the excavations in
open cut or trench in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and to the
satisfaction of the Superintendents Representative.
The Superintendent's Representative may order the ground to be close timbered
wherever it may appear to him to be necessary, and no extra charge shall be
made for this by the Contractor.
Notwithstanding the above requirements, procedures and precautions as set out
in the Department of Minerals and Energy publication Safety Precautions in
Trenching Operations are to be adhered to.
The Contractor shall be responsible for any injury to workers, and any
consequential damage caused or arising out of the removal of timbering, and
advice, permission or approval given by the Superintendent's Representative
relative to the removal of timbering shall not relieve the Contractor from the
responsibility here defined.
Before commencing any excavation in which the depth of face exceeds 1.5
metres, or any tunnelling operation, the Contractor shall notify in writing the
Department of Labour, Building and Construction Industry Division,
Construction/Excavation Section and shall comply with the requirements of the
Department and the instructions of any authorised Inspector.
10.10 PIPE BEDDING AND LAYING

The Contractor shall lay and joint accurately all pipes to line, level and grade and
shall be particularly careful to lay all pipes with the top as indicated by the
Page 81 of 10
August 99
manufacturer in its correct position. Care must be taken to see that the invert of
each pipe length at the joints fit accurately with the next.
Pipes shall only be laid in a dry trench. All pipes shall be bedded so as to bear
evenly for the full length on a 50mm compacted bed of 20mm crushed rock class
3 or 5 to7mm aggregate.
Pipe laying shall commence at the outlet unless otherwise directed by the
Pipes shall not be laid before the trench and bed has been inspected and
approved by the Superintendents Representative.
10.11 JOINTING OF PIPES
Spigot and socket pipes and interlocking joint pipes shall be properly jointed with
cement mortar. Rubber ring jointed pipes shall be jointed with a neatly fitting
rubber ring. In the case of internally jointed pipes, the mortar shall be struck off
flush with the bore of the pipe.
Page 82 of 10
August 99
10.12 HOUSEHOLD DRAINS

The Contractor shall supply and lay house drains associated with easement
drainage to each allotment where shown on the drawings or where directed by the
Superintendents Representative and shall allow for connection of existing house
drains that are within 2 metres away from the easement drainage line.
Property Inlet Pits are to be located at low points of each allotment in accordance
with the standard drawings or where directed by the Superintendents
Representative.
Where connections are to be made to existing drainage pipes the use of
manufactured T piece subject to approval by the Superintendents
Representative or as per standard drawings.
10.13 FINE CRUSHED ROCK BEDDING AROUND PIPES
After pipe laying and jointing has been approved by the Superintendents
Representative, the Contractor shall place a layer of either 20mm crushed rock
class 3 or 5 to 7mm aggregate and or other material around the pipe and up to a
level equal to half the diameter of the pipe. Such material shall be mechanically
rammed in layers so as to ensure that it is compacted to a density of not less than
95% A.S. Standard Maximum Dry Density under and around the pipes. If
necessary water may be added to the fine crushed rock to achieve the desired
compaction.
Before any backfilling is commenced the material around the pipes shall be
approved by the Superintendents Representative.
10.14 BACKFILLING
No joints are to be covered or trench backfilled until pipe laying and jointing has
been approved by the Superintendents Representative.
It shall be the Contractor's responsibility to ensure the inspection and approval of
the pipe drain prior to the backfilling.
The Contractor shall backfill the pipe trench with approved material of uniform
composition as specified and without organic material. The maximum size of
backfill material shall be 150mm.
Each trench shall be backfilled in layers not more than 150mm loose thickness.
Each layer shall be rammed with an approved type of mechanical rammer to the
following densities and with a uniform moisture content in the range 85% to 115%
of the optimum moisture content determined in the Standard Compaction Test :-
Page 83 of 10
August 99
(a)
Within paved areas - not less than 100% of A.S. Standard Maximum Dry
Density.
(b)
Within other areas - not less than 95% of A.S. Standard Maximum Dry
Density.
The Contractor shall be required to provide Compaction Test results to the

Superintendents Representative and shall allow in the amount tendered for
drainage, to engage a Soils Consultant or independent N.A.T.A. laboratory
( approved by the Superintendents Representative) to carry out compaction
testing on trench backfill.
Within paved areas, the tests shall be carried out (where the depth of backfilling
exceeds 1.00m ) at 15m intervals along the length of the trench and at 1.00m
depth intervals and subgrade level. At least one set of tests shall be taken
between pits on each pipeline.
Within other areas, the tests shall be carried out (where the depth of backfilling
exceeds 1.00m) at 20m intervals along the length of the trench and at 1.00m
depth intervals and subgrade level. At least one set of tests shall be taken
between pits on each pipeline.
It will be an expressed Condition of this Contract that the Contractor allows for
the cost of compaction testing in accordance with this Clause in the tendered
price for the works.
The Superintendents Representative may require additional testing over and
above the nominated testing interval set out above. The Contractor shall be
reimbursed from the prime cost sum for material and compaction testing for these
tests. The costs for testing backfill which is found to be faulty together with the
cost of replacing and recompaction of the faulty backfill material shall be borne by
the Contractor.
When high density polyethylene or uPVC pipe is being used the contractor shall
cover the pipe to a depth of 150mm above the pipe with bedding material.
10.15 PIPE DRAINS UNDER PAVED AREAS
Backfilling of pipe trenches under areas to be paved for roadways, drive-ways,
directly behind kerb and channel, or car parks shall consist of either 20mm Class
2 crushed rock or 5 to 7mm Aggregate for the full depth of the trench extending to
the subgrade level, unless otherwise noted on the drawings.
10.16 CONSTRUCTION LOADING ON PIPES AND PIPE CULVERTS
Care must be taken to ensure that at least the minium compacted thickness of
cover has been provided over any pipe or pipe culvert before allowing
Page 84 of 10
August 99
construction traffic to cross the drainage line. Temporary embankments may be

required to provide the necessary cover and to protect the works.
10.17 NOTICE OF INSPECTION
The Contractor shall notify the Superintendent's Representative of the
commencement and completion of the operations listed below, and shall submit
the work for inspection and approval before proceeding to the next stage:
(a)
(b)
(c)
Trench excavation
Laying and jointing or assembly
Backfilling
10.18 DRAINAGE PITS

Pits shall be constructed at the locations shown on the drawings and to the
dimensions and requirements shown on the relevant Standard Drawings.
Provision shall be made for the connection of all stormwater drainage pipes and
subsurface drains as shown on the drawings. The ends of pipes entering or
leaving pits shall be neatly trimmed off flush with the inside walls and pointed up
with cement mortar and at exit pipe from pit, rounded with a minimum radius of
50mm.
Pit walls may be poured against free standing excavation, provided there is no
possibility of earth being dislodged onto freshly deposited concrete. However, the
uppermost section of the outside of pits walls shall be formed for a depth of
150mm.
All forms shall be fixed and rigidly braced and shall be approved by the
Superintendents Representative prior to concrete placement.
Where possibility of earth dislodgement exists, the whole of the outside of pit walls
shall be formed.
Pit floors shall be benched/haunched by smoothly shaping from the inlets to the
outlets to the height of the outlet pipe to allow smooth transition and flow through
pits and to be self cleaning. Holes for subsurface drains shall be 100mm
diameter, unless otherwise specified or shown on the drawings. 70mm diameter
weepholes shall be provided in all pits and shall be placed between the springline
and top of the pipe in those walls which have openings for pipes.
Where construction joints are employed in pit construction, the old concrete
surface shall be thoroughly wired brushed and air blasted to remove all debris
prior to placement of fresh concrete. All concrete shall be properly compacted by
the use of hand held concrete vibrator approved by the Superintendents
Representative.
Page 85 of 10
August 99
Frames for pit covers shall be cast into the top of the pit or bedded on fresh
mortar, 5mm thick, consisting of two parts of sand, one part of cement and
sufficient water to produce a mix of suitable consistency.
10.19 STEP IRONS
Pits greater than 1.00m deep shall be fitted with step irons. The top step shall be
not more than 300mm below the bottom of the lid. Steps shall be located that
they do not obstruct openings other than subsoil drain pipe openings and that
water does not discharge onto them. Unless otherwise directed by the
Superintendents Representative, steps shall be set into a wall which has no
openings.
10.20 BLASTING
The Contractor, in excavation through hard materials shall not use any explosives
without the written permission of the Superintendents Representative.
The Contractor shall hold and obtain all necessary licenses and permits from the
Authorities concerned including the Department of Labour (Hazardous Materials
Division ) and the local Municipal Council. The Contractor shall conform to all
Regulations and By-laws relating to transport, storage, handling and use of
explosives. Blasting mats shall be used to prevent fly rock leaving the excavation
and care shall be taken to protect adjacent property, services and mains.
The Contractor shall be solely responsible for any accidents, damage or injury
and shall make good at his own expense any claims or demands arising from
blasting activity.
10.21 DISPOSAL OF SPOIL
Excavated materials not required for fill or backfilling shall be removed from the
site of the works by the Contractor.
The Superintendent's Representative may direct the dumping of excess spoil at
any point within 4km of the site of the work.
10.22 SUBSOIL DRAINS
10.22.1 Description
This work shall consist of the supply and installation of perforated subsoil
drainage pipes and filter material where shown on the drawings or
directed by the Superintendent's Representative.
10.22.2 Materials
Page 86 of 10
August 99
(i)
Pipes
Pipes supplied for this work shall be of minimum size of 90mm and
the type shown on the drawings and shall comply with all relevant
provisions of the standard shown hereunder:
Type of Pipe
Standard
Perforated Plastics
AS 2439
Other types of pipe not Approved sample
listed
Where required, the Contractor shall submit one sample length of
pipe for the approval of the Superintendent's Representative before
work is commenced. This sample when approved shall be retained
as a standard, and all pipes supplied shall be at least equal in all
respects to such standard.
Perforated plastics pipes supplied in coils shall have been cooled
before coiling and when uncoiled shall be free from any permanent
curved set.
(ii) Filter Material
Filter material for use in backfilling trenches, under, around and over
pipes shall be 20mm screenings free from clay balls and organic
matter.
10.22.3 Subsoil Pipe Installation
Trenches shall be excavated to the dimensions and grade required by
the drawings or directed by the Superintendent's Representative. Pipes
shall be a minimum of 750mm below the top of the kerb.
The minimum trench width shall be the pipe diameter plus 100mm with
the maximum width of trench of 300mm and the pipes shall be laid true
to line and grade to discharge into pits or in accordance with the
drawings.
The pipes of the type and size specified shall be laid firmly embedded in
the bedding material with adjacent lengths butted together or connected
where necessary. Open joints shall be suitably wrapped to permit entry
of water. Perforated or slotted pipes shall be laid preferably without the
openings facing down.
Subsoil drain shall not be layed more than 150mm below any stabilised
subgrades unless otherwise directed by the Superintendents
Representative.
Page 87 of 10
August 99
After the pipe installation has been inspected and approved, 20mm
screenings shall be placed to within 150mm of the top of the kerb, care
being taken not to displace the pipe or the covering at open joints
The final 150mm shall be filled with approved top soil material, except in
paved areas where the top of the screenings is level with the sub-base of
the pavement.
Page 88 of 10
August 99
SECTION 11 - SPECIFICATION FOR ASPHALT

11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10
11.11
11.12
11.13
11.14
11.15
11.16
11.17
11.18
11.19
11.20
11.21
11.22
11.23
11.24
11.25
11.26
11.27
11.28
11.29
11.30
11.31
11.32
11.33
11.34
11.35
Description
Definitions
Aggregates
Filler
Bituminous Materials
Mix Design Procedures
Mix Design Requirements
Tolerances
Mixing Plant
Stockpiles
Preparation of Aggregates
Temperatures of Bitumen, Aggregates and Asphalt
Mixing
Inspection and Testing at the Mixing Plant
Commencement and Completion
Rate of Delivery
Possession of Paving Site
Provision for Traffic
Damage
Removal of Debris
Delivery
Construction Plant
Preliminary Work
Ambient Conditions for Placing
Tack Coat
Regulating Course
Spreading
Joints and Junctures
Compaction Procedures
Requirements for Testing and Acceptance of
Compaction
Equipment for Setting Out and Checking
Surface Finish, Shape and Thickness
Tests
Schedule of Details
ID 6011
Page 89 of 10
August 99
11.1
STANDARDS
AS 1160
AS 2008
AS 2150
AS 2157
AS 2341
AS 2357
AS 2734
AS 2809
AS 2891
11.2
Bitumen Emulsions for Construction and Maintenance of

Pavements
Residual Bitumen for Pavements
Asphalt (Hot-Mixed)
Cutback Bitumen
Methods of Testing Bitumen and Related Roadmaking
Products
Mineral Fillers for Asphalt
Asphalt (Hot-Mixed) Paving - Guide to Good Practice
Road Tank Vehicles for Dangerous Goods
Methods of Sampling and Testing Asphalt
DESCRIPTION
This section covers the requirements for the manufacture and placing of asphalt
of Types V, H, N, L and R and of Sizes 7, 10, 14 and 20. The requirements relate
to quality of aggregates and bituminous materials, mix design criteria, mixing plant
and manufacturing procedure and properties, supplying and placing of the
asphalt. The types and sizes of asphalt to be supplied shall be as specified in
Clause 11.35(a) .
11.3
DEFINITIONS
Asphalt (Asphaltic Concrete)
Asphalt is a designed and controlled, dense graded mixture of coarse and fine
aggregates, filler and bitumen binder which is mixed, spread and compacted while
hot to a uniform dense mass. For the purpose of this section asphalt types will be
designated by the symbols V, H, N, L or R.
Asphalt Base Course
Asphalt base course is that part of an asphalt pavement supporting the
intermediate and wearing courses.
Asphalt Intermediate Course
Asphalt intermediate course is that part of the pavement which rests on the base
and is immediately under the wearing course.
Page 90 of 10
August 99
Asphalt Regulating Course

Asphalt regulating course is an asphalt course of variable thickness applied to the
road surface to adjust the shape preparatory to surfacing or re-surfacing.
Asphalt Wearing Course
Asphalt wearing course is that part of the pavement upon which the traffic travels.
Binder
Binder is that material used to hold a mixture of aggregates together as a
cohesive mass.
Bulk Density
Bulk density is the mass per unit volume of the compacted mix (expressed in
tonnes per cubic metre) where the volume is the gross volume including the total
air voids.
Coarse Aggregates
Coarse aggregates are aggregates retained on a 4.75 mm AS sieve.
Fine Aggregates
Fine aggregates are aggregates passing a 4.75 mm AS sieve.
Mineral Matter
Includes coarse and fine aggregates, plus filler.
Placing
Placing is the spreading and compacting of asphalt, including operations
necessary for preparation of the surface.
Unsound Rock
Unsound rock is material, whether in the source or as spalls or as crushed
particles, which is soft, friable, or composed of clay or weathered rock, or which
contains matter which breaks up when alternately wetted and dried or which fails
to meet one or more of the relevant requirements for marginal rock specified in
Clause 11.4.2.
Page 91 of 10
August 99
Voids in Mineral Aggregates (VMA)

Voids in mineral aggregates are the intergranular void spaces in the compacted
mix.
11.4
AGGREGATES
11.4.1 General
The combined aggregate mixture shall consist of crushed rock or crushed
gravel, or a mixture of crushed rock with sand or crushed gravel with sand.
When aggregates are crushed rock, each aggregate shall consist of clean,
hard, durable, angular rock fragments of uniform quality, produced by
crushing sound unweathered rock quarried from a source acceptable to the
Superintendents Representative. Unless otherwise approved by the
Superintendents Representative, only metamorphic or igneous rocks shall
be used.
Aggregate produced from source rock which does not comply with the
specified requirements but which has been proven to have satisfactory
durability may be accepted for use subject to the written approval of the
Superintendents Representative. When aggregates are crushed gravel,
not less than 75% by mass of all particles shall have two or more faces
produced by crushing.
When aggregates are sands, they shall consist of clean, hard, durable
grains free from lumps, clay, mica and foreign matter.
11.4.2 Source Rock
Source rock shall comply with the relevant durability and hardness
requirements specified in Tables 1 and 2. If the contractor proposes to use
a source rock type other than those listed in the tables the
Superintendents Representative will determine if the rock type is
acceptable and the appropriate test values are achieved.
Page 92 of 10
August 99
Table 1
Test Value
Sound Rock
Degradation
Secondary
Factor for
Mineral
Source Rock
Content %
(min)
(max)
ACID IGNEOUS
Granite
50
Adamellite
50
Grandiorite
50
Granophyre
45
Rhyolite
45
Rhyodacite
45
INTERMEDIATE IGNEOUS
Diorite
45
Porphyry
45
Trachyte
50
BASIC IGNEOUS
Basaltic
50
25
Rocks
METAMORPHIC
Hornfels
40
Quartzite
45
Schist
45
Phyllite
45
Gneiss
45
Greenstone
45
Rock
Type
Marginal Rock
Degradation
Secondary
Factor for
Mineral
Source Rock
Content %
(min)
(max)
35-49
35-49
35-49
35-44
35-44
35-44
35-44
35-44
30-44
30-49
26-30
20-39
30-44
30-44
30-44
30-44
30-44
Table 2
ROCK TYPE
ACID IGNEOUS
Granite
Adamellite
Grandiorite
Granophyre
Rhyolite
Rhyodacite
INTERMEDIATE IGNEOUS
Diorite
Porphyry
Trachyte
BASIC IGNEOUS
Basaltic
Rocks
METAMORPHIC
Hornfels
Quartzite
Schist
Phyllite
Gneiss
Greenstone
ASSIGNED LOS ANGELES

ABRASION LOSS (MAX)
30
30
30
20
20
20
20
20
25
25
20
25
25
25
25
25
Page 93 of 10
August 99
The Contractor shall nominate the source and the location within the
source from which the rock will be obtained. If at any time the Contractor
proposes to change the source or the location within the source, the
Superintendents Representative shall be notified in time to allow the
Superintendents Representative to perform such inspections, tests and
evaluations as may be required to establish whether rock from the
proposed new source or new location within the source complies with the
specified requirements.
11.4.3 Crushed Aggregate Products
(a)
The Flakiness Index of each separate sized coarse aggregate, 10

mm or larger, shall be as specified in Table 3.
(b)
Unsound rock and marginal rock in that portion of the combined

mixture retained on a 4.75 mm AS sieve shall not exceed the
relevant percentages specified in Table 3. If no facilities exist at the
mixing plant to sample the combined mixture, the unsound rock and
marginal rock in that portion of each aggregate retained on a 4.75
mm AS sieve shall not exceed the relevant percentages specified in
Table 3.
Table 3
Type of
Asphalt
Flakiness
Index
% (max)
V&H
N&R
L
35
35
35
Total of Marginal
Unsound
& Unsound
Rock %
Rock %
(mass max)
(mass max)
8
3
10
5
15
5
11.4.4 Crusher Fines

Crusher fines shall:
(a)
consist of a uniformly graded product of separate particles from the

crushing of rock which complies with the requirements of Clause
11.4.2 appropriate to the asphalt type being produced;
(b)
be free from lumps and aggregations;
(c)
comply with the grading limits specified in Table 4.

Table 4
Sieve Size
AS (mm)
6.70
4.75
0.600
Percentage Passing
(by mass)
100
70-100
20-55
Page 94 of 10
August 99
0.075
(d)
5-20
comply with the relevant requirements specified in Table 5.

Table 5
Test Value
Degradation Factor
Plasticity Index
-Crusher Fines
(maximum)
(minimum)
60
3
11.4.5 Aggregates for Asphalt Used as Wearing Course

(a)
Coarse aggregates shall be a mixture of separate one-sized

aggregates.
(b)
Coarse aggregates shall be produced from source rock having a

polished stone value not less than that specified in Clause 11.35 (a)
(if any).
(c)
Fine aggregates shall be a mixture of one or more natural sands and

crusher fines such that the fraction of the job mix passing a 4.75 mm
AS sieve shall contain not less than 20% and not more than 65% by
mass of natural sands unless otherwise approved by the
11.4.6 Aggregates for Asphalt Used as Intermediate or Base Course

The combined aggregates shall consist either wholly of crushed material or
of a mixture of crushed material and natural sands provided that the
fraction of the job mix passing the 4.75 mm AS sieve shall contain not more
than 50% by mass of natural sands unless otherwise approved by the
Page 95 of 10
August 99
11.5
FILLER
Filler shall comply with the requirements of Australian Standard 2357, Mineral
Fillers for Asphalt.
The filler required by Clause 11.8 to be included in wearing course mixes shall be
hydrated lime, Portland cement or cement works flue dust.
11.6
BITUMINOUS MATERIALS
11.6.1 The class of bitumen for each course shall be as specified in Clause
11.35(a).
Bitumen shall comply with the requirements of AS 2008, Residual Bitumen
for Pavements and with the additional requirement specified in Table 6.
Table 6
Class of
Bitumen
170
320
Durability*
Minimum time to reach the
specified apparent
viscosity
level (SAVL) (days)
9
7
*AS 2341.13 Determination of Durability of Bitumen

Bitumen shall be sampled in accordance with the appropriate test method
of Vic. Roads.
11.6.2 Bitumen recovered from mixed asphalt sampled either at the plant or at the
roadbed shall comply with the requirement specified in Table 7.
Table 7
Class of
Bitumen
170
320
Viscosity at
25oC (kPa)
100-350
300-1000
Page 96 of 10
August 99
11.6.3 Bitumen emulsion shall be a cationic rapid setting type manufactured from
Class 170 bitumen and complying with AS 1160, Bitumen Emulsions for
Construction and Maintenance of Pavements.
11.6.4 Where requested by the Superintendents Representative the Contractor
shall provide test certificates as to the quality of bitumen used. Such
certificates shall be issued by a laboratory registered by the National
Association of Testing Authorities for the performance of such tests.
11.7
MIX DESIGN PROCEDURES

The mix to be used will be as approved or directed by the Superintendents
Representative after consideration of mix details submitted by the Contractor
and/or after the testing of samples and the preparation of trial mixes. Such mix
will re designated the job mix for which the Superintendents Representative will
nominate a grading aim and bitumen content. The components listed in the
designated job mix design shall not be changed or the proportions substantially
altered without the approval of the Superintendents Representative.
When directed by the Superintendents Representative the Contractor shall
submit 100 kg samples of each of the proposed aggregates and 10 kg samples of
the filler to be used to a testing laboratory nominated or approved by the
Superintendents Representative, for mix design purposes. Submitted samples
shall be labelled with the following information:
(a)
Contractor;
(b)
quarry or source;
(c)
material;
(d)
size;
(e)
proposed use;
(f)
Contract number.
Grading test results shall accompany the submitted samples.
Page 97 of 10
August 99
The Contractor may submit a mix design to the Superintendents Representative.

In this case the Contractor shall submit samples representative of the aggregates
and filler used in this mix design, labelled as specified, together with the following
information:
(a)
grading test results for each component;
(b)
proportion of each component in the mix;
(c)
grading of the mix;
(d)
properties, as listed below, determined from tests performed on Marshall

cylinders compacted at three different bitumen contents within the range
specified in Table 9.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(e)
stability (kN);
flow (mm);
air voids (%);
voids in mineral aggregates (%);
bulk density (t/m3);
bitumen film thickness (microns).
graphs showing the properties listed in (d), plotted against the respective
bitumen contents.
A period of at least four weeks will be required from the date of samples for the
design or checking of design of a mix.
Design or checking of design of asphalt mixes by the nominated laboratory shall
be at the expense of the Contractor unless otherwise specified.
Where the Contractor proposes to use a mix design previously approved for use
on other Council works to satisfy the requirements of this specification, details of
such mix and current gradings of the components shall be submitted to the
Superintendents Representative at least seven days before commencement of
work. Mixes for which testing was completed more than two years previously will
not be approved.
Where the Superintendents Representative determines that the job mix should be
redesigned due to changes of source, grading or nature of any of the constituent
materials, the mix will be redesigned at the Contractor's expense. Alternatively,
the Contractor may submit a mix design for checking by the nominated laboratory
at the expense of the Contractor.
Page 98 of 10
August 99
11.8
MIX DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

The grading of mineral matter and the proportions of mineral matter and bitumen
in the job mix after mixing but before compaction, shall lie within the limits
specified in Table 8 and 9 for each size of asphalt specified in Clause 11.35(a),
unless otherwise approved by the Superintendents Representative.
The bitumen content shall be expressed as a percentage by mass of the total mix.
Table 8 - Grading of Mineral Matter (including any filler)

Sieve Size
Percentage Passing (by mass)
AS (mm)
Mix Size
7
10
14
20
26.5
100
19.0
100
95-100
13.2
100
85-100
77-90
9.5
100
90-100
70-85
63-80
6.70
80-100
70-90
60-75
52-65
4.75
70-90
58-76
50-70
45-55
2.36
45-65
40-58
35-52
30-43
1.18
34-55
27-48
24-40
20-35
0.600
22-45
17-38
15-30
14-27
0.300
14-33
11-26
10-24
9-210
0.150
8-18
7-18
7-16
7-15
0.075
5-8
4-7
4-7
3.6
Total
Mineral
100
100
100
100
Matter
*Asphalt Type V, H and N used for wearing course
Table 9 - Proportions of Mineral Matter and Bitumen
Percentage Passing (by mass)
Material
Mineral
Matter
Bitumen
Total Mix
Mix Size
7
95.0-92.5
10
95.5-93.0
14
95.5-93.5
20
96.0-93.5
5.0-7.5
100
4.5-7.0
100
4.5-6.5
100
4.0-6.5
100
The Marshall cylinder test properties of the job mix for asphalt Types V, H, N and
L shall comply with the requirements of Tables 10 and 11.
Page 99 of 10
August 99
Table 10 - Asphalt Type V, H and N

Size
Stability
(kN/min)
Flow
(mm)
7
10
14
20
5.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
1.5-3.5
1.5-3.5
1.5-3.5
1.5-3.5
Air Voids
%
Type
V
6-6.5
6-6.5
H&N
5-5.5
5.5.5
5-5.5
5-5.5
Voids in
Mineral
Aggregate
s
(minimum)
Bitumen
Film
Thickness
(micro/min)
17
17
16
15
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
Asphalt Type R (Size 20)

The properties of the job mix for asphalt Type R shall be established from the
relevant Size 20 Type N mix with an increase in bitumen content of 1.0% by mass
of the total mix.
Table 11 - Asphalt Type L
Size
Stability Flow (mm)
(kN/min)
7
10
4.5
5.5
1.5-3.5
1.5-3.5
Air Voids
%
3.2-4.2
3.2-4.2
Voids in
Mineral
Aggregate
s
(minimum
)
16
16
Bitumen
Film
Thickness
(micro/mm)
7.5
7.5
Asphalt used for wearing course and asphalt containing aggregates of coarse or
medium grained acidic rocks (eg. granite, adamellite, granodiorite, quartz
porphyry) shall contain not less than 1% filler as specified in Clause 11.5 but the
actual type and amount will be determined by the Superintendents
Representative for the job mix having due regard to the nature of the aggregate to
be used.
Page 100 of 10
August 99
11.9
TOLERANCES
Unless otherwise approved by the Superintendents Representative, the
tolerances on the job mix grading aim before compaction shall be as specified in
Table 12.
Table 12
Sieve Size
AS (mm)
Tolerance on Percentage Passing (by mass)

Mix Size
7
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
+/-6
+/-5
+/-3
+/-1.0
26.5
19.0
13.2
9.5
6.70-4.75
2.36-0.600
0.300-0.150
0.075
10
Nil
Nil
Nil
+/-6
+/-6
+/-5
+/-3
+/-1.0
14
Nil
Nil
+/-6
+/-6
+/-6
+/-5
+/-3
+/-1.0
20
Nil
+/-6
+/-6
+/-6
+/-6
+/-5
+/-3
+/-1.0
Unless otherwise approved by the Superintendents Representative, the

tolerances on the job mix grading aim after compaction shall be as specified in
Table 12 except that the positive tolerance shall be increased by one unit.
The tolerance on the job mix bitumen content shall be +0.3% of the total mix by
mass.
11.10 MIXING PLANT
The mixing plant shall comply with the following basic requirements, together with
the additional requirements specified for the particular type of plant. Details of
plants which do not comply with this Specification may be submitted for separate
consideration but such plants shall not be used unless approved by the
11.10.1 Basic Requirements for all Plants
(a)
The plant shall produce a uniform mixture within the tolerances

specified.
(b)
Filler shall be stored and handled in a system separate from that

which handles aggregates and capable of accurately measuring
and adding the quantity required.
Page 101 of 10
August 99
(c)
The bitumen storage tanks shall be capable of holding at least

sufficient bitumen for one day's production based on the specified
daily rate of delivery shown in Clause 11.35(c). All tanks used for
storage and preparation of bitumen shall be fitted with
thermometers and circulating and heating equipment.
The bitumen storage and handling shall be so arranged that
contamination of the bitumen by flushing liquids or other classes of
bitumen cannot occur.
The means for controlling the addition of bitumen shall at least have
sufficient capacity to deliver bitumen in quantities not less than 10%
of the mass of the combined aggregate. It shall be capable of
measuring to in accuracy within 2% of the mass of bitumen required.
The bitumen shall be introduced into the mixer in such a way as to
produce a uniform distribution.
(d)
Where a bin for storage of hot asphalt is provided it shall be

constructed and operated in such a way that segregation is
minimised, negligible heat is lost, localised heating is avoided and
the asphalt within the bin does not compact and so block the outlet.
The bin shall befitted with an indicator to show when the bin is filled
to at least half capacity.
Supply of asphalt from the bin shall not commence until the bin is
filled to at least half capacity. If the level in the bin drops below this
level once discharge has commenced, the bin shall be emptied
before further asphalt is stored.
Asphalt which has been stored for more than 32 hours or produced
at temperatures not in accordance with those shown in Clause 11.13
shall not be used.
Inspection and testing procedures in accordance with Clause 11.15
shall apply to asphalt which has been stored in hot storage bins.
(e)
Discharge from the plant shall be so arranged as to minimise

segregation.
(f)
The feeders on the cold storage bins for fine aggregates and added
filler shall be equipped with warning devices to indicate any
interruption to material flow.
11.10.2 Additional Requirements for Particular Types of Plant

(a)
Additional requirements applicable to batch pugmill and continuous

pugmill mixing plant.
Page 102 of 10
August 99
The mixing plant shall be provided with accurate mechanical

means for uniformly feeding into the dryer each of the several sizes
of aggregates and sand.
Vibratory type feeders may be used on coarse aggregate bins but
variable speed belt feeders shall be used on all bins dispensing
material of maximum size 4.75 mm or less.
The dryer shall be capable of uniformly drying and heating the
aggregates and shall be fitted with temperature reading equipment.
Plant screens shall be maintained in good order and shall be of
capacity in excess of the rated capacity of the mixer.
The pugmill shall be equipped with a dust hood.
(b)
Further requirements for batch pugmill mixing plant:

The mass of each size of dried and heated aggregate shall be
determined by a weighing hopper which shall be of sufficient size to
hold a full batch without overflowing.
Discharge gates, bins and hoppers shall be so constructed as to
prevent leakage when they are closed.
Page 103 of 10
August 99
The plant shall include a batch mixer of an approved twin shaft

pugmill type with a batch capacity of not less than 450 kg. The
clearance of the pugmill blades from all fixed and moving parts
shall not exceed 20 mm. The mixer shall be so constructed as to
prevent leakage of contents until the batch is to be discharged.
The discharging equipment shall be so arranged that the whole
batch of asphalt is discharged with minimal segregation on each
occasion.
Where an automatic timing device is incorporated, it shall be
capable of controlling both wet and dry mixing periods up to a total
mixing period of at least three minutes, with increments not greater
than five seconds.
11.10.3 Further requirements for continuous pugmill
mixing plant
The plant shall be capable of accurately proportioning each size of dried

and heated aggregate by means of hot bin gate openings which have
been calibrated by measurements of the mass per unit time passing
each opening at different settings. Each hot bin gate opening shall be
adjustable by positive mechanical means.
The plant shall include a continuous twin shaft pugmill having paddles
which can be adjusted for angular position and clearance.
11.10.4 Additional requirements for drum mixing plant
Aggregates shall be proportioned and measured by accurately calibrated
variable speed continuous belt feeders from each cold storage bin. Each
feeder shall maintain a constant and uniform flow throughout the range
of its calibration and shall be equipped with a warning device to indicate
any interruption to material flow.
The plant shall have positive
interlocking between the flows of aggregates, filler and bitumen.
Either individual belt scales shall be incorporated in the feeders from
each bin or a single belt scale shall be incorporated in the feed to the
mixing drum to indicate the mass of aggregates being fed to the drum
per unit time.
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The mixing drum shall be so constructed as to produce complete mixing

of aggregates, filler and bitumen and to prevent contact between the
burner flame and the bitumen.
The burner unit shall be of sufficient capacity to dry the aggregates and
to heat the asphalt to the specified temperature. Temperature sensing
equipment shall be located at the discharge point and linked to the
burner to automatically prevent overheating of the asphalt.
The Contractor shall nominate in the tender the type and location of
mixing plant or plants from which it is intended to supply the asphalt.
If at any time the Contractor desires to change the type or location of
mixing plant from which the asphalt is being supplied, the approval of the
Superintendents Representative shall be obtained.
11.11 STOCKPILES
The Contractor shall provide separate stockpiles of each component aggregate
and filler of sufficient size for at least three days production based on the specified
daily rate of delivery shown in Clause 11.35(c).
11.11.1 Aggregates
All stockpiled aggregates shall be stockpiled on a clean, hard paved and
properly drained area.
Adjoining stockpiles shall be separated to prevent mixing of different
materials and each stockpile shall be clearly labelled to indicate the size
and source of the material and the type of asphalt for which it is
intended.
Stockpiles of one-sized aggregates shall be constructed by either tipping
into tightly joined heaps from trucks or by delivery from a chute,
conveyor belt or fixed screen into a cone or surge pile.
Stockpiles of graded aggregates, including crusher fines and sands,
shall be constructed by:
(a)
tipping into tightly joined heaps from trucks or spreading in thin

layers using appropriate equipment, or
(b)
delivery from a chute, conveyor belt or fixed screen assembly into

a fixed bin or surge pile equipped with suitable baffles to minimise
segregation.
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Where stockpiles are formed by tipping from trucks, the material shall be
reclaimed by working the full depth of stockpile on a face.
Where surge piles are constructed material shall be reclaimed from the
surge pile by conveyor belt. If fixed bins are used for storage,
reciprocating, vibratory or variable speed belt feeders shall be used to
deliver the material directly onto a conveyor belt. All materials shall be
handled in such a manner as to minimise segregation.
11.11.2 Filler
Filler shall be stored and handled under a weather-proof cover.
11.12 PREPARATION OF AGGREGATES
11.12.1 Basic Requirements for all Plant
Each separate size or type of coarse aggregate, sand and crusher fines
shall be proportioned correctly before feeding to the dryer or mixer.
The coarse and fine aggregates shall be heated at the plant to a
temperature not greater than that specified in Clause 11.13. Heating
shall continue for a time sufficient to reduce the moisture content so that
the requirement of Clause 11.14 will be met.
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Uncoated material, partially coated material or material remaining in hot

bins resulting from plant shut down, trials or changed in the mix may be
returned to a separate cold feed storage bin. Before recommencing
production of asphalt all material shall be emptied from hot bins and
either returned to the separate cold feed storage bin or put to waste. If
the material returned to the separate cold feed storage bin is of the
quality specified in Clause 11.4, then such material may be used in the
proportion of not more than 5% by mass of the total aggregates.
11.12.2 Additional Requirements for Particular Types of Plant
(a)
Batch Pugmill and Continuous Pugmill Mixing Plant

Coarse and fine aggregates of all sizes shall be fed simultaneously
to the aggregate dryer. Immediately after heating, the combined
aggregates shall be screened into bins. The fractions of the
combined aggregates shall be correctly proportioned before
passing to the mixer. One of the screens on which the combined
aggregates are separated shall have an aperture size not greater
than 4.75 mm.
(b)
Drum Mixing Plant

The moisture content of the aggregates being fed to the drum mixer
shall be determined and adjustments shall be made to the rates at
which the various constituents are fed to the mixer so that the
resultant mix is correctly proportioned and contains the required
amount of bitumen.
11.13 TEMPERATURES OF BITUMEN, AGGREGATES AND ASPHALT

The temperature of bitumen and aggregates at the mixing plant and the
temperature of the asphalt as it is discharged from the mixing plant shall not
exceed the limits specified in Table 13.
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Table 13
Material
Bitumen delivered into plant storage
Bitumen delivered into mixer
Aggregates on leaving dryer
Asphalt at discharge from mixing plant
Temperature
o
C (max)
185
165
200
175
The temperature of the asphalt at the spreading site shall be suitable for placing
the asphalt in accordance with the Specification.
Where acceptance of compaction is not based on density testing of the work in
accordance with Clause 11.31, asphalt shall not be placed if the temperature of
asphalt at the spreading site is less than that specified in Table 14.
Where suitable equipment for measurement of the temperature of the surface on
which asphalt is to be placed is not available, air temperature shall be used as an
approximation of road surface temperature.
Where placing of the asphalt is not part of the Contract, the Superintendents
Representative may fix a range of temperature of the asphalt at discharge from
the mixing plant or at the point of delivery. Such range will be not narrower than
10oC.
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Table 14
Compacted
Layer
Thickness
Less than
40
40-100
More than
100
Road
Surface
Temperatur
e (oC)
Less than
10
More than
10
5-10
10-15
15-25
More than
25
5-10
10-15
15-25
More than
25
Asphalt Temperature oC (min)
50
Bitumen Class
170
Refer Clause 11.25
320
140
145
150
140
135
130
125
145
140
135
130
150
145
140
135
125
120
115
110
130
125
120
115
135
130
125
120
11.14 MIXING
The mixing period shall be such that at least 95% of the coarse aggregate
particles are fully coated.
The moisture content of the mix shall not exceed 0.5%.
11.15 INSPECTION AND TESTING AT THE MIXING PLANT
The Superintendents Representative reserves the right to station an Inspector at
the plant to inspect production and loading of asphalt, to endorse delivery dockets
and to carry out assurance testing. When an Inspector is present at the plant,
delivery dockets for each load will be endorsed.
Endorsement of dockets shall in no way constitute approval of the asphalt, but
loads arriving at the point of delivery without such endorsement may be rejected.
Unless otherwise directed by the Superintendents Representative, the Contractor
shall carry out the following checks utilising current test methods and procedures
in accordance with AS2891.
Table 15
Checks Required
Frequency
Scrutiny
for
segregation,
uncoated particles, separated Each loaded truck
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bitumen, excess bitumen or

overheating before dispatch
from the plant.
Temperature of asphalt before Each loaded truck or at intervals of
dispatch from plant
15 minutes if more than one truck is
dispatched in 15 minutes
Unsound rock content
At least one per day from the
combined aggregate or from each
separate coarse aggregate, with one
set of counts being performed before
production commences on that day
Bitumen content and sieve At least one per day. The bitumen
analysis of asphalt
content may be determined using an
approved electronic weighing device
that gives a printed output for each
batch mixed
Sieve analysis of the coarser For each mix at least three per day
fraction of asphalt
except that for outputs of less than
400 tonnes per day one test for each
200 tonnes of production
The Superintendents Representative or the Inspector shall be advised
immediately if any of the results lie outside the specified limits.
The Contractor shall make available for inspection at the plant laboratory all work
sheets and results of checks carried out.
The Contractor shall provide a copy of all test results to the Superintendents
Representative or the Inspector at the completion of each day's work.
Testing at the mixing plant and endorsing of delivery dockets shall not take away
the right of the Superintendents Representative to subsequently reject the
asphalt.
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11.16 COMMENCEMENT AND COMPLETION

The Superintendents Representative will consult with the Contractor to establish
the date of commencement of the work or of any particular section of the work or
of any separable part of the works and will confirm in writing the date so agreed.
If agreement as to the date of commencement cannot be reached the
Superintendents Representative will fix the date and notify the Contractor in
writing.
Particular sections of the work, if any, and separable parts of the works, if any,
specified in Clause 11.35(b) shall be completed within the number of weeks or
consecutive working days specified in Clause 11.35(b) from the respective dates
of commencement notified in writing to the Contractor.
11.17 RATE OF DELIVERY
Unless otherwise directed or approved by the Superintendents Representative,
asphalt shall be supplied at not less than the hourly and daily rates specified in
Clause 11.35(c).
Where the rate of delivery is less than that necessary to maintain the agreed daily
progress, the Superintendents Representative may suspend the work until
asphalt can be supplied at the rate specified.
11.18 POSSESSION OF PAVING SITE
When asphalt is to be placed on a road open to traffic, the Contractor will be given
possession of all or part of the carriageway during such portions of the day as are
specified in Clause 11.35(d). The remainder of the carriageway shall remain clear
of obstruction to traffic.
Where a width of possession is shown in Clause 11.35(d) such width shall be
measured between the traffic faces of barriers or between the pavement edge and
the traffic face of any barriers placed.
Where the Contractor is given possession of the full width of the carriageway,
traffic may be diverted only between the hours indicated in Clause 11.35(d) and in
such manner as may be specified elsewhere or approved or directed by the
11.19 PROVISION FOR TRAFFIC
In addition to other specified requirements the Contractor shall provide traffic
controlmen in accordance with the requirements of Clause 11.35(e).
11.20 DAMAGE
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Before the Final Certificate is issued any damage caused by the Contractor to
kerbs, channels, structures or private property shall be made good by the
Contractor to the satisfaction of the Superintendents Representative and at the
Contractor's expense.
11.21 REMOVAL OF DEBRIS
During the progress of the work under the Contract the Contractor shall keep all
channels and pits free of debris at all times. The Contractor shall remove all
sweepings, spoil and excess or rejected material from the site within two weeks of
the Date of Practical Completion of the Works or of the date for completion for any
particular section of the work specified in Clause 11.35(b) and shall leave the area
clean to the satisfaction of the Superintendents Representative.
11.22 DELIVERY
11.22.1 General
Delivery shall be made during the hours specified or approved by the
Superintendents Representative. Asphalt which is segregated, has
been overheated, is too cold, contains separated bitumen or uncoated
particles or which appears to the Superintendents Representative to not
comply with the Specification shall be removed from the site at the
Contractor's expense. In the latter case if subsequent testing proves
that such material complies with the Specification the Superintendents
Representative may agree that some costs be reimbursed to the
Contractor.
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11.22.2 Delivery Vehicles

All delivery vehicles shall be of a type approved by the Superintendents
Representative. Vehicle bodies shall be such that the asphalt cannot
leak or spill, and shall be fitted with covers of such size, thickness, and
material as will minimise the loss of heat from the load. Where specified,
or where the lead exceeds 100 km, or where the air temperature is
below 15oC and the lead exceeds 50 km, vehicle bodies and covers shall
be suitably insulated.
The interior or each vehicle body shall be cleaned of all foreign materials
and lightly lubricated as necessary with a slightly detergent solution or
other approved material. All foreign material and excess lubricant shall
be removed prior to loading the vehicle.
11.22.3 Delivery Dockets
A delivery docket shall be handed by the driver of the delivery vehicle to
the Superintendents Representative or the Superintendents
Representative's representative at the point of delivery. The docket shall
show:
(a)
empty and loaded mass of the vehicle;
(b)
date and time of loading;
(c)
supplier and location of mixing plant;
(d)
registration or fleet number of the vehicle;
(e)
size and type of asphalt;
(f)
class of bitumen;
(g)
temperature of load at mixing plant when measured.
11.23 CONSTRUCTION PLANT

Construction plant shall comply with the following requirements except that other
items and types of plant may be used subject to the approval of the
Superintendents Representative:
11.23.1 Sprayers
Sprayers shall be capable of uniformly spraying the tack coat through
jets in a spray bar at the desired rate of application. Spray bars shall
befitted with end shields. Each sprayer shall be fitted with a hand lance.
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11.23.2 Pavers
Pavers shall be self-propelled. They shall be equipped with hoppers and
distributing screws of the counter-rotation type to place the asphalt
evenly in front of the screed. Means shall be provided to heat the screed
uniformly over its full width. The total paver width provided for the work
shall be not less than that specified in Clause 11.35(f), and may
comprise any paver combination approved by the Superintendents
Representative.
Pavers shall be capable of spreading the asphalt without segregation in
thicknesses between 12 mm and 150 mm and to widths between 1.8m
and 4.3m except in the case of wide or twin pavers which shall be
capable of spreading to widths up to 8.0m.
Where automatic level control is specified in Clause 11.35(g), it shall be
capable of controlling accurately the longitudinal or the longitudinal and
transverse slopes when working from a fixed reference line or a skid type
levelling beam of suitable length, or a joint-matching shoe.
11.23.3 Compaction Plant
Rollers shall comply with the following requirements:
(a)
All Rollers
Rollers shall be self propelled and capable of reversing without
backlash. Rollers shall be fitted with brushes or similar devices to
enable the contact surface of each roll or tyre to be kept uniformly
damp with a minimum amount of water and free from foreign
material. The taps controlling the rate of flow shall be readily
accessible to the driver. Water shall not be allowed to run directly
from taps on to the asphalt being compacted.
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A wetting agent shall be incorporated into the water applied to

pneumatic tyred rollers at all times, and in the water applied to steel
wheeled rollers when directed by the Superintendents
Representative.
(b)
Steel Wheeled Rollers

Steel wheeled non-vibrating rollers shall have a mass of not less
than 7 tonne and shall have a static load intensity of not less than
3.5 tonne per metre width of drive roll.
Steel wheeled vibrating rollers shall have a total mass of not less
2 tonne per metre width of vibrating roll. The frequency of
vibration shall be within the range 33 to 50 Hz. The amplitude of
vibration shall be within the range 0.4 mm to 0.8 mm.
(c)
Pneumatic Tyred Multi-Wheeled Rollers

Pneumatic tyred multi-wheeled rollers shall have smooth tyres of
equal size. Rear wheels shall be offset relative to the front wheels
to give overlapping tyre paths and complete coverage for the
effective width of the roller. Tyres shall be capable of being inflated
to 700 kPa.
Pneumatic tyred multi-wheeled rollers used for initial rolling on
layers of compacted thickness 100 mm or more shall have tyres of
width not less than 220 mm on rims of diameter not less than 500
mm.
For compacting in confined areas, the Contractor shall use a small
vibrating roller and/or a mechanical impact or vibrating type handoperated compactor of size and mass acceptable to the
Page 115 of 10
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11.24 PRELIMINARY WORK

Before commencing each day's work and at such other times during the day as is
necessary the Contractor shall remove all deleterious material and sweep clean
the area upon which asphalt is to be placed.
Such surface preparation shall be done to the satisfaction of the Superintendents
Representative.
11.25 AMBIENT CONDITIONS FOR PLACING
The surface on which asphalt is to be placed shall be essentially dry and free from
puddles.
Where the compacted thickness of the layer is less than 75 mm, asphalt shall not
be placed when the air temperature is less than 10 oC or when winds cool the
asphalt to such extent that in the opinion of the Superintendents Representative
placing will be adversely affected. In an emergency, when the air temperature is
less than 10oC, approval may be given by the Superintendents Representative to
place asphalt but only under such conditions as the Superintendents
Representative may direct.
Asphalt shall not be placed when the air temperature is less than 5 oC.
11.26 TACK COAT
Tack coat shall consist of cationic bitumen emulsion and shall be applied only to a
clean, essentially dry surface, free from puddles. Subject to the consent of the
Superintendents Representative, such emulsion may be diluted by the addition of
up to 50% of clean water.
The interior of tanks, pipework, spray bars and jets of tack coat sprayers shall be
kept clear of foreign materials at all times. Pipework, spray bars and jets shall be
empty of tack coat materials before spraying commences.
Tack coat shall be applied through jets in the spray bar at a rate to be determined
by the Superintendents Representative. This rate shall be between 0.15 and
0.75 litre per square metre. Tack coating shall cease if the sprayer does not spray
uniformly at the predetermined rate of application.
The use of a lance or squeegee will be permitted only in those areas inaccessible
to a sprayer or where a varying application rate is required.
When spraying the tack coat, shields shall be used and all necessary precautions
taken to protect kerbs, channels, adjoining structures, traffic and parked vehicles.
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The Contractor shall arrange the work to a pattern approved by the

Superintendents Representative so that a reasonable length of tack coat is
sprayed in any one operation. Before asphalt is placed a period of time sufficient
to allow the tack coat to set up and become tacky shall elapse.
When directed, any tack coat not covered by asphalt shall be covered with
material approved by the Superintendents Representative and such covering
material shall be rolled. Before the road is opened to traffic appropriate measures
shall be taken for the safety of traffic.
Where asphalt is to be spread over clean, freshly laid asphalt, or over a clean, dry
and cured primed surface, or where the depth of the layer exceeds 50 mm, the
Superintendents Representative may require the Contractor to omit the tack coat.
11.27 REGULATING COURSE
Where specified in Clause 11.35, a regulating course of asphalt of the type and
size specified shall be placed for correction of longitudinal and transverse
pavement shape.
Unless otherwise directed by the Superintendents Representative, the maximum
compacted thickness of any layer of the regulating course shall not exceed five
times the size, in millimetres, of asphalt.
11.28 SPREADING
11.28.1 General
The number of layers and the compacted thicknesses are specified in
Clause 11.35(h).
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No layer shall be spread until the Superintendents Representative gives

consent to proceed.
Unless otherwise approved by the Superintendents Representative,
asphalt shall be spread with a paver.
Employees shall not stand or walk on hot spread asphalt except where
necessary for correction of the surface.
11.28.2 Level Control
Asphalt shall be spread to such line, level, width, grade and crossfall as
specified or directed by the Superintendents Representative.
Each layer shall be completed to a surface parallel to the finished
surface of the pavement and at a depth below it equal to the compacted
thickness of the subsequent layer or layers specified in Clause 11.35(h).
Automatic level control devices specified in Clause 11.35(g) shall be
used for the control of paver screed level. Where no automatic level
control device is specified, paver screed levels shall be controlled
manually or the Superintendents Representative may direct that the
paver screed level controls remain at a fixed setting.
Where a fixed wire or string-line automatic level control device is
specified in Clause 11.35(g), both sides of the paver screed shall be
controlled automatically by a sensor referencing from a fixed wire or
string-line datum except that the Superintendents Representative may
direct that one side only of the screed be controlled from the fixed wire or
string-line and the other side controlled by levelling beam, joint matching
shoe, transverse slope control or another approved means.
Datum lines shall be set from a reference line and level stakes or from
permanent marks. The fixed wire or string-line datum lines shall be
securely anchored and tensioned across blocks or pegs spaced at not
more than 10 m intervals over a maximum length of 250 m between
tensioning devices. The top of the datum line shall be set to achieve the
thickness of the layer required after compaction.
Fixed wires or string-lines shall be parallel to the centreline of the area in
which asphalt is to be placed. The sag in the lines along the
unsupported lengths shall not exceed 2 mm.
Wires or string-lines set for automatic level control will be checked by the
Superintendents Representative in the presence of the Contractor, and
the approval of the Superintendents Representative shall be obtained
before spreading commences.
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Where a levelling beam automatic level control device is specified in

Clause 11.35(g), it shall provide an average profile from a minimum of 8
separate contact points evenly spaced over a length of at least 9 m.
11.28.3 Spreading by Paver
Asphalt spreading shall not commence until the Superintendents
Representative is satisfied that sufficient asphalt is on site to permit
continuous spreading operations.
Unless otherwise directed by the Superintendents Representative, the
day's work shall be organised so that each layer spread covers the full
width of the carriageway.
Where the width to be spread, as specified in Clause 11.35(f), requires
more than one paver, these shall operate in echelon formation not more
than 60 m apart.
At the start of each paver run and at transverse joints, the paver screed
shall be supported on blocks or spacers at the height of the
uncompacted layer.
Asphalt shall be spread without tearing or gouging and, where
necessary, the surface shall be corrected, prior to compaction, using
methods approved by the Superintendents Representative.
The speed of the paver shall be as uniform as possible and the lowest
consistent with the rate of delivery of asphalt. The amount of asphalt in
front of the screed shall be kept between one half and the full height of
the distributing screws. The number of times the paver stops shall be
kept to a minimum.
asphalt shall not be spread by hand behind the paver.
Immediately after any layer is spread and before compaction is started,
the surface shall be checked, any unevenness adjusted, and any sandy,
segregated, hungry or dusty asphalt removed and replaced with fresh
hot asphalt. Irregularities in alignment and grade along the outside edge
shall be corrected by the addition or removal of asphalt before the edge
is rolled. Competent employees capable of correcting all pavement
irregularities shall be employed. Areas where irregularities have been
corrected shall be checked for shape and level with a straight edge
immediately following initial rolling.
Permission to proceed with
spreading operations may be withheld by the Superintendents
Representative until remedial work is complete.
11.28.4 Spreading by Hand
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Where it is impracticable to spread and finish asphalt by machine

methods, hand methods may be approved by the Superintendents
Representative. Where hand methods are approved, asphalt shall be
spread to the correct level without segregation and in a loose layer of
uniform density. It shall be spread, without tearing or gouging, to
produce a smooth even surface true to line, level, grade and crossfall.
Raking shall be done with due care and skill. Asphalt shall not be
deposited at a rate greater than can be properly handled.
11.29 JOINTS AND JUNCTIONS
11.29.1 Longitudinal and Transverse Joints
Longitudinal and transverse joints shall be well bonded and sealed and
shall provide a smooth riding surface across the joint.
Unless otherwise specified or approved by the Superintendents
Representative, the layout of joints shall conform to the following
requirements:
(a)
asphalt shall be spread in such a manner as to minimise the

number of joints in the carriageway;
(b)
transverse joints in adjoining paver runs shall be offset by not less

than 2m;
(c)
transverse joints shall be offset from layer to layer by not less than
2 m except that the Superintendents Representative may direct
that the minimum offset shall be up to 7 m;
(d)
longitudinal joints shall be offset from layer to layer by not less than
150 mm. Longitudinal joints shall be parallel to the centreline of the
carriageway.
Where directed by the Superintendents
Representative, longitudinal joints in the wearing course shall
coincide with lane line positions and the position of joints in lower
courses shall be planned accordingly. Longitudinal joints at ramp
connections and intersections shall be so positioned as to avoid
joint layouts and may misdirect traffic away from designed travel
paths.
The exposed edges of each paver run shall be formed while hot to a
straightline with a dense face which shall lie between vertical and 45 o to
the vertical for the full depth of the layer. When the Superintendents
Representative directs, the unsupported longitudinal edges of spread
asphalt shall be side tamped to slightly raise the level of the asphalt to
secure maximum edge compaction from subsequent rolling.
Rollers shall not be permitted to damage the unsupported longitudinal
edge except that, on intermediate and base course work, the
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Superintendents Representative may permit such edge to be rolled over.

Longitudinal edges which contain segregated or open textured asphalt or
which have been damaged by traffic or rolling shall be made good by
cutting back in a straight line to expose fresh, dense asphalt. The cut
face shall lie between vertical and 45o to the vertical.
The screed of the paver shall overlap the adjacent paver run of 25 mm to
50 mm. At joints constructed against cold edges, the overlapping
asphalt shall be removed to waste or crowded back at the joint but shall
not be thrown on to the layer being spread.
Transverse joints shall be constructed at right angles to the direction of
spreading and be cut to a straight vertical face for the full depth of the
layer.
transverse joints shall be constructed where the spreading operation is
stopped for longer than 20 minutes.
Before placing asphalt to construct transverse joints, all cold contact
surfaces shall be uniformly and thinly tack coated and, where directed by
the Superintendents Representative, cold longitudinal edges and other
contact surfaces shall be treated in the same manner.
Before rolling commences, the Contractor shall check all joints with a 3
m straight edge to ensure compliance with the requirements of Clause
11.33.
11.29.2 Abutting Edges
The placing of asphalt against abutting structures such as kerb, channel,
manhole or adjoining pavement shall be carried out in the same manner
as for longitudinal and transverse joints. Any spaces left unfilled
between the paver run and abutting edges shall be filled with sufficient
asphalt to the proper height prior to compaction.
11.29.3 Junctions
Where asphalt is required to match an existing pavement, bridge deck,
rail or other fixture, the Contractor shall place the asphalt in such manner
as to provide a smooth riding surface across the junction. Where
specified, the Contractor shall remove sufficient of the existing pavement
to enable a smooth riding surface to be constructed across the junction.
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Where it is necessary to taper the thickness of a layer to provide a

smooth riding connection with an existing asphalt surface, the layer shall
end at a chase cut into the existing asphalt. The chase shall be about 20
mm deep and 40 mm wide unless otherwise specified or directed by the
Superintendents Representative. Where necessary, removal of coarse
particles from a layer of tapering thickness will be allowed using hand
raking.
Where the thickness of the layer tapers to less than twice the size of the
asphalt, the area upon which asphalt of such thickness is to be placed
shall be uniformly tack coated at an application rate between 0.50 and
0.75 litre per square metre.
11.30 COMPACTION PROCEDURES
11.30.1 General
Asphalt shall be uniformly compacted to the standards specified as soon
as the asphalt will support the roller without undue displacement.
The following procedures shall be adopted for compaction unless
otherwise approved by the Superintendents Representative.
11.30.2 Initial Rolling of Layers of Compacted Thickness Less than 100 mm
Where asphalt is being placed in layers of compacted thickness less
than 100 mm, initial rolling shall be performed with a steel wheeled roller
with the driving roll nearer the paver except on steep grades or on sharp
curves where the steering roll shall be nearer the paver. Transverse
and/or longitudinal joints shall be rolled first. Rolling shall continue
longitudinally, commencing on the lower side and proceeding to the
higher side of the paver run. The roller shall overhang the unsupported
edges of the paver run by about 0.1 m. Each longitudinal pass shall
overlap the previous pass by about 0.1 m and adjacent passes of the
roller shall be of different lengths.
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11.30.3 Initial Rolling of Layers of Compacted Thickness of 100mm or more

Where asphalt is being placed in layers of compacted thickness of
100mm or more the initial rolling of transverse and longitudinal joints and
of unsupported edges shall be performed using a steel wheeled roller.
Elsewhere the initial rolling shall be performed using either a self
propelled pneumatic tyred multi-wheeled roller as specified in Clause
11.23.3(c) or a steel wheeled roller. The driving roll or wheels shall be
nearer the paver. Tyers of self-propelled pneumatic tyred multi-wheeled
rollers may be operated dry. Transverse and/or longitudinal joints shall
be rolled first. Rolling shall proceed from the lower side of the paver run
to the higher side, but rolling within 0.2m of an unsupported edge shall
be delayed to minimise possible displacement of the asphalt.
Initial rolling of the 0.2m strip adjacent to the unsupported edge shall be
performed with the steel wheeled roller which may overhang the edge of
the asphalt by not more than 0.1m.
Where a steel wheeled roller is used, each longitudinal pass shall
overlap the edge of the previous pass by about 0.1m. If a self propelled
pneumatic tyred multi-wheeled roller is used, each longitudinal pass shall
overlap the previous run by a minimum of about 1m. Adjacent passes of
the roller shall be of different lengths.
11.30.4 Secondary Rolling
Secondary rolling shall be performed as soon as possible after initial
rolling and shall be performed with a self propelled pneumatic tyred roller
with the driving wheels nearer the paver except of steep grades or on
sharp curves where the steering wheels shall be nearer the paver.
Rolling shall be carried out longitudinally commencing on the lower side
and proceeding to the higher side of the paver run. Each roller pass
shall substantially overlap the previous pass and adjacent passes shall
be of different lengths.
Page 123 of 10
August 99
11.30.5 Final Rolling

Final rolling to eliminate all roller marks shall be performed with a steel
wheeled nonvibrating roller.
11.30.6 Echelon Paving
When paving in echelon, the edge of the paver run common to adjacent
pavers shall be left unrolled for a width of 0.2m until the longitudinal joint
has been constructed. This strip shall be rolled together with the edge of
the adjacent paver run. Rolling shall commence before the temperature
of the asphalt along the edge of the first paver run has fallen below 95 oC.
11.30.7 Avoidance of surface defects
The speed of rollers shall be such as to avoid undue displacement of the
asphalt. Any vibratory mechanism of the roller shall be disengaged
before stopping or reversing direction of the roller.
Rollers shall not remain stationary on asphalt that is still warm. Roller
wheels shall be kept free from any build-up.
Surface defects occurring as a result of rolling shall be corrected
immediately.
11.30.8 Areas Inaccessible to Rollers
Asphalt placed in areas inaccessible to rollers shall be thoroughly
compacted using plant complying with the requirements of Clause
11.23.3.
11.30.9 Opening to Traffic
Freshly placed layers of asphalt shall not be trafficked without the
consent of the Superintendents Representative.
Page 124 of 10
August 99
11.31 REQUIREMENTS FOR TESTING AND ACCEPTANCE OF COMPACTION

11.31.1 General
A lot will usually consist of that part of a particular layer of asphalt which
is placed and compacted in one day but any work which is cracked or
contains bony or fatty material or is otherwise deemed unsuitable by the
Superintending Office will be excluded from the lot by the
Superintendents Representative before testing commences. Excluded
areas shall be rectified by the Contractor using methods agreed to by the
Superintendents Representative and shall be re-presented for testing.
For each lot, density tests will be performed on core samples taken from
the layer except that for a layer of nominal thickness 50mm or greater a
nuclear gauge may be used to measure density in situ. Sites for density
testing will be selected on an essentially random basis provided that no
site will be selected within 150mm of a joint constructed against a cold
edge.
For core sample tests, the layer thickness is the mean thickness of the
core samples and for nuclear gauge tests, the layer thickness is the
nominal layer thickness.
For asphalt relative compaction is defined as the ratio between the field
bulk density and the bulk density of the job mix when compacted in the
laboratory.
Work will be tested for compliance with Scale A or Scale B requirements
for testing and acceptance of compaction as specified in Clause 11.35(h)
and as provided in Clauses 11.31.2 and 11.31.3 except that if no scale is
specified in Clause 11.35(h) work shall be tested for compliance with
Scale A requirements where one or more individual core thickness or the
mean value of the core thicknesses are less than the relevant values
shown in Table 16 these requirements for compliance shall not apply.
Page 125 of 10
August 99
Table 16
Size of
Aspahlt
7
10
14
20
Individual
Core Thickness
(mm) (min)
11
15
21
30
Mean Valueof
Core Thickness
11.31.2 Scale A Requirements for Testing and

Compaction
15
20
30
35
Acceptance
of
The work represented by a lot of six tests shall be accepted or rejected

as shown in Table 17.
Table 17
For Layers Less Than 50mm
Thickness
Characteristic
Action to be taken
Value of
Relative
Compaction
(Rc)
93.0% or more
Nil - lot will be
accepted
90.0% to
Lot will be accepted
92.9%
at a reduced rate
calculated by
P = 10 Rc - 830
Less than
90.0%
Remove and
replace or
alternatively the lot
may be accepted at
a rate fixed by the
Superintendent's
Representative not
greater than 70% of
the scheduled rate
For Layers 50mm Thickness or

Greater
Characteristic
Action to be taken
Value of
Relative
Compaction
(Rc)
95.0% or more
Nil - lot will be
accepted
90.0% to
Lot will be
94.9%
accepted at a
reduced rate
calculated by
P = 6 Rc - 470
Less than
Remove and
90.0%
replace or
alternatively the lot
may be accepted
at a rate fixed by
the
Superintendent's
Representative
not greater than
70% of the
scheduled rate
(Rc) is the Characteristic Value of Relative Compaction for the lot and
(P) is the percentage of the relevant scheduled rate to be paid which
shall not be greater than 100%.
Where the Contract is a lump sum Contract the relevant scheduled rate
will be that shown in the schedule of prices accompanying the lump sum
tender or such other rate or price as the Superintendents
Representative may fix.
Page 126 of 10
August 99
11.31.3 Scale B Requirements for Testing and Acceptance of Compaction

For work represented by a lot of three tests shall be accepted or rejected
as shown in Table 17.
Table 18
For Layers Less Than 50mm
Thickness
Characteristic
Action to be
Value of Relative Taken
Compaction
(Rm)
94.0% or more
Nil - lot will be
accepted
90.0% to 93.9%
Lot
will
be
accepted at a
reduced
rate
calculated by
P = 75 R - 605
Less than 90.0% Remove
and
replace
or
alternatively the
lot
may
be
accepted at a
rate fixed by the
Superintendent's
Representative
not greater than
70%
of
the
scheduled rate
For Layers 50mm Thickness or

Greater
Characteristic
Action
to
be
Value of Relative Taken
Compaction
(Rm)
96.0% or more
Nil - lot will be
accepted
90.0% to 95.9%
Lot
will
be
accepted at a
reduced
rate
calculated by
P = 5 Rm - 380
Less than 90.0% Remove
and
replace
or
alternatively the
lot
may
be
accepted at a
rate fixed by the
Superintendent's
Representative
not greater than
70%
of
the
scheduled rate
(Rm) is the mean of the individual relative compaction tests for the lot
and (P) is the percentage of the relevant scheduled rate to be paid which
shall not be greater than 100%.
Where the Contract is a lump sum Contract the relevant scheduled rate
will be that shown in the schedule of prices accompanying the lump sum
tender or such other rate or price as the Superintendents
Representative may fix.
Page 127 of 10
August 99
11.32 EQUIPMENT FOR SETTING OUT AND CHECKING

The contractor shall provide the following equipment at the paving site for setting
out, for checking levels and depths of asphalt layers and for measuring asphalt
temperature.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
measuring tapes and boning rods

depth gauges
3m straight edge
thermometers for measuring temperatures of asphalt before spreading and
during compaction.
11.33 SURFACE FINISH, SHAPE AND THICKNESS

The finished surface of asphalt wearing course shall be of uniform appearance,
free of dragged areas, cracks and open textured patches. Each layer shall, after
final compaction, conform within the following limits to the levels, lines, grades,
thicknesses and cross-sections specified or shown on the drawings or directed by
11.33.1 Level
The level of the top of each layer shall not differ from the specified level
by more than 10mm, except that where asphalt is placed against kerb
and channel the surface at the edge of the wearing course shall be flush
with or nor more than 5mm above the lip of the channel unless otherwise
specified or shown on the drawings.
11.33.2 Shape
No point on the finished surface of the wearing course shall lie more than
4mm below a 3m straight edge laid either parallel to the centreline of the
pavement or, except on crowned sections, at right angles to the
centreline. For immediate and base course layers, the distance below
the straight edge shall not exceed 6mm and 10mm respectively.
Page 128 of 10
August 99
11.33.3 Thickness
Where payment has been scheduled at a rate per square metre, the
average compacted thickness of each layer of asphalt shall be not less
than the thickness specified in Clause 11.35(h) or shown on the
drawings.
Where the above tolerances are exceeded, the
Superintendents Representative will direct that the defective areas of
asphalt be:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
removed and replaced, or

regulated using methods and materials approved by
Superintendents Representative for the purpose, or
corrected during the placing of a subsequent layer, or
allowed to remain, subject to such conditions as
Superintendents Representative may impose.
the
the
No extra payment will be made for any excessive quantity of bituminous

concrete used. The Contractor's price for finished asphalt is to be
binding. The Contractor shall if requested by the Superintendent,
produce delivery dockets for examination to show that the material has
been laid at the rate of coverage required. The Superintendent reserves
the right to take cores in order to check the actual depth of asphalt laid.
11.34 TESTS
A laboratory shall be provided at the mixing plant by the Contractor for the
Contractor or the Superintendents Representative or their representatives to
carry out tests on the components and the asphalt mix. The laboratory shall
comply with the relevant requirements of AS 2341 and AS 2891.
*NOTE: To be filled out for each project
Page 129 of 10
August 99
11.35 SCHEDULE OF DETAILS

***(a) Mix Requirements (Clause 11.2, 11.4, 11.6, 11.8 and 11.27).
Table 19
Layer
Type of Asphalt
Size of
Polished
Class of
Asphalt
Stone
Bitumen
Value of
*
Source Rock
Wearing
Intermediate
1
Intermediate
2
Base 1
Base 2
Regulation
* Class 170 unless otherwise shown

***(b) Commencement and Completion (Clause 11.16)
Table 20
Section
Number of Weeks or
Consecutive Working
Days for Completion
***(c) Rate of Delivery (Clause 11.17)

The rate of delivery shall be not less than:
Page 130 of 10
August 99
Table 21
Layer
Main Carriageways
Tonne per
Tonne per
Hour
Day
Restricted Areas
Tonne per
Tonne per
Hour
Day
Wearing
Intermediate
1
Intermediate
2
Base 1
Base 2
Regulation
***(d) Possession of Paving Site (Clause 11.18)
Table 22
Section
Width
Hours
***(e) Provision for Traffic (Clause 11.19)

Number of traffic controlmen required per paving crew - **.............***
***(f) Total Paver Width Required Per Run (Clause 11.23.2)
Table 23
Layer
Total Paver Width (metres)*

Standard (1.8 -4.3m) Width (up to 8.0m)
Echelon
Wearing
Intermediate 1
Intermediate 2
Base 1
Base 2
Regulation
*Insert paver width required per run

***(g) Automatic Level Control Device Required [Clauses 11.23.2 and 11.28.2]
Page 131 of 10
August 99
Table 24
Layer
Fixed Wire
Levelling
String Line
Beam
Joint
Matching
Shoe
Transverse
Slope Control
Wearing
Intermediate
1
Intermediate
2
Base 1
Base 2
Regulation
***(h) Placing Requirements (Clause 11.28, 11.31 and 11.33)

Table 25
Layer
Wearing
Intermediate 1
Intermediate 2
Base 1
Base 2
Regulation
Compacted
Thickness
(mm)
Requirement for
Testing and
Acceptance of
Compaction*
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
Scale
# Range or nominal thickness

* Scale A unless otherwise shown
Page 132 of 10
August 99

CONSTRUCTION OF ASPHALT
PAVING
12.1
Standards
12.2
General
12.3
Surface Finish, Level, Shape and Thickness
12.4
Approval Prior to Placing Asphalt
12.5
Type of Asphalt and Materials
12.6
Delivery
12.7
Construction Plant
12.8
Compaction
12.9
Ambient Conditions for Placing
12.10 Tack Coat

12.11 Equipment for Setting Out and Checking
12.12 Final Layer
ID 6012
Page 133 of 10
August 99
12.1
STANDARDS
AS 2734 Asphalt (Hot-Mixed) Paving - Guide to Good Practice
AS 2809 Road Tank Vehicles for Dangerous Goods
AS 2891 Methods of Sampling and Testing Asphalt
12.2
GENERAL
Refer to Section 11 - Specification for Asphalt for manufacture, supply and placing
of asphalt. This section covers the requirements for laying and compacting
asphalt paving.
12.3
SURFACE FINISH, LEVEL, SHAPE AND THICKNESS

The finished surface of asphalt wearing course shall be of uniform appearance,
free of dragged areas, cracks and open textured patches. Each layer shall, after
final compaction, conform within the following limits to the levels, lines, grades,
thicknesses and cross-sections specified or shown on the drawings or directed by
12.3.1
Level
The level of the top of each layer shall not differ from the specified level
by more than 10mm, except that where asphalt is placed against kerb
and channel the surface at the edge of the wearing course shall be flush
with or nor more than 5mm above the lip of the channel unless otherwise
12.3.2
Shape
No point on the finished surface of the wearing course shall lie more than
4mm below a 3m straight edge laid either parallel to the centreline of the
pavement or, except on crowned sections, at right angles to the
centreline. For immediate and base course layers, the distance below
the straight edge shall not exceed 6mm and 10mm respectively.
Page 134 of 10
August 99
12.3.3
Thickness
Where payment has been scheduled at a rate per square metre, the
average compacted thickness of each layer of asphalt shall be not less
than the thickness specified in Clause 11.35(h) or shown on the
drawings.
Where the above tolerances are exceeded, the
Superintendents Representative will direct that the defective areas of
asphalt be:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
removed and replaced, or

regulated using methods and materials approved by
Superintendents Representative for the purpose, or
corrected during the placing of a subsequent layer, or
allowed to remain, subject to such conditions as
Superintendents Representative may impose.
the
the
No extra payment will be made for any excessive quantity of bituminous

concrete used. The Contractor's price for finished asphalt is to be binding.
The Contractor shall if requested by the Superintendent, produce delivery
dockets for examination to show that the material has been laid at the rate
of coverage required. The Superintendent reserves the right to take cores
in order to check the actual depth of asphalt laid.
12.4
APPROVAL PRIOR TO PLACING ASPHALT

Prior to placing asphalt, the Contractor shall obtain from the Superintendent,
written approval to proceed. The Contractor shall be responsible for making good
any damage to, and maintaining to the satisfaction of the Superintendent, the
pavement course on which he is to place the asphalt course, notwithstanding that
approval has been previously given for further works to proceed. Should the
placing of the asphalt layer be delayed for any reason whatsoever by more than
14 days, written approval shall again be obtained from the Superintendent before
asphalt works can proceed.
Page 135 of 10
August 99
12.5
TYPE OF ASPHALT AND MATERIALS

All materials used in the manufacture of the asphalt shall fully comply with Section
12.1 of this Specification. The asphalt type shall be designated on the drawings
or designated on the accompanying schedules.
12.6
DELIVERY
Delivery shall be made during the hours specified or approved by the
Superintendent. Asphalt which is segregated, has been overheated, is too cold,
contains separate bitumen or uncoated particles or which appears to the
Superintendent to not comply with the Specification shall be removed from the site
at the Contractor's expense.
All delivery vehicles shall be of a type approved by the Superintendent. Vehicles
bodies shall be such that the asphalt cannot leak or spill, and shall be fitted with
covers of such size, thickness, and material as will minimise the loss of heat from
the load.
The interior of each vehicle body shall be cleaned of all foreign materials and
lightly lubricated as necessary with a slightly detergent solution or other approved
material. All foreign material and excess lubricate shall be removed prior to
loading the vehicle.
12.7
CONSTRUCTION PLANT
Construction plant shall comply with the following requirements except that other
items and types of plant may be used subject to the approval of the
Superintendent :(a)
Sprayers
Sprayers shall be capable of uniformly spraying the tack coat through jets
in a spray bar at the desired rate of application. Spray bars shall be fitted
with end shields. Each sprayer shall be fitted with a hand lance.
(b)
Pavers
Page 136 of 10
August 99
Pavers shall be self-propelled. They shall be equipped with hoppers and

distributing screws of the counter-rotation type to place the asphalt evenly
in front of the screed. Means shall be provided to heat the screed
uniformly over its full width.
Pavers shall be capable of spreading the asphalt without segregation in
thicknesses between 12mm and 150mm and to widths between 1.8m and
4.3m except in the case of wide or twin pavers which shall be capable of
spreading to widths up to 8.0m.
(c)
Compaction Plant
Rollers shall comply with the following requirements :(i)
All rollers
Rollers shall be self-propelled and capable of reversing without
backlash. Rollers shall be fitted with brushes or similar devices to
enable the contact surface of each roll or type to be kept uniformly
damp with a minimum amount of water and free from foreign
material. The taps controlling the rate of flow shall be readily
accessible to the driver. Water shall not be allowed to run directly
from taps on to the asphalt being compacted.
(ii)
Steel Wheeled Rollers

Steel wheeled non-vibrating rollers shall have a mass of not less
3.5 tonne per metre width of drive roll.
Steel wheeled vibrating rollers shall have a total mass of not less
than 6 tonne and shall have a static load intensity of not less than 2
tonne per metre width of vibrating roll.
(iii)
Pneumatic Tyred Multi-Wheeled Rollers

Pneumatic typed multi-wheeled rollers shall have smooth tyres of
equal size.
Page 137 of 10
August 99
Rear wheels shall be offset relative to the front wheels to give

overlapping tyre paths and complete coverage for the effective width
of the roller. Tyres shall be capable of being inflated to 700kPa. For
compacting in confined areas, the contractor shall use a small
vibrating roller and/or a mechanical impact or vibrating type handoperated compactor of size and mass acceptable to the
Superintendent.
12.8
COMPACTION
Asphalt shall be uniformly compacted to the Standards specified as soon as the
asphalt will support the roller without undue displacement. Standard rolling
procedures shall be adopted for compaction unless otherwise approved by the
Superintendent. The speed of the rollers shall at all times be slow enough to
avoid undue displacement of the asphalt. Final rolling with a steel wheeled nonvibrating roller shall give a finish free from all roller marks.
12.9
AMBIENT CONDITIONS FOR PLACING

The surface on which asphalt is to be placed shall be essentially clean, dry and
free from puddles.
Where the compacted thickness of the layer is less than 75mm, asphalt shall not
be placed when the air temperature is less than 10 oC or when winds cool the
asphalt to such extent that in the opinion of the Superintendent, placing will be
adversely affected. In an emergency, when the air temperature is less than 10 oC,
approval may be given by the Superintendent to place asphalt but only under
such conditions as the Superintendent may direct.
Asphalt shall not be placed when the air temperature is less than 5 oC.
12.10 TACK COAT

Tack coat shall consist of cationic bitumen emulsion and shall be applied only to a
clean, essentially dry surface, free from puddles. Subject to the consent of the
Superintendent, such emulsion may be diluted by the addition of up to 50% of
clean water.
The interior of tanks, pipework, spray bars and jets of tack coat sprayers shall be
kept clear of foreign materials at all times. Pipework, spray bars and jets shall be
empty of tack coat materials before spraying commences. Tack coat shall be
applied through jets in the spray bar at a rate to be determined by the
Superintendent. This rate shall be between 0.30 and 0.75 litres per square metre.
Tack coating shall cease if the sprayer does not spray uniformly at the predetermined rate of application.
Page 138 of 10
August 99
When spraying the tack coat, shields shall be used and all necessary precautions
taken to protect kerbs, channels, adjoining structures, traffic and parked vehicles.
Where asphalt is to be spread over clean, freshly laid asphalt, or over a clean, dry
and cured primed surface, or where the depth of the layer exceeds 50mm, the
Superintendent may require the Contractor to omit the tack coat.
12.11 EQUIPMENT FOR SETTING OUT AND CHECKING
The Contractor shall provide the following equipment at the paving site for setting
out, for checking levels and depths of asphalt layers and for measuring asphalt
temperature.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
measuring tapes and boning rods

depth gauges
3m straight edge
thermometers for measuring temperatures of asphalt before spreading and
during compaction.
12.12 FINAL LAYER

The Contractor where applicable shall lay the final asphalt lay no less than three
months after the base course asphalt unless otherwise directed by the
Page 139 of 10
August 99
SECTION 13 - SPECIFICATION FOR PRIMING AND

PRIMERSEALING
13.1
Standards
13.2
General
13.3
Plant
13.4
Materials
13.5
Depot
13.6
Preparation of Bituminous Materials
13.7
Method of Work
13.8
Second Seal
13.9
Weather Limitations
13.10 Protection of the Work and the Travelling Public

13.11 Supervision
ID 6013
Page 140 of 10
August 99
13.1
STANDARDS
AS 1160
AS 1742.3
AS 1743
AS 2008
AS 2157
AS 2758.2
AS 2341
13.2
Bitumen Emulsions for Construction and Maintenance of

Pavements
Traffic Control Devices for Works on Roads
Road Signs - Specifications
Residual Bitumen for Pavements
Cutback Bitumen
Aggregate for Sprayed Bitumen Surfacing
Methods of Testing Bitumen and Related Roadmaking
Products
GENERAL
This specification covers the supply of plant, materials, the use of materials, the
cleaning of the surface to be treated, the application of primer and/or
primerbinder, and the supply and/or lifting, carting, spreading and rolling of
aggregate as described hereinafter.
13.3
PLANT
The Contractor shall supply all necessary plant and equipment to the approval of
the Superintendent's Representative, in order to carry out the works, the major
items of which shall comprise:
(a)
Road Broom(s)
Rotary road brooms to be used on the works shall be either drawn or selfpropelled with a minimum core width of 1.8m and shall be capable of
cleaning the road prior to the application of primer or primer-binder to the
(b)
Sprayer(s)
The sprayer(s) to be used on the work shall be of not less than 1800 litres
capacity and shall be equipped with suitable spray bars and appliances so
designed as to distribute evenly, material within the temperature range as
set by the Superintendent's Representative.
Page 141 of 10
August 99
The spray(s) shall be fitted with thermometers to indicate the temperature

of material in the tank. The sprayer(s) shall be fitted with heating
equipment capable of maintaining and/or raising the temperature of the
material to within the specified spraying temperature range. The heating
equipment shall not be used at a capacity which will raise the temperature
of the material at a rate in excess of 16oC per hour.
Each sprayer shall be designed and fitted with controlling devices to
constantly maintain a uniform discharge as pre-determined by calibration
for each width of spray of material as it passes through the spraying jets
which shall be of a type approved by the Superintendent's Representative.
The sprayer(s) shall be equipped with a circulating system capable of
thoroughly mixing all of the material in the sprayer tank at a rate of not less
than 1000 litres per minute.
Each sprayer shall be fitted with a bitumeter head reading distances in
metres and speeds in metres per minute. The sprayer(s) shall be capable
of spraying uniformly both transversely and longitudinally primers and/or
primerbinders at rates of application as directed, which may be between
0.2 and 2.0 litres per square metre in widths from 0.6m up to not less than
7.5m in increments of 0.1m. If under this Contract it is proposed to use
spray bars constructed to imperial dimensions the increments shall then be
4 inches (101.6mm).
Such sprayer(s) shall be calibrated for capacity and fitted with a calibrated
dipstick approved by the Superintendent's Representative. Sprayer(s)
shall be fitted with adjustable guide rods which project to a point
approximately 3m directly in front of the sprayer driver.
The Contractor shall only use a sprayer(s) for which a current spraying
table has been issued, indicating the pressures and/or pump shaft speeds
to be maintained for various widths of application and the road speed in
metres per minute for various rates of application. The spraying table shall
be carried on the sprayer so that it can readily be readily inspected by the
Superintendent's Representative at any time.
Each sprayer shall, when spraying, be operated by a crew as follows :The driver shall control the direction of the sprayer.
One of the crew excluding the sprayer driver, from within the cabin shall
control and maintain the forward speed of the sprayer at the speed
indicated in the spraying table for the desired rate of application.
The operator shall be at the rear end of the sprayer and shall control the
starting and stopping of a uniform discharge of material through the
spraying jets.
Page 142 of 10
August 99
In the case of a sprayer fitted with a by-pass valve and pressure gauge the
operator shall control and maintain the desired pressure in accordance with
the spraying table.
(c)
Loading Equipment
Equipment for loading aggregate from quarry or roadside stacks into motor
trucks, shall be a Vic Roads type aggregate loader(s) or its equivalent
unless approval is granted by the Superintendent's Representative to the
use of a front end loader(s).
A Vic Roads type aggregate loader(s) or its equivalent shall be equipped at
all times with a full set of screens and mild steel sheets.
(d)
Motor Tip Truck(s)

Motor tip truck(s) fitted with metal tipping bodies shall be used to convey
the aggregate to the work site. The truck(s) shall have attachments to fit
an approved box type spreader. Trucks shall be fitted with pneumatic tyres
(e)
Aggregate Spreader(s)
Mechanical aggregate spreader(s) capable of uniformly spreading the
aggregate shall be used. Aggregate spreader(s) shall be the box type
and/or the rotating belt type and/or some other type approved by the
Page 143 of 10
August 99
(f)
Drag Broom(s)
The drag broom(s) shall be constructed so that the pressure on the broom
bristles can be controlled. The drag broom(s) shall be capable of
distributing aggregate evenly without damaging the work.
(g)
Roller(s)
Roller(s) shall be self-propelled multi-wheeled pneumatic tyred roller(s)
weighing not less than 8 tonnes and with tyre pressure up to 700 kPa and
shall be used as and when directed by the Superintendent's
Representative.
(h)
Tractor(s)
Tractor(s) fitted with pneumatic tyres approved by the Superintendent's
Representative shall be used to tow drawn roller(s), drawn rotary road
broom(s) and drawn drag broom(s) and shall be operated in such a
manner as to avoid damage to the work.
The Contractor shall submit with his tender a statement indicating the plant
and equipment he proposes to use on the works of this Contract.
13.4
MATERIALS
Unless the Superintendent's Representative directs otherwise, the Contractor
shall supply all materials required for priming and primersealing in accordance
with this specification. The Contractor shall have access to sufficient storage of
such materials to enable the ordered work to be done at 24 hours notice.
Page 144 of 10
August 99
Materials for any particular work may be of the following:

Distillate
Diesel fuel oil
Power kerosene
Crude vertical retort tar
Crude horizontal retort tar
Tar oil
Class R90 bitumen
Cutback bitumen primers AMC CO, AMC O and AMC 1
Special cutback bitumen primers
Special cutback bitumen primer binders
Petroleum tars
Coke oven tar
Adhesion agent
Any mixtures of the above materials
Any other materials which together with full technical details may be offered
by the Contractor.
The quality of the materials supplied shall comply with the relevant current
Australian Standards, including AS 1160 Bitumen Emulsions for Construction and
Maintenance of Pavements, AS 2008 Residual Bitumen for Pavements, AS 2157
Cutback Bitumen and AS 2758.2 Aggregate for Sprayed Bituminous Surfacing.
If there is no specification then any material which the Contractor proposes to
supply shall not be used unless it has been approved and accepted by the
13.5
DEPOT
The Contractor shall nominate the location of the depot or depots from which he
proposes to operate during the currency of the Contract.
13.6
PREPARATION OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS

The heating of materials required for priming and/or primersealing shall be strictly
controlled and the following spraying temperatures shall be observed unless
otherwise directed by the Superintendent's Representative:
Table 1
Type of Material
Grade
Spraying
Temperature oC
Coal Tar
C.V.R. Tar
C.H.R. Tar
40 - 50
45-55
Petroleum Tar
Very Light
20 - 35
Page 145 of 10
August 99
Light
Heavy
Primerbinder
35 - 45
55 - 70
100 - 120
Very Light
Light
Heavy
15 - 30
40 - 50
55 - 70
Cutback Bitumen
AMC.00
AMC.0
AMC.1
Ambient
35 - 55
60 - 80
Special Cutback
Bitumen
Very Light
Ambient
Grade
Spraying
Temperature oC
Light
Heavy
Primerbinder
30 - 45
55 - 70
110 - 130
Class R90
178 - 185
Coke Oven Tar
Table 1 (Contd)
Type of Material
Proprietary Grades
Bitumen
Unless the Superintendent's Representative directs otherwise the temperatures of

the materials at the time of spraying shall be within the limits shown above and
the upper limit of temperatures shown shall not be exceeded at any time.
The spraying temperatures for any other material or mixtures of materials shall be
as directed by the Superintendent's Representative. Materials shall not be
reheated unless approval has been obtained from the Superintendent's
Representative.
Page 146 of 10
August 99
13.7
METHOD OF WORK
13.7.1 Preparation of the Road Surface
Prior to the application of a primer or primerbinder, the surface to be
covered shall be swept clean and free from dust, dirt, caked clay and loose
foreign materials by means of a rotary road broom and/or any other
method approved by the Superintendent's Representative. Particular care
shall be taken to thoroughly clean the outer edges of the surface to be
treated.
Sweeping shall continue until all dust or loose dirt is removed and the top
surfaces of the larger sized aggregate on the surface is exposed. Where
required, handbrooming shall be used at intersections, bellmouths and
other areas as directed by the Superintendent's Representative.
13.7.2 Application of Primer
Primer shall be applied uniformly to the specified areas. Unless otherwise
directed by the Superintendent's Representative, primer shall be applied
only to one half of the width to be treated at a time. It shall be sprayed
100mm wider than the half width of pavement. The inner edge shall be
over the centreline by 25mm (to provide an overlap when the primer is
applied to the second half width) and 75mm outside the outer edge. The
second half width shall not be primed until the first half has dried and will
not be damaged by traffic. If permission to prime full width has been given
by the Superintendent's Representative, the primer shall be applied over a
width 200mm wider than the width of the proposed seal.
When the primer is applied in half width or in part of the full width as
directed by the Superintendent's Representative, the application on each
width shall be arranged so as to provide for a lap of 50mm over the
adjoining previously sprayed primer in order to provide a uniform film of
material over the full width. Primer shall be sprayed at the temperature as
Page 147 of 10
August 99
The Contractor shall make good by re-priming any failures or deficiencies

in the primed surface caused by faulty spraying, blocked jets, incorrect
operation of the plant, use of materials not complying with the specification
or other than those ordered, or any reason within the control of the
Contractor.
13.7.3 Application of Primerbinder
Primerbinders shall be applied in a manner similar to that specified under
Clause 13.7.2 Application of Primer. Primerbinders shall be sprayed at a
temperature as directed by the Superintendent's Representative.
The Contractor shall make good by re-primersealing any failures or
deficiencies in the primersealed surface caused by faulty spraying, blocked
jets, incorrect operation of the plant, use of materials not complying with
the specification or other than those ordered, or any reason within the
control of the Contractor.
Before the spraying of any load of primerbinder commences the Contractor
shall ensure that sufficient aggregate to completely cover the load to be
sprayed is at the work site in motor tip trucks.
13.7.4 Application of Class R90 Bitumen Binder or
Equivalent
The Superintendent's Representative may require that a sprayed seal

using Class R90 bitumen, fluxed and cut back as directed, be done under
the Contract. This work shall be in accordance with the relevant provisions
of clauses 13.7.2 and 13.7.3 under Method of Work.
The temperature of the Class R90 bitumen after loading into the sprayer
shall be between 178oC and 185oC.
Fluxing and cutting back shall be done in the sprayer when located near
the job site, in the presence and at the direction of the Superintendent's
Representative. Fluxing shall be done with diesel fuel oil or distillate and
cutting back with power kerosene.
The Superintendent's Representative may direct that an adhesion agent
approved by the Superintendent's Representative be added to the binder at
a rate of one litre per 200 litres of bitumen. This ratio is based on the
volume of bitumen measured at 15oC.
The mixture shall be circulated in the sprayer tank at a rate of
approximately 1000 litres per minute for a minimum period of 20 minutes
after the addition of the last additive.
The temperature of the fluxed and/or cut back bitumen after the above 20
minute circulating period shall be recorded. If the temperature of this
Page 148 of 10
August 99
material falls by more than 4 oC it shall be reheated back to the previously

recorded temperature, prior to the commencement of spraying.
13.7.5 Additives
The use of additives such as polymer modified products or rubber in binder
may be used subject to prior approval from the Superintendent's
Representative and application in accordance with the manufacturer's
recommendations.
13.7.6 Papering
In order to ensure that all jets in the spray bar are delivering their proper
quantity of material and to ensure clean cut-offs, the Contractor shall lay
sufficient paper at the commencement and end of each length of road to be
sprayed.
Paper shall be used if the sprayer drips or leaks when standing on the
pavement. Papers described above shall be Kraft 215 grammage or an
equivalent approved by the Superintendent's Representative.
When spraying operations are adjacent to or in the vicinity of bridge
parapets, handrails and kerbs, and in areas where kerbs and channels
exist, they shall be protected by papering and/or by an alternative method
Unless otherwise directed the Contractor shall remove from the job and
dispose of, in accordance with the requirements of the Environment
Protection Authority, all papers and other materials placed by him for the
above purposes immediately after the work has been completed and to the
Page 149 of 10
August 99
13.7.7 Rates of Application - Tolerances

Spraying tables shall include allowances for the expansion of primerbinders
and primerbinders being sprayed at elevated temperature. The forward
speed of a sprayer shall be in accordance with that given for primers and
primerbinders as shown on the current spraying table.
When the actual rate of application of bituminous material exceeds the
agreed rates, payment will be made only for the specified rate of
application for each load plus up to 0.05 litre per square metre.
When the actual rate of application of bituminous material is less than that
specified, payment will be made for the actual litres sprayed.
In the event of a failure occurring due to the actual rate of application of
primerbinder being less than that specified, the Contractor shall make good
such work to the satisfaction of the Superintendent's Representative, and
at no additional cost to the Shire.
All rates of application of primer and primerbinder specified in this
specification, or in any instruction issued to the Contractor, refer to residual
rates of application at 15oC.
13.7.8 Aggregate Details
(i)
Loading Aggregate
The loading of aggregate shall be done with an approved type
aggregate loader. A front end loader may be used only when
approval is granted by the Superintendent's Representative.
(ii)
Spreading Aggregate
The covering aggregate may be either sand, grit, size 5, size 7, size
10 or size 13 screenings. It shall be loaded into pneumatic tyred tip
trucks and shall be spread uniformly.
Page 150 of 10
August 99
The spreading of aggregate shall commence immediately after the

application of the primerbinder and shall continue without delay until
all the primerbinder has been covered. The trucks and spreaders
used to apply the aggregate shall be capable of distributing the
aggregate uniformly onto the primerbinder without damaging the
work. Immediately after spreading and before rolling, the bare
areas shall be covered by hand brooming and/or hand spotting up
and any spillage or overlapping of aggregate shall be removed. At
least two hand brooms shall be used. Hand spreading shall only be
permitted for spotting up.
When less than the full width of the pavement is sprayed, the
aggregate shall be spread on the primerbinder to which 50mm of
the edge of the adjacent section to permit the desired overlap of the
primerbinder when spraying that adjacent section. Spreading rates
of aggregates shall be as directed by the Superintendent's
Representative.
(iii)
Gritting
When directed by the Superintendent's Representative primed
surfaces shall be gritted to obviate undue delay to traffic. No primer
shall be gritted for at least three hours after spraying or until directed
by the Superintendent's Representative.
(iv)
Precoating of Aggregate
All aggregate for a Class R90 bitumen binder seal coat shall be
precoated with diesel fuel oil or distillate or with a solution of one
part by volume of adhesion agent for 100 parts of diesel fuel oil or
distillate, unless otherwise directed by the Superintendent's
Representative.
The precoating shall be such that a thin uniform film of precoating
material is applied over each individual piece of aggregate and shall
be done while the aggregate is being loaded into the tip trucks used
to spread the aggregate on the job.
All aggregate precoating shall be done to the satisfaction of the
(v)
Rolling
Rolling shall be by self propelled pneumatic tyred multi-wheeled
rollers. Drawn multi-wheeled pneumatic tyred rollers shall not be
used, unless approval has been obtained from the Superintendent's
Representative.
Page 151 of 10
August 99
Rolling shall commence as soon as practicable after the aggregate

has been spread, including any necessary spotting up and shall
continue uniformly over the whole area until initial compaction has
been achieved to the satisfaction of the Superintendent's
Representative.
(vi)
Drag Brooming
Drag brooming shall be carried out in conjunction with rolling to
ensure that a uniform distribution of aggregate is achieved. The
operation of the drag broom and the duration of drag brooming shall
be as directed by the Superintendent's Representative.
13.8
SECOND SEAL
The second seal or reseal shall be placed no less than six months after the
previous seal unless otherwise directed by the Superintendents Representative.
13.9
WEATHER LIMITATIONS
Unless specifically directed by the Superintendent's Representative no material
shall be sprayed onto a surface which is wet or when the air temperature in the
shade is less than 15oC.
Page 152 of 10
August 99
13.10 PROTECTION OF THE WORK AND THE TRAVELLING PUBLIC

Immediately prior to and during the progress of the work the Contractor shall at
his own expense provide all necessary barriers, warning signs etc. for the
protection of the work and the travelling public in accordance with the AS 1742.3
Traffic Control Devices for works on Roads. All signs used shall be constructed in
accordance with AS 1743 Road Signs - Specification and shall be in good order
and condition.
The Superintendent's Representative may direct the replacement of any signs not
in acceptable condition or in accordance with the above standards.
The Superintendent's Representative shall arrange for all necessary barriers,
warning signs, lights, etc, when the Contractor's work is completed.
The Contractor may be required to provide two (2) number traffic controlmen per
job if directed by the Superintendent's Representative.
Each traffic controlman provided by the Contractor shall be equipped with a
STOP-SLOW bat and a high-visibility safety jacket.
Traffic controlmen shall stop all traffic while spraying is in progress.
Where the Contractor is directed by the Superintendent's Representative to
provide traffic controlmen a minimum of twelve hours notice shall be given.
13.11 SUPERVISION
The Contractor shall accept direction from the Superintendent's Representative
concerning the order of or variations in procedure and the proper carrying out of
the work. The Contractor shall afford such officer every facility to check rates of
application, temperatures, quantities and for taking samples as required. Such
officer shall tally all quantities to assess payment due to the Contractor.
Page 153 of 10
August 99
SECTION 14 -.SPECIFICATION FOR

SEGMENTAL PAVING
14.1
General
14.2
Paving Units
14.3
Base Course
14.4
Edge Restraints
14.5
Bedding Sand
14.6
Spreading and Screeding of Bedding Sand
14.7
Laying of Pavers
14.8
Compaction
14.9
Jointing Sand
14.10 Filling of Joints

14.11 Pavement Pre-Loading
14.12 Conformity with Drawings
ID 6014
Page 154 of 10
August 99
14.1
GENERAL
Segmental paving shall be constructed in all areas as shown on the
drawings.
The Contractor shall supply and deliver sufficient paving units to satisfactorily
complete works under this Contract and stockpile them in a manner that does not
interfere with pedestrian or vehicle traffic.
14.2
PAVING UNITS
14.2.1 Clay Pavers
Clay pavers shall be manufactured from clay, shale or other argillacious
materials which may be mixed with additives.
They shall be pressed or extruded and cut or moulded to the required
shape then dried and fired.
The pavers will be of first quality and must comply with the requirements
specified herein.
Testing shall be initiated by taking a random sample of pavers from a
consignment in accordance with AS 1226.1 (1984) from which sub-samples
are taken at random for specific tests.
Manufacturers Standards
.
Minimum Nominal Thickness
= 65 mm
Dimensional Tolerances for a sample

of 20 pavers as specified in
AS 1226.2 (1984)
= +/- 4 mm
Edge Treatment
(a)
Bevelled Edge
= 5 mm ( max.
plan width)
(b)
Rounded Edge
radius)
= 7 mm ( max
Page 155 of 10
August 99
Compressive Strength based on = 45 mPa

AS 1226.1 (1984) test method
and measured in accordance
with AS 1226.4 (1984)
.
Transverse Breaking Load when = 5 KN (min.)
accordance with
AS 1226.1 (1984) and measured
in accordance with method
prescribed in Brick Development
Research Institute Design Note 13(c),
January 1988, revised addition.
.
sampled
in
Durability
Pavers shall have a durability class
of exposure to resist salt attack as
defined in AS 1225 - 1984.
Pitting
Pavers shall conform to a 'moderate'
standard as defined in AS 1225 - 1984.
Slip/Skid Resistance
The slip/skid resistance of a paver shall
be determined by using British Pendulum
Skid Resistance Tester as defined in Brick
Development Research Institute,
Design Note 13(c), ie. BPN
= 60 (Minimum).
Abrasion Resistance
Pavers shall have a high abrasion resistance
to satisfy current A.R.R.B. standards.
14.2.2 Concrete Pavers

Concrete paving units shall comply with the Concrete Masonry Association
of Australia Manufacturing Specification MA20 (Specification for Concrete
Segmental Paving Units issued by the Concrete Masonry Association of
Australia ).
Page 156 of 10
August 99
Manufacturing Standards
.
Minimum Nominal Thickness
= 80 mm
.
Dimensional Tolerance relative to = +/- 2 mm in
Manufacturers' specified
the horizontal
dimensions
plane
= +/- 3 mm in
thickness
.
Edge Treatment - Bevelled Edge = 8 mm (Max.
plan width)
.
Compressive Strength
the
= 45 mPa
(Appendix C )
.
14.3
Abrasion Index
=1.5 ( Appendix 0)
BASE COURSE
The crushed rock base course shall be 3% cement treated and constructed in
accordance with Section 6 of Council's specifications to a standard normally
required for bituminous surfacing treatment.
For paving subject to traffic base course shall be 150mm concrete normally
reinforced (25 mpa) in accordance with Section 7.
14.4
EDGE RESTRAINTS
Edge restraints shall be provided along the perimeter of all paving in the form of
integral kerb and gutter, concrete kerb, or edge strip or established structure. The
face of the edge restraint, where it abuts the paving units, shall be vertical down to
the sub-base.
Edge restraints shall be constructed to the dimensions and levels shown on the
drawings and shall be supported on a compacted sub-base not less than 75 mm
thick.
Page 157 of 10
August 99
14.5
BEDDING SAND
The bedding sand shall be a naturally occurring angular sand having a grading
within the range given below:
Sieve Size
9.52mm
4.75mm
2.36mm
1.18mm
600umm
300umm
150umm
14.6
% Passing
100
90-100
75-100
55-90
35-59
8-30
0-10
SPREADING AND SCREEDING OF BEDDING SAND

14.6.1 Spreading Bedding Sand
Bedding sand shall be spread in a uniform layer of a depth such that when
compacted shall be within the range 20-30mm thick.
14.6.2 Screeding of Bedding Sand
The bedding sand shall be screeded in a loose condition to the nominated
design profile and levels, plus the necessary allowance for compaction.
The screeded sand shall be carefully maintained in a loose condition and
protected against pre-compaction, both before and after screeding.
Spreading and screeding shall be carried out only to the extent of proposed
laying of paving units for one days work. Screeded sand must be fully
protected against pre-compaction, including rain. Any screeded sand
which has been pre-compacted prior to the laying of paving units, or which
has been left overnight, shall be removed and brought back to profile in a
loose condition.
14.7
LAYING OF PAVERS
Paving units shall be placed onto the screeded uncompacted bedding sand in a
90 degree herringbone pattern unless otherwise approved. The paving units shall
bear evenly on the sand. The units shall be placed to achieve a gap 2-4mm wide
between units, such that all joints are correctly aligned.
Page 158 of 10
August 99
The first row of paving units shall abut an edge restraint with a gap of 2-4mm and
shall be laid at a suitable angle to the restraint to achieve the required visual
orientation of the completed pavement.
In each row, all complete paving units shall be laid first. Closure units shall be cut
and fitted subsequently. Closure units shall not be less than 25% of the complete
paving unit. Paving units shall be cut using an approved method, such as
guillotine, bolster or power saw.
Concrete with 10 mm aggregate shall be used to infill gaps between 25 and
50mm after the paving units have been laid. Smaller gaps shall be filled with
cement mortar. The colour shall match that of the paving units.
Paving units shall not be hammered into position, unless it is necessary to correct
minor variations to the laying bond.
Care shall be taken to prevent pre-compaction of the bedding sand.
Prior to compaction, no construction traffic is to be allowed onto the laid paving
units. Boards shall be provided for foot and barrow traffic.
14.8
COMPACTION
Paving units shall be compacted as soon as practicable after laying and prior to
traffic usage. Compaction shall achieve consolidation of the bedding sand and
bring the paving units to design levels and profiles with three passes of a suitable
plate compactor.
Compaction shall not be carried out within 1 m of the laying face. Compaction
shall continue until lipping has been eliminated between adjoining units.
Compaction shall be carried out using a high frequency, low amplitude
mechanical, flat-plate vibrator. The plate area shall be sufficient to cover a
minimum of 12 paving units.
All work to within 1 m of the laying face shall be compacted at the completion of a
days work.
Page 159 of 10
August 99
14.9
JOINTING SAND
Both bedding and jointing sand shall be free of deleterious soluble salts or other
contaminants likely to cause efflorescence or lead to the reduction of skid
resistance.
The sand shall be of a uniform moisture content when spread and shall be
protected against rain when stockpiled on site prior to spreading. The moisture
content shall be in the range 4-8% at the time of placement.
Sieve Size
2.36mm
1.18mm
600umm
300umm
150umm
70umm
% Passing
100
90-100
60-90
30-60
15-30
5-10
14.10 FILLING OF JOINTS

Joint filling shall be carried out immediately after compaction and prior to traffic
being allowed on the paved area.
The sand shall be spread over the pavement and broomed into the joints. The
pavement area shall then be further compacted by at least one pass of the
vibrator.
14.11 PAVEMENT PRE-LOADING
As soon as practicable after the filling of joints, construction traffic shall be allowed
to use the pavement area.
Where a pavement is required to carry heavy loads, the pavement area shall be
further compacted by a pneumatic tyred roller of not less than 10 tonnes in weight
and giving 5 to 10 passes.
Prior to the completion of construction, the pavement area shall be broomed to
remove excess sand.
Page 160 of 10
August 99
14.12 CONFORMITY WITH DRAWINGS

All surfaces and pavement structures shall be true to line and levels, grades,
thicknesses and cross sections shown on drawings.
Maximum permitted deviation from true surface level shall +/maximum variation of 3mm between adjacent pavers at any point.
10mm with a
Page 161 of 10
August 99
SECTION 15 -.SPECIFICATION FOR

LINEMARKING
15.1
Standards
15.2
General
15.3
Roadmarking Materials
15.4
Samples and Testing
15.5
Site Preparation
15.6
Noise - EPA
15.7
Health Act
15.8
Layout of Markings
15.9
Application of Markings
15.10 Raised Pavement Markers

15.11 Removal of Old Markings
15.12 Protection of Work
15.13 Information To B eSupplied With Quotations
ID 6015
Page 162 of 10
August 99
15.1
STANDARDS
The following Australian Standards shall apply to these works
AS 1742
AS 1743
AS 1744
AS 1580
AS 2009
AS 2709
AS 4049.1
15.2
Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices

Road Signs-Specification
Forms of Letters and Numberals for Road Signs
(Known as Standard Alphabets for Road Signs)
Paints and Related Materials-Methods of Test
Glass Beads for Traffic Markings
Paints for Road Signs-Low Gloss Polyurethane
(Two Pack)
Paints and Related Materials
GENERAL
This section covers the requirements for installation and/or removal of pavement
markings in roadmarking paint, thermoplastic roadmarking material, cold-applied
plastic material or pliant polymer roadmarking tape carried out under period
quotation. It also covers the installation and/or removal of raised pavement
markers under period quotations.
15.3
ROADMARKING MATERIALS
(a)
Roadmarking Paint
Paints shall comply with the requirements of Australian Standard AS4049.1
Paints and related materials-Road marking materials, part 1: Solventborne paint - For use with drop-on beads, or shall be a water-borne paint
approved for use by VicRoads. The following paints are approved for use
under this quotation:
(i) DULUX
A1 Longlife 860 3300

Alkyd roadmarking paint 841 63245
Chlorinated rubber paint 809 50335
Chlorinated rubber paint 809 50991
Chlorinated rubber paint 809 36 851
Page 163 of 10
August 99
(ii) ANZOL
White roadmarking paint, Product No. 236-8944

White roadmarking paint, Product No. 202320
(L6953) Chlorinated rubber paint, Product No.L 6956
(iii) WATTYL
Alkyd roadmarking paint, Product No. 581-39400

Water-borne roadmarking paint, Product No. FX 4851
(iv) SUPALUX M60 Alkyd White Product No 143001

Roadmarking Paint.
Approval to use other materials may be given on application to the
(b)
Thermoplastic Roadmarking Material

Thermoplastic roadmarking material used under this Contract shall comply
with the requirements of Australian Standard AS4049.2 Paints and related
materials-Road marking materials, part 2: Thermoplastic road marking
materials.
The thermoplastic material shall be white in colour, except that yellow is
required for tram land lines (fairways). The thermoplastic materials shall be
suitable for use on roads surfaced with stone bound in a sprayed
application of bitumen (sprayed seal), hot or cold mixed asphalt and
Portland cement concrete, and shall resist deterioration by oil or fuel
droppings from traffic. When in the plastic state the material shall not
generate fumes which are toxic or otherwise injurious to persons or
property.
Page 164 of 10
August 99
The precise product to be used from the range available shall be approved
by the Superintendents Representative. Approval to use materials from
other manufacturers may be given by the Engineer subject to the
Contractor submitting satisfactory evidence that the material conforms to
AS 4049.2 or BS 3262 with softening point range as specified in AS 4049.2
and that the material has been proved in service elsewhere at the
thicknesses specified herein.
(c)
Cold-applied Plastic Roadmarking Material

Cold-applied plastic roadmarking material shall be a PMMA resin based
roadmarking material conforming with the colour, luminance and bead
content requirements of AS 4049.2 Part 2 and which is approved by
VicRoads.
The precise product to be used from the range available shall be approved
by the Superintendents Representative. Approval to use other materials
may be given by the Superintendents Representative subject to the
Contractor submitting satisfactory evidence that the material conforms with
the colour, luminance and bead content requirements of BS 3262 and has
been proved in service elsewhere at the thicknesses specified herein.
(d)
Pliant Polymer Roadmarking Tape

Pliant Polymer Roadmarking Tape shall be either Stamark or Scotchlane
manufactured by 3M Corporation, or other commercially available tape
approved by VicRoads.
Approval to use other materials may be given by the Superintendents
Representative subject to the Contractor submitting satisfactory evidence
that the material is equivalent in colour, luminance and thickness to the
equivalent 3M product and that it has been proved in service elsewhere.
(e)
Glass Beads
Drop-on glass beads shall be used on all roadmarkings except tape. They
shall conform with Australian Standard 2009 Glass Beads for Traffic
Markings.
Materials (b), (c) and (d) above are collectively defined as longlife
materials.
(f)
Raised Pavement Markers

Raised Pavement Markers shall comply with the requirements of AS1906,
Retroreflective Materials and Devices for Road Traffic Control Purposes,
Part 3 - Raised Pavement Markers (Retroreflective and Non
Retroreflective).
Page 165 of 10
August 99
Approved suppliers are:
Ray-O-Lite Australia
Hardman
Stimsonite Australia
Documents showing the product line complied with Australian Standard

must be produced on request.
15.4
SAMPLES AND TESTING

It shall be the responsibility of the Contractor to ensure that the materials intended
for use under this quotation comply with the above requirements and that
documentary evidence of compliance be available for inspection by the
While undertaking the work on site the Contractor shall, when requested by the
Superintendents Representative and at no extra cost, apply samples of material
to metal panels for appropriate testing.
The size of the samples shall be:
(a)
(b)
15.5
Roadmarking Paint 500ml;

Glass Beads
500gm;
SITE PREPARATION
(a)
Cleaning
The Contractor is to ensure that the area to be marked is dry and free from
dirt, gravel, oil or other loose or deleterious material. Sweepings shall be
collected and removed from the site to prevent contamination of the
completed marking. Legal disposal of such sweepings shall be the
responsibility of the Contractor. The cost of cleaning shall be included in
the relevant schedule item for the work.
Page 166 of 10
August 99
(b)
Surface Preparation - Stripping

Where the existing paint or other material is flaking, chipping or is in such a
condition that adhesion of the new material to the road surface cannot be
guaranteed for the required life of the marking, the Contractor shall obtain
the agreement of the Superintendents Representative to the proposed
method of surface preparation and its extent. Paint flakes or any grindings
produced by surface preparation shall be collected and removed from the
site to prevent contamination of the completed marking or the road
environment. Legal disposal of material so collected shall be the
responsibility of the Contractor. Surface preparation - Stripping will be paid
for at the relevant schedule rate.
(c)
Priming
Where the new marking is to be in longlife a tack coat or primer shall be
used on the cleaned surface in accordance with the manufacturers
recommendation. Where the Contractor believes a tack coat or primer is
unnecessary, for example on new asphalt, he shall seek the approval of the
Superintendents Representative to the omission of such tack coat or
primer. The cost of tack coat or primer shall be included in the relevant
schedule item for the work.
15.6
NOISE - EPA
The Environment Protection Authority do not appear to have direct control over
noise emanating from road work sites.
It is Council policy to comply as far as practicable with the intent of the EPAs
regulations and policies and the following is provided for information.
The Special Gazette No 31 of 15 June 1989 being the State Environment
Protection Policy (Control of Noise from Commerce Industry and Trade) is the
means by which the Environment Protection Authority prescribes noise limits for
commercial, industrial or trade premises (Clause 9). The day is split into a
day period from 0700 hours to 1800hrs (6pm), an Evening period from 1800hrs
to 2200hrs (10pm) and a Night period from 2200hrs to 0700hrs.
Page 167 of 10
August 99
The EPA have issued guidelines for ROAD REPAIR AND TRACK MAINTENANCE
Clause D being:
If routine work is planned outside the hours specified by the schedule all affected
premises in the residential area should be notified of the intended work, its
duration and times of occurrence. The hours in the schedule are 7am to 6pm
Monday to Saturday and 9am to 6pm Sunday and Public Holidays.
15.7
HEALTH ACT
The Health Act 1958 Part 39A applies to nuisances which are, or liable to be,
dangerous to health or offensive and in particular to nuisances arising from or
constituted by - ...
...(e) any noise or emission: or ...
Part 41. A council must remedy as far as is reasonably possible all nuisances in
its municipal district.
Part 42. A person must not(a)
cause a nuisance; or
(b)
knowingly allow or suffer a nuisance to exist on or emanate from any land
owned or occupied by or in the charge of that person.
Part 435 (1) Any authorised officer of the Department or of any council or any
authorised member of the police force may prosecute for any breach of or offence
against this Act.
Clearly it is the Courts discretion as to what noise constitutes a nuisance.
A complainants medical condition may cause a noise to be dangerous to health in
which case a prosecution may be successful.
Therefore the Contractor shall be responsible for minimising the noise of these
stripping operations to comply with the spirit of the EPAs Noise Regulations.
Each job shall be assessed as to the likely impact of the proposed stripping and
the Contractor shall carry out such stripping at a time which balances the affect of
the noise on residents with the disruption caused to traffic.
Page 168 of 10
August 99
15.8
LAYOUT OF MARKINGS
(a)
Standards
The position and dimensions of the roadmarking shall conform with the
standard drawings attached, or with AS 1742, or with site drawings
supplied with the job requisition or as otherwise directed by the
Superintendents Representative on site.
Where these references are in conflict the Superintendents Representative
shall direct which to comply with. Standard drawings attached include:
References:
(b)
Traffic Eng, Manual Vol. 2 1896

Australian Standard 1742
Vic Roads Linemarking Guide
Tolerances
At locations where the existing markings are badly worn or where new
markings are required, these shall be first set out using a chalk string line
or similar method to achieve correct alignment of the markings.
Where it becomes evident that the position of an existing marking is not in
accordance with the standard drawings, the Contractor shall not proceed
with the work but shall contact the Superintendents Representative who
will direct what action to take.
The Contractor shall place markings so that:
(i)
the distance between the centreline of the marking and the
the spotting out mark is less than 30 mm; and/or
(ii)
the apparent line of the marking is a smooth, continuous

alignment when viewed in the direction of travel; and
(iii)
the width of completed markings is within + 10mm of the

specified dimensions; and
(iv)
the length of completed stripes and blocks is within + 10%,

- 0% of the specified length; and
centreline of
(v)
the gap between double lines is within + 10mm of the
specified gap.
The acceptance of markings outside the above tolerances will be at the sole discretion
of the Superintendents Representative who will determine the extent of reduced
payment or other remedial action for our of tolerance markings.
Page 169 of 10
August 99
15.9
APPLICATION OF MARKINGS
(a)
Markings in Thermoplastic or Cold-applied Plastic

Thermoplastic material shall be prepared in accordance with the
requirements of the manufacturer. Over-heating and excessive periods in
the molten state should be avoided to ensure that discolouration and
embrittlement due to such factors does not occur.
Cold-applied plastic material shall be prepared in accordance with the
requirements of the manufacturer. Material which has cured to the extent
that adhesion to the road or of the drop-on glass beads to the plastic will be
affected shall not be used.
Where a primer has been used it shall be properly (touch) dry before the
marking is laid. The plastic material shall be applied to the road surface by
machine using extrusion, screeding, spraying or other techniques or by
hand trowelling and within the material, pavement and atmospheric
temperature limits recommended by the manufacturer. The marking
produced shall be uniform in texture, width and thickness and the surface
shall be substantially free from blisters, streaks, lumps, unbeaded areas,
tyre marks or other defects. Edges and cut-offs should be neat and sharp,
and care should be taken to ensure minimal spatter to the surrounding
area.
Glass beads shall be sprinkled or sprayed on to the plastic material while it
is in a molten state immediately after it has been applied to the pavement.
The method of application should ensure retention of the beads in the
surface of the plastic material. The beads shall be distributed to give a
uniform coverage over the whole surface of the plastic material.
Page 170 of 10
August 99
Thickness (unbeaded, measured by micrometer on cured material laid on

a metal plate placed in front of the applicator):
(i)
Thermoplastic roadmarking material shall be laid to the

following thicknesses:
(a) sprayed markings - 2.0 + 0.2mm
(b) extruded markings - 2.5 + 0.5mm
(c) screeded markings - 3.0 + 0.5mm
(ii)
Cold-applied plastic roadmarking material shall be laid to the

following thickness - 2.0 + 0.2mm.
In each case drop-on glass beads shall be applied to achieve a minimum

rate of 250 g/m(-0 g/m) retained by the paint.
(b)
Pliant Polymer Roadmarking Tape

Pliant polymer roadmarking tape shall be laid in accordance with the
manufacturers instructions and within the atmospheric and pavement
temperature limits recommended by the manufacturer. Where a primer has
been used it shall be properly (touch) dry before the tape is laid, otherwise
it will act as a lubricant and the tape will be lost. The precise position of the
marking shall be marked in chalk or by other means before the backing
paper is removed from the tape. When the backing is removed the end of
the tape shall be quickly positioned on the chalk mark so that when
unrolled no further movement is necessary.
When all tape in the closed-off area is in place the whole shall be rolled into
the pavement by at least two passes of a high contact pressure, nonvibrating roller before the area is opened to traffic.
The completed marking shall be free from blisters, air bubbles, tears or
other defects. All backing paper and tape offcuts shall be removed from
the site and disposed of by the Contractor.
Page 171 of 10
August 99
(c)
Painted Markings
Completed markings shall be uniform in appearance, texture, width and
thickness and the surface shall be substantially free from streaks, overlaps,
unbeaded areas, tyre marks or other defects. Edges and cut-offs should
be neat and sharp, and care should be taken to ensure minimal spatter to
the surrounding area.
Glass beads shall be sprinkled or sprayed on to the painted surface while it
is still wet immediately after spraying. The beads shall be uniformly
distributed over the whole marking.
Thickness (unbeaded, measured by laboratory assessment of the mass
and density of the paint sprayed on a metal plate placed in front of the
applicator):
(i)
Roadmarking (Stop/Give Way lines, Pedestrian lines, arrows, legends

etc.)
NEW WORK - 0.3mm minimum dry film (or 0.4 - 0.7 L/m wet film,
depending on type of paint used)
MAINTENANCE WORK - 0.2mm minimum dry film
(or 0.33 -0.47 L/m wet film, depending on type of paint used)
(ii)
Linemarking (centre, lane, edge, turn, continuity)

NEW WORK - 0.2mm minimum dry film (or 0.26 - 0.46 L/m wet film,
depending on type of paint used)
MAINTENANCE WORK - 0.15 mm minimum dry film (or 0.25 - 0.35
L/m wet film, depending on type of paint used)
In each case drop-on glass beads shall be applied to achieve a
minimum rate of 250 g/m retained by the paint.
Page 172 of 10
August 99
15.10 RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS

Raised pavement markers shall be supplied and installed by the Contractor in
accordance with VicRoads Standard Specification for Roadworks Section 710, AS
1906, Part 3 Raised Pavement Markers and AS 3554 Adhesives for Raised
Pavement Markers - Epoxy. Hot-melt bitumen adhesive supplied by Stimsonite
Australia, Zaganite Industries or Emoleum New Zealand may also be used, in
accordance with the respective manufacturers recommendations.
15.11 REMOVAL OF OLD MARKINGS
Existing markings which are to be covered by new markings shall be treated in
accordance with Section 15.5, Site Preparation. Existing markings which are no
longer appropriate to their intended function shall be removed or blacked out as
ordered by the Superintendents Representative.
Sweepings, grindings or other debris shall be collected and removed from the site
to prevent contamination of any new marking or the road environment. Legal
disposal of material so collected shall be the responsibility of the Contractor.
Stripping shall be carried out by methods which substantially remove the old
marking with minimal damage to the pavement. Damage to the pavement which
in the opinion of the Superintendents Representative is excessive shall be either
repaired by the Contractor to the Superintendents Representative satisfaction or
shall be repaired by Superintendents Representative and the cost of such repair
shall be deducted from moneys due to the Contractor.
Blacking out with paint will be only permitted for short term situations.
Blacking out with longlife materials is to include the supply and application of
aggregate to the surface of the longlife to give it a texture similar to the
surrounding pavement.
Page 173 of 10
August 99
15.12 PROTECTION OF WORK

The Contractor shall be fully responsible for protecting his work using traffic cones
or other means, and ensuring that wet paint is not picked up and spread by tyres
of passing traffic. If pick-up does occur, the Superintendents Representative may
direct that the spread paint be removed at the Contractors cost. In such cases
the method of removal shall have the agreement of the Superintendents
Representative on site.
15.13 INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED WITH QUOTATIONS

Tenderers shall submit with their tenders the following information where relevant:
(a)
Brand name or Product Name and the name of the supplier of the following:(i)
Paint
(ii)
Thermoplastic
(iii)
Cold Applied Plastic
(iv)
Tape
(v)
Glass Beads
which are proposed for use in the work.

(b)
Details of plant and equipment proposed for use in the work.
(c)
A list of previous works of a similar nature performed for other authorities

including dates of that work. It should be noted that tenderers may be
requested at any time prior to acceptance of quotation or during the course
of the work to undertake a sample marking to give an indication of the
tenderers ability to carry out the works of the Contract.
It should be also noted that the acceptance of a tender shall not be taken to imply that the
materials, plant or equipment are sufficient or satisfactory and shall not relieve the Contractor
from the necessity for compliance with the specified conditions.
Page 174 of 10
August 99
SECTION 16 - SPECIFICATION FOR REMOVAL BY

COLD PLANING
16.1
General
16.2
Cold Planing
16.3
Disposal of Planed Material
16.4
Application Asphalt Replacement
16.5
Schedule of Details
ID 6016
Page 175 of 10
August 99
16.1
GENERAL
This section covers the requirements for the cold planing of existing pavements
including the cleaning up, removal and disposal of the excavated materials.
16.2
COLD PLANING
Cold planing shall be carried out in such a manner as to leave a uniform surface
on a plane parallel with the ultimate finished surface of the pavement as shown on
the drawing or fixed by the kerb and channel or as directed by the Engineer.
The nominal depth and width of pavement to be removed shall be as specified in
Section 16.5. After planing, no point on the planed surface shall lie more than
15mm below a 3m straight-edge placed on the planed surface in any direction.
For contracts requiring both removal and replacement of asphalt, the production
rate of the cold planing operation including clean up shall match the production
rate of the asphalt replacement operation.
The Contractor shall make his own arrangements for the supply water required for
the work.
16.3
CLEANING UP AND DISPOSAL OF PLANED MATERIAL

The planed area shall be swept clean of all loose material prior to either diverting
traffic onto the planed surface or placing asphalt.
The planed material removed from the road shall either become the property of
the Council, or the property of the contractor as specified in Section 16.5(d) and
(e).
If the material becomes the property of the Council the Contractor shall load,
transport and stockpile the material into a neat pile at the nominated stockpile
area.
If the material becomes the property of the Contractor the Contractor shall remove
all such material from the site.
Page 176 of 10
August 99
16.4
ASPHALT REPLACEMENT
Where work under the Contract includes replacement of planed material with
asphalt, unless otherwise specified or directed, the following requirements shall
apply:
(a)
exposed granular pavement material shall be watered, recompacted and if

directed, primed with cutback bitumen primer prior to placing asphalt;
(b)
prior to opening to traffic, excavated areas shall be filled with hotmix

asphalt;
(c)
in the event of a breakdown in the supply or placing of asphalt,

arrangements shall be made by the Contractor to temporarily backfill or
ramp down the cold planed area with cold mixed asphalt or such other
material approved by the Superintendent's Representative. Material so
placed shall be removed prior to placing new asphalt as specified. Placing
and removal of temporary backfilling shall be at the expense of the
Contractor.
*NOTE: To be filled out for each project.

16.5
SCHEDULE OF DETAILS
(strike out items which are not applicable)
(a)
Type of work:
(i)
removal of wearing course
(ii)
removal of unstable asphalt/patching
(iii)
cutting of tapered longitudinal chases, eg against kerb and channel
(iv)
cutting of tapered transverse chases.
(b)
Nominal area and depth of removal:
Sq.m.
mm.
(c)
Nominal width of removal:
(d)
Planed material shall become the property of Council and stockpiled at
(e)
Planed material shall become the property of Contractor and shall be

removed from the site.
m.
Page 177 of 10
August 99

PAVEMENT
17.1
Compliance with Section 7 - Concrete
17.2
Sub-base preparation
17.3
Gutters, manholes and gullies
17.4
Forms and guide wires
17.5
Reinforcement, dowels and tie bars
17.6
Transporting, placing and compaction of concrete
17.7
Initial finishing
17.8
Final finishing
17.9
Curing
ROAD
17.10 Joints
17.11 Tolerances
17.12 Protection of pavement and opening to traffic
ID 6017
Page 178 of 10
August 99
17.1
CONCRETE
Concrete road pavement works should also comply with Section 7 of this
Specification, unless otherwise specified in this section.
17.2
SUB-BASE PREPARATION
A crushed rock sub-base shall be placed to the thickness specified on the
drawings in accordance with the following requirements. The crushed rock subbase shall be Class 3 fine crushed rock. The sub-base shall extend to the rear
face of side forms. Longitudinal and transverse construction joints in cementbound sub-bases shall be offset at least 300mm from joint locations in the
concrete base.
The sub-base shall be compacted to 100% standard compaction as defined in AS
1289.
The sub-base shall be trimmed to within +0/-10mm of nominated design levels.
The surface of the prepared sub-base shall not deviate by more than 10mm from
a 2m straightedge supported at its ends and laid in any direction.
The sub-base shall be inspected and approved by the Superintendent's
Representative before subsequent operations proceed.
Prior to placing of the concrete the sub-base shall be thoroughly moistened, but
no puddles shall be allowed to form.
17.3
KERBS, GUTTERS, MANHOLES AND GULLIES

17.2.1 Kerbs and Gutters
Kerbs, gutters, dish drains and edge strips including provision for footpath
crossovers for access to adjacent properties, shall be constructed as
specified.
17.2.2 Manholes and Gullies
Manholes, gullies and their frames shall be isolated from the pavement and
housed within separate slabs to details shown in the drawings.
Page 179 of 10
August 99
Openings for manholes or gullies shall be formed by casting the main slab
against formwork boxes. The forms shall be removed and a preformed
10mm thick (nominal) joint-filler fixed to the exposed slab edges for their
full depth before the pit surround is constructed.
17.4
FORMS AND GUIDE WIRES

17.4.1 Fixed-Form Paving
Sideforms shall consist of steel, timber, or steel-shod-timber forms.
Excepting for small or irregular-shaped pavement areas, the face of the
form against which concrete is to be placed shall not be made of built-up
elements.
Forms shall be of such cross section and strength and so secured as to
resist the pressures of the concrete when paced, and the impact and
vibration of any equipment they support, without springing or settlement.
The method of connection between adjacent form units shall be such that
the joints are braced against movement, and continuity of gradient across
the joint is maintained. For curves of radius 30 m or less flexible or curved
forms shall be used. Where required forming strips for keyways shall be
accurately dimensioned, located and securely fastened against the form
face.
Forms shall be pinned or staked into place with not less than three pins in
each 3m length and with a pin placed at each side of every form joint. The
pins shall be of sufficient length to hold the forms securely in position
during construction. The top surface of an individual form unit or a
completed length of formwork shall not deviate by more than 3mm from a
3m straightedge supported at its ends. The inside face of the form shall be
vertical.
Forms shall be fully and continuously supported over the entire length of
paving runs by either one or both of the following methods:
(a)
The sub-base under sideforms shall be trimmed and compacted to

ensure that the forms when set are uniformly supported over their
entire length at the correct level and gradient.
Page 180 of 10
August 99
(b)
Forms shall be adjusted to the correct level by the use of steel shims
or wedges. In this case the space between the sub-base and the
form shall be filled solid and trimmed flush with the inside face of the
form.
Forms shall be set sufficiently in advance of concrete placing to
permit inspection. Where any form or the sub-base has been
disturbed, the sub-base shall be corrected if necessary and the
forms reset and rechecked. Forms shall be cleaned and coated with
a suitable form-oil before each use.
Forms shall remain in place for at least one day unless joints are to
be sawn, in which case forms shall remain in place from the time of
concreting until the concrete is ready for sawcutting. Forms shall be
carefully removed to avoid damage to the pavement and any
projecting tie-bars or dowels.
17.4.2 Guide Wires For Slipform Paving

Guide wires shall be provided at a constant height above, and at a constant
horizontal distance from, the edge of the proposed pavement.
The wires shall be supported from steel stakes by connectors capable of
fine horizontal and vertical adjustment. The stakes shall be spaced not
more than 10 m apart on straights or 5 m apart on curves. The stakes shall
be positioned, connectors set, and wires securely fixed and tensioned on
the connectors sufficiently in advance of the paver to permit inspection and
checking.
17.5
REINFORCEMENT, DOWELS AND TIE BARS

17.5.1 Steel Reinforcement
Reinforcement shall be free from dirt, oil, paint, grease or other organic
materials that may adversely affect or reduce bond to the concrete.
The reinforcement shall be located as specified on the Drawings. The
tolerance on placing the reinforcement shall be such as to not reduce the
cover to less than 50 mm.
Page 181 of 10
August 99
Reinforcement shall be positioned above the prepared sub-base in

advance of concrete paving on chairs or other suitable supports. Bar
chairs shall be arranged in a regular grid not exceeding 1m and supported
so they are prevented from overturning.
The reinforcement shall be supported so that it will not be dislodged from
its specified position while concrete is being placed or by the progress of
the paving equipment.
Reinforcing fabric sheets shall be handled so that they remain free from
distortion. They shall be lapped so that the two outermost wires of one
sheet of fabric overlap the outermost wire of the sheet being lapped.
Lapped portions shall be tied with wire at a maximum spacing of 500 mm.
Reinforcement shall be terminated 75 mm from contraction joints. Under
no circumstances shall reinforcement pass through a contraction joint.
17.5.2 Dowelled Joints
Dowels shall be straight and free from paint, dirt or excessive rust. They
shall be smooth, have their free ends sawn and bevelled and be free of
burred edges. To ensure that they will be effectively debonded, dowels
shall, for at least half their length, have their free ends either coated with a
bond-breaking compound or be enclosed by a tight-fitting plastic sheath.
Dowels shall be placed in assemblies at joint locations in advance of
paving operations and as specified.
Dowels shall be held rigidly, in both horizontal and vertical alignment,
parallel to each other, the pavement centreline, and the surface of the slab
by a suitable supporting frame left permanently in place. Individual dowels
shall not deviate by more than 3mm in 300mm from their intended
alignment.
Dowels shall not be inserted into the fresh concrete either during or after
concrete placing.
Page 182 of 10
August 99
17.5.3 Tie Bars

Tie bars shall be deformed reinforcing bars. Bent tie bars may be used.
Tie bars shall be free of any lubricant or coating which may reduce the
bond with the concrete. They shall be located at mid-slab depth and
installed so that they will not deviate by more than 20mm from their
intended alignment.
For fixed-form paving, tie bars at construction joints may be located in
openings in the form face. For slipform paving, tie bars may be inserted
through temporary sideforms located behind the paver or mechanically
inserted into the plastic concrete by approved devices used in conjunction
with the paving plant. The means of insertion shall not create voids around
the tie bar.
17.6
TRANSPORTING, PLACING AND COMPACTION OF CONCRETE

17.6.1 General
Irrespective of whether the pavement is constructed by fixed-form or
slipform paving methods, the paving equipment shall move forward as near
continuously as possible. The operations of mixing, delivering and
spreading concrete shall be so co-ordinated as to provide a uniform rate of
progress with stopping and starting of the paver held to a minimum.
The placing, compacting and finishing of the concrete shall be carried out
as rapidly as possible and the operations so arranged that in any traverse
cross section of the paving run, all concrete is spread, compacted and
finished within 2 hours of mixing.
17.6.2 Transporting, Placing and Compacting
Refer Section 7 - Concrete.
Page 183 of 10
August 99
17.6.3 Addition of Pigment to the Mix

Where applicable a pigment shall be added to the concrete mix either at
the central mixing plant or in the agitator truck at the rate of one standard
(25kg net) bag of pigment to one (1) cubic metre of concrete containing
330kg of cementitious material.
17.6.4 Colour of Pigment
The colour of the pigment to be added to the mix shall be approved by the
Superintendent's Representatives but shall generally be black/charcoal
grey. The contractor shall supply samples of the pigment for approval prior
to commencing any concrete paving works on site.
17.6.5 Adverse Weather Conditions
No concrete should be placed during rain. When rain appears imminent,
paving operations should cease and the necessary steps for complete
protection of previously placed concrete commenced. In order that the
concrete is protected against the effects of rain before it has sufficiently
hardened, waterproof covers for the protection of the surface of the plastic
concrete should be available at all times. For slipform paving, protection
for the slab edges may also be required.
17.6.6 Control of Plastic Shrinkage Cracking
Suitable precautions shall be taken to avoid or minimise the occurrence of
plastic shrinkage cracking which may occur on the surface of the pavement
under conditions which result in rapid evaporation. These may include:
(a)
Lowering the fresh-concrete temperature during hot weather by

using cool aggregates and mixing water.
(b)
Protecting the concrete during the period from placing to finishing to

minimise evaporation by the application of water or materials such
as aliphatic alcohols to the surface, using a fog nozzle.
Page 184 of 10
August 99
17.7
INITIAL FINISHING
The concrete shall be screeded to the required cross section profile. This work
shall be completed in conjunction with the placing and compaction of the concrete
as specified above. While the concrete is still plastic, depressions shall be filled
with fresh plastic concrete, compacted and refinished. High areas shall be cut
down by scraping with straightedges or other approved devices, and refinished.
Where slipformed pavements exhibit edge slump in excess of specified
tolerances, the Superintendent's Representative may direct that the Contractor
use temporary side forms for surface correction. The forms shall be capable of
maintaining surface profile during surface correction work. The forms shall be
adequately braced and shall remain in place until their removal will not cause
damage to the new concrete.
17.8
FINAL FINISHING
17.8.1 General
Final finishing includes floating and texturing the pavement. Final finishing
shall commence only as soon as water sheen has left the pavement
surface. It shall not be attempted in any area where there is free surface
water.
17.8.2 Floating
The concrete surface shall be floated where necessary to remove any
surface irregularities, porous areas or depressions. Floating shall be
performed by means of mechanical helicopter type floats or long-handled
'bull floats' having a metal blade approximately 1 m long and 150 to 200
mm wide with a pivoting head attached to the handle. These floats shall be
operated in a series of continuous overlapping passes transversely across
the full width of the pavement.
17.8.3 Hand Finishing
Unless otherwise approved, finishing by small handheld floats shall not be
permitted except:
(a)
in the event of breakdown of the mechanical equipment (to finish the

concrete already in place when the breakdown occurs);
(b)
for narrow widths or areas of irregular dimension where the use of

the preferred types of equipment is impractical. Edge tooling by
hand shall be permitted only where specified.
17.8.4 Surface Texturing
Page 185 of 10
August 99
(a)
General
The texturing operation shall not be commenced until the condition
of the concrete is such that the surface will not be torn or coarse
aggregate particles unduly loosened.
In the case of slipform construction the texturing shall be carried out
by means of a machine spanning the pavement and guided by the
paver guide wires, or by suitable manually operated equipment.
(b)
17.9
The broom shall be drawn across the full width of the pavement, in a
series of continuous, slightly-overlapping strokes, transversely to the
direction of traffic. The broom's angle of contact with the pavement
surface shall be constant. The broom shall be cleaned by washing
and/or tamping after each pass.
CURING
17.9.1 General
As soon as practicable after the texturing operations have been completed
the entire surface of the pavement, including exposed sides, shall be cured
by protecting it against loss of moisture for at least four days. Curing shall
be carried out by one or more of the following means. All of the equipment
and materials necessary for the curing operations shall be on hand at the
location of paving before concrete placement commences.
Page 186 of 10
August 99
17.9.2 Moist Curing

Moist curing shall be carried out by covering the pavement with hessian or
similar approved material and keeping it damp. The hessian shall be
placed as soon as the condition of the concrete is such that the surface will
not be damaged. The hessian shall be thoroughly dampened when placed
and kept damp and in continuous contact with the pavement surface for the
duration of the curing period. The hessian sheets shall cover all exposed
surfaces of the pavement and shall be lapped at least 500mm at joins.
They shall be adequately secured to prevent displacement by wind.
17.9.3 Plastic Sheeting
Waterproof plastic sheeting, such as clear polyethylene or its equivalent,
shall be placed as soon as the condition of the concrete is such that the
surface will not be marked or damaged. The plastic sheets shall provide a
complete coverage of the concrete surface and sides, be lapped at least
500 mm at joins and secured to prevent displacement by wind.
Tears or holes in the plastic sheets which occur during the curing period
shall be immediately repaired.
17.9.4 Sprayed Liquid Membrane
Liquid membrane curing compounds shall comply with the requirements of
ASTM C 309 when tested at the rate of coverage to be used on the works.
They shall be capable of being sprayed onto a damp surface without loss
of stability or performance.
They shall be sprayed at a uniform rate, in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions, over the entire exposed pavement area, before
the concrete surface has dried.
Membrane curing compounds shall be applied by hand-operated or powerdriven spray equipment. The spray nozzle shall at all times be protected
by a suitable hood or screen and shall be operated as closely as
practicable to the pavement surface.
Page 187 of 10
August 99
17.10 JOINTS
17.10.1
General
Contraction, longitudinal, isolation and construction joints shall be located

as indicated on the Drawings as required by, construction operations or
17.10.2
(a)
Contraction Joints
General
Sawcutting or forming vertical grooves in the top of the pavement
and shall be constructed by either of the following methods.
Transverse contraction joints shall extend continuously across the
full width of the pavement.
(b)
Sawn Grooves
For sawn grooves, joint locations shall be marked on the surface by
suitable means in advance of sawing to permit verification of joint
locations. Grooves shall be sawn vertically in the concrete to a
depth not less than one quarter the concrete thickness, at the
nominated joint locations, by experienced operators using power
saws and blades specifically suited to the early sawing of concrete.
A standby saw and blades shall be available at the location of
paving in progress to maintain continuity of work in the event of plant
breakdown.
Sawcutting shall commence as early as possible (to avoid
uncontrolled shrinkage cracking) but not so early as to cause
unacceptable ravelling of joint edges. The joints shall be sawn in
sequence. Sufficient saws shall be employed to maintain the
necessary rate of sawcutting.
Concurrently with the sawing operations the sawn groove shall be
washed or hosed free of fine grit resulting from the sawing. Material
hosed from the groove shall be cleaned from the pavement surface.
Sawn grooves forming a reservoir for a joint sealant shall be formed
either:
(i)
In two stages, firstly cutting a narrow groove about 3mm wide

to one quarter the concrete thickness, and secondly widening
the initial groove by secondary sawing to the required
sealant-reservoir dimensions. The second sawcut shall be
made within 3 to 4 days of the first.
Page 188 of 10
August 99
(ii)
(c)
In one operation, using two different diameter blades

simultaneously to achieve the same result. Where the
sawcutting operations damage a previously applied sprayed
liquid curing membrane, the Superintendent's Representative
may direct that the damaged coating be made good by a
further application of curing compound. As far as practicable
the Contractor shall take precautions to prevent the vertical
faces of the sawn groove from being coated with the curing
compound.
Formed Grooves
Formed grooves shall be made by depressing an approved tool or
device vertically into the plastic concrete to one quarter the
pavement thickness from a work bridge spanning but not touching
the pavement. Steel devices shall be coated with an approved
bondbreaking compound and vibrated into the concrete. Other
proprietary inserts which may include a parting strip shall be
installed and the parting strip later removed in accordance with the
supplier's specification. The tool or device should be continuous for
the full width of the paving run, and unless fitted with a parting strip,
shall remain in place until the concrete is in a condition such that its
removal will not disturb adjacent concrete. Parting-strip inserts shall
not be depressed below the pavement surface but shall remain flush
with the surface and visible after insertion. The concrete surface
shall be corrected by floating across the formed groove. The
pavement shall be checked longitudinally with a straight-edge to
confirm restoration of continuity of the surface across the groove.
Page 189 of 10
August 99
17.10.3
Construction Joints
(a)
Planned transverse construction joints shall be provided in

accordance with the construction programme at the preferred
locations specified or as directed by the Superintendent's
Representative.
(b)
Unplanned Transverse Construction Joints:

Unplanned transverse construction joints shall be provided, to the
details specified, when any delay in paving which results in
previously placed concrete having set before the next load can be
placed against it. The tools and materials necessary for these joints
shall be held at the actual location of paving operations before work
commences and shall be moved forward progressively with the
paving.
17.10.4
Isolation Joints
Isolation joints shall be provided between the pavement and all abutting
and penetrating structures - eg poles, gully pits and public utility manholes and at pavement intersections where shown on the Drawings. The joint
shall be constructed as specified and shall extend for the full depth of the
pavement and for the full perimeter or line of the joint as required.
17.10.5
Joint Sealing
Joints specified to be sealed shall be sealed as soon as practicable after

completion of the pavement curing period and before the pavement is
opened to traffic. The sealing material shall be applied to joints to conform
to the details specified.
The sealant shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's
specification including any special requirements in the preparation of the
sealant groove. Joint faces shall be clean, dry and free from defects which
could impair bond with field-moulded sealants or prevent the uniform
contact required for preformed sealants.
Defects in the joint faces such as spalling, loose aggregate, or embedded
foreign material or other blockages shall be repaired, prior to sealing works.
Each joint shall be inspected prior to placing backup materials, priming or
sealant installation. Installations at air temperatures above 32 degrees C
or below 4 degrees C shall generally be avoided to minimise excessive
strains in field-moulded sealants. The pavement shall not be opened to
general service traffic until all joints which are to be sealed have been
sealed.
Page 190 of 10
August 99
17.11 TOLERANCES
17.11.1
Width and Alignment of Pavement Edges
The width of the completed pavement shall not be less than that specified
and the edge of the completed pavement, or individual paving runs, shall
not deviate by more than 25mm from the designated alignment.
17.11.2
Joint Position
When measured at the kerbside edge along the pavement, transverse

joints shall not deviate by more than 20mm from their designated position.
At no point shall they deviate by more than 20 mm from the intended line.
17.11.3
Thickness
As measured, either by taking accurate levels at nominated points before

and after construction or by cores drilled in the pavement, the thickness
shall not be less than that indicated on the Drawing.
17.11.4
Cross Section and Surface Regularity
The pavement surface shall not deviate by more than 5 mm from a 3m

straightedge supported at its ends placed on any part of the pavement and
laid in any direction on the surface of the pavement, taking into account
either crowned or dished pavement cross sections. The pavement surface
shall drain uniformly to drainage inlets without causing water to pond on the
surface.
Page 191 of 10
August 99
17.12 PROTECTION OF PAVEMENT AND OPENING TO TRAFFIC

The finished pavement shall be protected against damage until final acceptance.
Pavements carrying construction traffic shall be kept clean. Spillages of concrete
or other materials shall be removed immediately.
Where it is necessary for the crawler tracks of slipform pavers to run on previously
placed concrete, the pavement shall be protected where necessary by suitable
pads or planking.
Small vehicles may be permitted to use the pavement after curing operations
have been completed subject to the approval of the Superintendent's
Representative.
Page 192 of 10
August 99
SECTION 18 - SPECIFICATION FOR LANDSCAPE

18.1
Imported Topsoil
18.2
Mulch
18.3
Weed Mat
18.4
Fertiliser
18.5
Stakes
18.6
Garden Bed Establishment
18.7
Finished Surface Level
18.8
Preparation of Subgrade
18.9
Topsoiling
18.10 Plant Supply

18.11 Setting Out
18.12 Planting Holes
18.13 Planting
18.14 Grassing
18.15 Practical Completion
18.16 Defects Liability Period
18.17 Maintenance
ID 6018
Page 193 of 10
August 99
18.1
IMPORTED TOPSOIL
Where existing topsoil gained from the site is insufficient or unsuitable, imported
topsoil from an approved supplier may be used conforming to the following:
(i)
pH:
Slightly acid to neutral, ie. 5.5 - 7.0.
(ii)
Stone content:
No stone
(iii)
Colour:
Dark grey brown to red brown.
(iv)
Extraneous matter:
Free from rubbish, petrol, oil, free of lime or other deleterious matter.
(v)
Sample:
Provide 0.03 cubic metre sample of topsoil for approval prior to delivery.
Imported topsoil, where required, will be paid by cubic metre substantiated
by delivery dockets from supplier.
18.2
MULCH
Areas to be mulched are:
(i)
All garden beds.

Supply and place an approved mulch in all garden areas 100mm minimum
thickness. Where the toe of a batter coincides with the edge of the garden,
dig a 200mm wide x 150mm deep trench along the inside edge of the
garden and fill with mulch.
Page 194 of 10
August 99
(ii)
Around base of trees.
Mulch to be placed at 100mm deep around base of trees by 800mm square.

Approved mulching materials are as follows:
18.3
(i)
Fine pine bark, pine flake.
(ii)
Eucalypt mulch.
WEED MAT
Where required approved weed mat 600mm x 600mm to be pegged with four wire
ties at the corners at each tree planted.
18.4
FERTILISER
Osmocote slow after release fertiliser shall be applied to the base of plant to the
width of the pot, positioning the plant in the hole, at the manufacturers
recommended rate.
18.5
STAKES/GUARDS
(i)
Three hardwood stakes per plant to be placed around all plants with
450mm X 400mm clear sleeve to protect the plants. Hardwood stakes to
be 25mm X 25mm pointed stake, 750mm long. Stakes to be driven
200mm below surface level and placed so as not to disturb the root ball of
the plants.
OR - if directed
(ii)
Two stakes per tree to be placed at all trees in lawn areas, to identify and
protect the trees. Hardwood stakes 50mm x 50mm x 1800mm high to be
used. Stakes to be driven 450mm below surface level and placed not to
disturb the root ball of the plants.
Page 195 of 10
August 99
18.6
GARDEN BED ESTABLISHMENT

Where indicated on the drawings, the Contractor shall provide for the
establishment of garden beds. Carry out all works in accordance with standard
horticultural practices. Work shall only be carried out under suitable soil
conditions. The use of machinery or hand tools under adverse conditions that
would damage the soil structure will not be permitted.
18.7
FINISHED SURFACE LEVEL

After final settlement, the finished surface level shall match the top of adjoining
kerbs, pavements, mower strips, etc. Where there is no edging, the finished level
shall be 50mm above the surrounding areas with a suitable V shaped trench
100mm deep to distinguish its edge.
Place topsoil to within 75mm below finished level to allow for the placement of
mulch.
The Contractor is to note that all dimensions are net and minimum, and it is their
responsibility to allow for bulking and corrections as may be necessary due to
settlement.
18.8
PREPARATION OF SUBGRADE
Excavate as required to establish subgrade level to allow for addition of topsoil
and mulch.
Equipment:
equipment.
Assume excavations can be done with hand tools or power
All garden areas that are heavily compacted from construction work shall be
broken up by an initial cultivation prior to the placement of the topsoil. This shall
be carried out by ripping to a depth of 300 mm and shall be along the contours to
prevent erosion. The ripping shall leave the ground in a loose and friable
condition.
18.9
TOPSOILING
Spread topsoil to an even depth of 250 mm and do not deliver or spread in a
muddy condition. Where access is required over established or proposed garden
areas, keep the vehicular routes in the smallest possible area and after
completion of deliveries, rip to a depth of 300 mm to leave compacted soil in a
loose and friable condition.
18.10 PLANT SUPPLY
Page 196 of 10
August 99
All plants shall be healthy, well grown, true to type, disease free and have a well
developed root system supplied in 150 mm minimum diameter size pots.
(Tubestock may only be supplied with Project Officers approval.)
All plants shall be handled at all times in such a manner as to prevent damage in
transit.
The Project Officer shall be contacted in the event of difficulties with quality, size
or availability of nominated species, and shall approve all plants before planting is
to commence. Note that any such substitution may involve a price reduction.
18.11 SETTING OUT
The plants shall be positioned as shown on the plan and to the general
satisfaction of the Project Officer who may at his direction request on-site
modifications, provided always that such variations are clearly justified and kept to
a reasonable minimum.
18.12 PLANTING HOLES
A planting hole for each plant shall be dug at least 300 mm in diameter or twice
the diameter of the plant container, whichever is the greater, to a depth of 75150mm greater than the depth of the container. The sides and base of the hole
shall be broken down to facilitate root penetration into the surrounding soil where
necessary. Care must be taken to avoid disturbance or damage to underground
services.
18.13 PLANTING
The plant shall be removed from its container and, where necessary, the roots
shall be loosened and frayed out, with twisted roots either straightened or pruned.
The plant shall then be positioned in the hole so that the soil level around the
plant is 25mm below that of the surrounding soil.
Page 197 of 10
August 99
The backfill soil shall be free of rubble, clods, etc, greater than 50 mm diameter.
Where necessary (where there is too much rubble or clay), an adequate amount
of acceptable topsoil shall be added to the backfill soil.
A shallow saucer depression of approximately 500 mm diameter cleared of weeds
shall be formed around the plants for watering purposes.
Mulch:
In garden areas the mulch is to be returned to the disturbed area. Keep mulch
away from the tree trunk to avoid rotting.
18.14 GRASSING
(a)
All areas specified on the detailed landscaping plan to be sown at the rate
of 4kg per 100sq m with a seed mix determined by the Project Officer.
(b)
Watering shall be carried out when warranted by prevailing climatic

conditions. While seed is germinating, moisture is to be kept up to top
25mm depth of soil.
(c)
Apply fertiliser and lime as needed.
(d)
Minor repairs, including patching up after planting and overseeding any

other bare areas found to exist, shall be carried out as required.
(e)
At the time of the first grass cut, grass is not to be cut lower than 50mm in
height.
(f)
Sweep grass cuttings from paths, drives, etc, as directed and trim grass
edged at path and drive boundaries, etc, at end of maintenance period.
18.15 PRACTICAL COMPLETION

The date of practical completion for the landscape works is defined as the date
upon which all works specified and shown on the drawings are completed and the
first cut of the newly sown grassed areas has been carried out.
Page 198 of 10
August 99
18.16 DEFECTS LIABILITY PERIOD

Fully maintain all plant materials and landscape items for the term of the defects
liability period as specified in the Contract.
18.17 MAINTENANCE
Includes care of the Contract areas by accepted horticultural practices and the
rectification of any defects that become apparent in the works. This includes, but
shall not be limited to:
(a)
Maintain plants in a healthy condition, pruning and controlling pests and

diseases where necessary;
(b)
Replace any dead, pest damaged or badly diseased plants during the
currency of the maintenance works. Replacing all such plants at the
completion of the maintenance period shall not be acceptable unless
approved by the Project Officer;
(c)
Replace any missing plastic guards or broken stakes when necessary;
(d)
Maintain the 800mm diameter mulched area around the plants in a weed
free condition;
(e)
Watering to be carried out when warranted by prevailing climatic

conditions;
(f)
Any subsidence to mulched or backfilled areas to be reinstated to original

required level.
Page 199 of 10
August 99
SECTION 19 - SPECIFICATION FOR BEACHING

19.1
Description
19.2
19.3
Materials
19.4
Preparation of Underlying Surface
19.5
Beaching Placement
19.6
Grouting
19.7
Perimeter Walls
19.8
Cleaning
ID 6019
Page 200 of 10
August 99
19.1
DESCRIPTION
This section covers the requirements for the supply and placing of rock, stone or
manufactures block bleaching for the protection of batter slopes, drainage
channels and culvert endwalls as shown on the drawings. Four types of beaching
are covered by this section.
Type
Type
Type
Type
19.2
1:
2:
3:
4:
Ungrouted rock beaching

Grouted rock beaching
Grouted flat stone beaching
Butted paving block beaching

The finished surface of the beaching shall conform with the levels, lines and
grades as shown on the drawings or as specified.
19.3
MATERIALS
Unless otherwise specified, the Contractor shall supply all materials necessary to
construct the beaching as specified, including rock or paving blocks, bedding
materials, geotextile, concrete, reinforcement and drainage pipes.
(a)
Beaching Material
(i)
Type 1 Beaching
Rock for type 1 beaching shall consist of sound, dense field or
quarry rock.
Field or quarry rock shall be resistant to weathering action of air and
water and shall be free from cracks and other structural defects
which may reduce its mechanical strength and resistance to
weathering.
All rock, shall have a mass of between 20 and 70 kg and at least
60% by number shall be over 40 kg mass. Rocks shall be of such
size that the layer of beaching is not less than 225 mm thick.
Page 201 of 10
August 99
(ii)
Type 2 Beaching
Rock for Type 2 beaching shall conform with the same general
requirements as for Type 1 beaching except that the rocks shall be
of such size that the layers of beaching shall be at least 150 mm
thick and of mass between 10 kg and 40 kg with at last 60% by
number having a mass over 25 kg. The rocks shall be reasonably
uniform in colour.
(iii)
Type 3 Beaching
Type 3 beaching shall consist of sound dense flat stone.
Beaching stone shall be free from cracks and other structural defects and
reasonably uniform in size, shape and colour. Each piece shall be not less than
65 mm thick and have a face area not less than 0.1 m2. At least 50% of the
pieces by number shall have an area of more than 0.2 m.
(iv)
Type 4 Beaching
Paving blocks shall be of a type, face size, thickness and colour as
specified.
Samples of beaching material shall be reviewed by the Superintendent prior to

placement.
(b)
Bedding
Type 1 beaching shall not require a granular bedding. However a needlepunched non-woven geotextile, with a mass not less than 250 g/m and
with a robustness (geotextile strength Rating G) of 600 to 900, shall be laid
over the trimmed surface where beaching is to be placed. The geotextile
shall be buried to a depth of 300 mm at the edges of beaching and
wrapped under the toe wall unless otherwise specified. the geotextile shall
be laid evenly with no kinks or folds, and joints shall be formed by
overlapping the geotextile by not less than 300mm and not more than
500mm.
Type 2 beaching shall not require bedding unless otherwise specified or
shown on the drawings.
Page 202 of 10
August 99
Bedding for Type 3 beaching shall consist of at least 30 mm of mortar,

comprising one part Portland Cement, and nine parts sand.
Bedding for Type 4 beaching consist of a 50 mm minimum layer of bedding
sand.
19.4
PREPARATION OF UNDERLYING SURFACE

Areas on which beaching is to be placed shall be trimmed as required to provide a
finished surface level of beaching in accordance with the drawings. Any scours of
hollows in the surface shall be filled with compacted crushed rock.
Unless otherwise specified trimmed material shall be removed from the site.
19.5
BEACHING PLACEMENT
(a)
Beaching materials shall be firmly bedded on the prepared embankment

and/or bedding if required and laid in courses commencing from the bottom
of any slope. The general surface of the finished beaching shall not vary
from a 3 m straight edge laid across the surface of the beaching by more
than:
150 mm
75 mm
30 mm
20 mm
(b)
for Type 1 Beaching

for Type 2 Beaching
for Type 3 Beaching
for Type 4 Beaching
Type 1 Beaching
Gaps between rocks shall be as narrow as practicable. Unless otherwise
specified, voids shall be fitted to at least mid-height of the rocks with
topsoil.
(c)
Type 2 Beaching
Width of joints may vary between 10 mm and 60 mm, with an average not
exceeding 40 mm. Level difference between edges of adjacent rocks shall
not exceed 40 mm. The joint pattern shall be random and the joints kept
free from debris before grouting.
Page 203 of 10
August 99
(d)
Type 3 Beaching
Beaching material shall be thoroughly cleaned and saturated with water
before being bedded on fresh mortar as specified in clause 19.3(b).
The joint pattern shall be random and the joints kept free from debris prior
to grouting. Width of joints may vary between 10mm and 60mm, with an
average not exceeding 40mm. Level difference between edges of adjacent
stones shall not exceed 25mm.
(e)
Type 4 Beaching
The blocks shall be placed on the specified bedding sand and laid in
accordance with the manufacturers recommendation. Edge blocks shall
be neatly cut to establish straight edges. Dry sand shall be broomed into
joints on completion and lightly watered. The sand use in mixture shall all
pass a 1.18mm AS sieve and 10-20% shall pass a 0.075mm AS sieve.
19.6
GROUTING
Joints shall not be grouted until the Superintendent has reviewed the beaching.
Grouting with mortar shall be carried out when the air temperature is above 5C
and work shall be kept moist for 3 days after grouting.
Joint mortar shall consist of one part Portland cement, six parts sand by volume,
thoroughly mixed with water to produce grout of suitable consistency.
The joints shall be neatly finished by filling with mortar. Care shall be taken to
keep the exposed rock face clean. Brooming of mortar across the face of the
rocks will not be permitted.
Page 204 of 10
August 99
19.7
PERIMETER WALLS
Perimeter and toe walls shall be constructed where shown on the drawings.
For Type 1 Beaching, toe walls 600mm wide by 600mm deep shall be
constructed. They shall be lined with geotextile fabric and filled with hand packed
rock, the larger voids between rocks being filled with smaller stones.
For Type 2, 3 and 4 Beaching, concrete perimeter walls shall be constructed
around exposed edges of the beaching.
Toe walls shall be 300mm wide by 400mm deep at the front face and reinforced
with 3-8TM trench mesh top and bottom. The upper surface of the toe wall shall
slope upwards at either the slope of the rock beaching or the adjacent verge as
shown on the drawings. Side walls and top walls shall be 150mm wide by 250mm
deep. The top of the walls shall be continuous with the beaching.
19.8
CLEANING
On completion of the work, the beaching shall be cleaned to remove all foreign
material and discolouration from the beaching surface. Any joint mortar adhering
to the surrounding rock surfaces shall be removed.
Page 205 of 10
August 99
SECTION 20 - SPECIFICATION FOR BITUMEN

SCRAP RUBBER SEALS
20.1
General
20.2
Description
20.3
Supply of Granular Scrap Rubber
20.4
Preparation of Bituminous Materials
20.5
Rates of Application
20.6
Conditions for Spraying
20.7
Testing and Acceptance
ID 6020
Page 206 of 10
August 99
20.1
GENERAL
This section should be read in conjunction with the Specification for Priming and
Primersealing and covers special requirements for bitumen scrap rubber sealing
that override or are in addition to the requirements for Section 13.
20.2
DESCRIPTION
A bitumen scrap rubber seal incorporates granular scrap rubber which is added to
modify the characteristics of bitumen. A concentration of 5 parts of added scrap
by mass (Nominal 5% Scrap Rubber) can be used to improve aggregate retention
characteristics under severe traffic conditions. A concentration of 20 to 25 parts of
added scrap rubber by mass (Nominal 20 to 25% Scrap Rubber) will improve the
elastic recovery of the binder to aid the waterproofing of moderately cracked
surfaces.
20.3
SUPPLY OF GRANULAR SCRAP RUBBER

20.3.1 General Requirements
Granular scrap rubber shall consist of synthetic rubber from car tyres or
natural rubber from truck tyres or a mixture of both, and shall be free of
cord, wire, fluff and other deleterious material.
20.3.2 Grading and Particle Size
The grading of scrap rubber shall comply with Table 1 and shall not contain
particles greater than 3mm in length.
Table 1
Sieve Size AS (mm)
*Grading 16
Percentage
Passing (by
mass)
Grading 30
Percentage
Passing (by
mass)
2.36
100
1.18
80-100
0.600
15-40
0.150
0-3
100
100
70-100
0-5
For use in bitumen scrap rubber mixtures where only 5 parts of

rubber is required.
Page 207 of 10
August 99
20.3.3 Bulk Density

The maximum bulk density shall not exceed 350 kg/m 3 and shall be
determined by the Australian Road Research Board test method described
in AIR 286-3.
20.3.4 Moisture
The moisture content of the scrap rubber shall not exceed one per cent.
20.4
PREPARATION OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS

20.4.1 Addition of Rubber and Mixing
Scrap rubber shall be added to the bitumen through an approved purpose
built mixing box connected in the bitumen supply line between the bitumen
supply point or bitumen tanker and the bitumen sprayer. A minimum of 500
litres of bitumen must be in the sprayer prior to any rubber being added.
The bitumen scrap rubber mixture shall be heated and circulated at a
temperature exceeding 180oC for a minimum period of 30 minutes to
ensure proper digestion of rubber into the bitumen.
Alternative means of adding and mixing scrap rubber to bitumen shall
be submitted for approval by the Superintendent.
Adhesion agent shall be added to the binder for all bitumen scrap rubber
seals as specified in Section 13, Clause 13.7. After addition of cutter and
adhesion agent, heating and mixing shall proceed in accordance with
Section 13, Clause 13.6 and 13.7.
20.4.2 Quantity of Cutter Required
For bitumen scrap rubber mixtures containing 20-25 parts of added scrap
rubber, the quantity of cutter shall be 4 parts greater than the standard
additive rates of application.
20.4.3 Spraying Temperatures
The spraying temperatures for bitumen scrap rubber mixtures containing
20-25 parts of added scrap rubber shall be 20 oC higher than the
temperatures specified in Clause 20.6.
20.4.4 Flux Oil
No flux oil shall be used for bitumen scrap rubber sealing.
Page 208 of 10
August 99
20.5
RATES OF APPLICATION
The design rates of application are the rates of application of residual binder only
(Bitumen and any flux oil) and do not include the proportion of rubber, kerosene
and adhesion agent in the mixture. The Contractor shall spray such higher rates
of application of the mixture to compensate for the effect of rubber kerosene and
adhesion agent.
20.6
CONDITIONS FOR SPRAYING

The conditions for spraying shall be as specified in Clause 13.9 except that the
minimum air temperatures shall be 20oC.
20.7
TESTING AND ACCEPTANCE

For binder containing 20-25 parts of scrap rubber the variation from the Design
Rates of Application may be increased by 0.051/m 2 to the limits specified by the
Page 209 of 10
August 99
POLYMER MODIFIED COLD OVERLAY

21.1
Standards
21.2
Description
21.3
Proportioning
21.4
Mixing
21.5
Spreading Equipment
21.6
Laying
21.7
Measurement (by cubic metre)
21.8
Payment (by cubic metre)
21.9
Mix Design
ID 6021
Page 210 of 10
August 99
21.1
STANDARDS
AS 1160
AS 2758.2
AS 2357
AS 2341
21.2
Bitumen Emulsions for Construction and Maintenance of Pavements

Aggregate for Sprayed Bitumen Surfacing
Mineral Fillers for Asphalt
Methods of Testing Bitumen and Related Roadmaking Products
DESCRIPTION
The Cold Overlay surface shall consist of a mixture of polymer modified bitumen
emulsion, aggregate, water, additives and fillers, properly proportioned, mixed and
spread evenly on the surface as specified herein and as directed by the
The cured Cold Overlay shall have a
homogenous appearance, fill all cracks, adhere firmly to the surface and have
skid resistant texture.
21.3
PROPORTIONING
A job mix design shall be submitted by the Contractor for approval by the
Superintendents Representative that conforms to the specification limits, and that
is suitable for the traffic, climatic conditions, curing conditions and final use.
The Cold Overlay mixture shall be proportioned by the operation of a single
start/stop switch or lever which automatically sequences the introduction of
aggregate, bitumen emulsion, additives and water to the pugmill. Calibrated sight
flowmeters shall be provided to measure both the addition of water and additives
to the pugmill.
Water and additive shall be added to ensure proper workability and;
(a)
Permit uncontrolled traffic on the Cold Overlay no more than 60 minutes

after placement without the occurrence of bleeding, ravelling, separation or
other distress;
(b)
Prevent development of bleeding, ravelling, separation or other distress

within seven (7) days after placing the Cold Overlay.
Page 211 of 10
August 99
If more than one kind of aggregate is used, the correct amount of each kind of
aggregate to produce the required grading shall be proportioned separately in a
manner that will result in a uniform and homogenous blend.
21.4
MIXING
The Cold Overlay shall be mixed in a self-propelled mixing machine equipped with
a continuous flow pugmill capable of accurately delivering and automatically
proportioning the aggregate, bitumen emulsion, water and additives to a double
shafted, multiblade pugmill mixer capable of minimum speeds of 200 revolutions
per minute.
The mixing machine shall have sufficient storage capacity of aggregate, bitumen
emulsion and water to maintain an adequate supply to the proportioning controls.
The mixing machine shall be equipped with hydraulic controls for proportioning
the materials by volume to the mix. Each material control device shall be
calibrated, properly marked, preset and lockable at the direction of the
The mixing machine shall be equipped with a water pressure system and nozzle
type spray bars to provide a water spray immediately ahead of the spreader box.
The mixing machine shall be equipped with an approved filler feeder that provides
a uniform, positive, accurately metered, pre-determined amount of a mineral filler,
at the same time and location that the aggregate is fed.
21.5
SPREADING EQUIPMENT
The Cold Overlay mixture shall be uniformly spread by means of a controlled
spreader box conforming to the following requirements.
(a)
The spreader box shall be capable of spreading a traffic lane width.
(b)
The spreader box shall have strips of flexible rubber belting or similar
material on each side and in contact with the pavement to prevent loss of
Cold Overlay from the box.
(c)
The spreader box shall have baffles or other suitable means, to ensure
uniform application on super-elevated sections and shoulder slopes.
(d)
The rear flexible stike-off blade shall make close contact with the pavement
and shall be capable of being adjusted to the various crown shapes so as
to apply a uniform seal coat.
Cold Overlay mixture, to be spread in areas inaccessible to the controlled

spreader box, may be spread by other approved methods.
21.6
LAYING
Page 212 of 10
August 99
The Cold Overlay shall not be placed if either the pavement or the air temperature
is below 13oC and falling. However, it may be laid when both the air and
pavement temperature is 10oC or above and rising.
Before laying the Cold Overlay, the pavement surface shall be cleaned by
sweeping, flushing or other means necessary to remove all loose particles of
paving, all dirt and all other extraneous material.
Before the Cold Overlay operations are commenced, the contractor shall give 24
hours notice to all residents, businesses and agencies by written notice detailing
streets and limits of work to be done and the hours of work.
The contractor shall also post in all streets to be worked upon 24 hours before
commencement of operations, notices with temporary no parking signs. These
signs shall also state the day of the week and the hours of no-parking.
Immediately before commencing the Cold Overlay operations, all surface metal
utility covers shall be protected by thoroughly covering the surface with an
appropriate adhesive and oiled or plastic paper. Covers are to be uncovered and
cleaned of Cold Overlay material by the end of the same work day. Hand tools
shall be available in order to remove spillage.
The mixture shall be uniform and homogenous after spreading on the surface and
shall not show separation of the emulsion and aggregate after setting.
Page 213 of 10
August 99
Adequate means shall be provided to protect the Cold Overlay from traffic until
such time that the mixture has cured sufficiently so that the Cold Overlay will not
adhere to and be picked up by the tyres of the vehicles.
21.7
MEASUREMENT (BY CUBIC METRE)

The quantities of Cold Overlay to be paid for by the cubic metre will be the
combined mixture measured as a single unit.
21.8
PAYMENT (BY CUBIC METRE)

The contract price paid per cubic metre for Cold Overlay includes full
compensation for furnishing all labour, materials, tools, equipment and incidentals
and for doing all the work involved in the furnishing and placing of the Cold
Overlay complete in place, including cleaning the surface and protecting the Cold
Overlay until it has set, all as shown on the plans or schedules and in accordance
with these specifications and as directed by the Superintendents Representative.
21.9
MIX DESIGN
The contractor shall furnish to the Superintendents Representative the following
mix design tests of Cold Overlay before commencing operations.
(a)
Aggregate gradings conforming to the nominated 0-5mm grading shown

below:
Sieve Size
(mm)
12.5
9.5
4.75
2.36
1.18
0.600
0.300
0.150
0.075
(b)
0 - 5mm
(% Passing)
100
100
90-100
65-90
45-70
30-50
18-30
10-21
5-15
Consistency Test
Indicate water content required in the mix design to enable the Cold
Overlay mixture to flow 2.5-3.00cm using an approved test method.
(c)
Traffic Time Test

Furnish laboratory test data showing mix design to be trafficable one hour
after laying using an approved test method.
(d)
Abrasion Test
Page 214 of 10
August 99
Furnish data indicating acceptable abrasion losses of the mix design as

defined by an approved test method.
(e)
Adhesion Test
Furnish data indicating acceptable adhesion between the aggregate and
bitumen using an approved test method.
Page 215 of 10
August 99
SECTION 22 - SPECIFICATION FOR ERECTION

OF SIGNS
22.1
Description
22.2
Supply of Materials
22.3
Handling and Storage of Signs Supplied by VicRoads
22.4

22.4.1
Foundations
22.4.2
Posts
22.4.3 Signs
22.5
Erection of Posts
22.5.1 Steel and Timber Posts
22.5.2 Foundations
22.5.3 Backfilling of Post Holes
22.6
Erection of Signs
22.7
Masking of Signs
ID 60022
Page 216 of 10
August 99
22.1
DESCRIPTION
This section covers the requirements for the handling, storage and erection of
signs and sign supports.
22.2
SUPPLY OF MATERIALS
All signs, posts, fittings and where applicable, masking materials as listed in the
Sign and Post Schedule will be supplied at the Council depot compound located
at XXX or at some other location agreed with the Superintendent.
Signs will be supplied to the Contractor on at least three weeks notice to the
Superintendent by the Contractor. All other materials, equipment and labour
necessary to erect the signs, including cement or concrete for post hole backfill
shall be supplied by the Contractor.
22.3
HANDLING AND STORAGE OF SIGNS

The Contractor shall be responsible for loading and transporting the signs, posts
and fittings to the sign locations as specified and shall be responsible for any
damage to the signs from any cause after taking delivery and up to completion of
installation.
Where a Contractor stores signs prior to installation they shall be stored in the
following manner:
(a)
Face to face with a layer of protective material between faces to prevent

damage.
(b)
Vertically and clear of the ground with adequate care to protect the edges
of the signs.
(c)
Stacked in numbers small enough to prevent damage to any sign due to

the combined weight of the signs.
(d)
Adequately protected from ingress of moisture between sign face and

packing or other protective material.
Page 217 of 10
August 99
22.4

22.4.1 Foundations
Concrete foundations shall be poured such that the finished surface of
foundation is flush with the finished surface at the base of the sign.
22.4.2 Posts
(i)
Posts are to be straight and plumb to within a tolerance of 1 in 100.
(ii)
Post tops are to be 50 10mm below the top edge of the signboard.
22.4.3 Signs
22.5
(i)
Signs are to be mounted level to within a tolerance of 1 in 100.
(ii)
Signs shall be mounted symmetrically on their posts unless shown

as offset in the assembly drawings or directed by the
Superintendent.
(iii)
Where an assembly consists of two or more signs above each other,

the signs shall be mounted with the adjacent edges touching unless
otherwise shown on the sign assembly drawings.
(iv)
The faces of the signs shall present an even surface free from
twists, cracks, indentations or any other faults after erection.
ERECTION OF POSTS
Details of post erection are shown on the Sign and Post Schedule.
Before the erection of posts proceeds, the Superintendents Representative
will review and confirm the required positions of all posts and signs.
Page 218 of 10
August 99
22.5.1 Steel and Timber Posts

Timber and steel posts supplied by Council will generally be in the standard
lengths listed below.
For 32mm Nominal Bore steel posts
- 1625mm
- 2165mm
For 50mm Nominal Bore steel posts
- 2800mm
- 3250mm
- 2700mm
- 4600mm
For 180 X 100mm Frangible Hardwood - 4800mm

- 5400mm
- 6000mm
- 6600mm
The Contractor shall cut posts to the length required so as to minimise
wastage and to conform with the requirements of Clause 22.4 and the Sign
and Post Schedule.
Where posts are to be mounted in sockets, the Contractor shall drill a hole
in the post and bolt the post to the socket to prevent movement or rotation
of the post in the socket.
Signs to be mounted on two or more posts shall have posts positioned
such that the sign face is rotated away from the approaching traffic to avoid
specular reflection. Unless otherwise shown on the drawings, posts shall
be positioned such that the sign is rotated away from the normal cross
section by an amount equal to one tenth of the width of the sign.
Hardwood posts specified as frangible shall be set such that the centre of
the lower hole of each post is between 50mm and 125mm above the
finished surface at the base of the post.
Page 219 of 10
August 99
22.5.2 Foundations
All posts shall be set in footings to the depths shown in the Sign and Post
Schedule. Foundation hole diameters shall be as follows:
For 32mm & 50mm Nominal Bore steel posts: 225mm diameter
For 80mm to 150mm Nominal Bore steel posts:
300mm diameter
For 180mm X 100mm Frangible Hardwood posts: 300mm diameter
Concrete used in foundations shall conform to the requirements of Section

7.
Where posts are required to be mounted in sockets, the sockets shall be
installed to the same depth, as indicated for the parent post with socket
sizes as follows:
Post Size
32mm Nominal Bore
pipe
50mm Nominal Bore
pipe
Socket Size
50mm Nominal Bore
pipe
65mm Nominal Bore
pipe
The sockets shall be plugged at the bottom and shall protrude between
20mm and 30mm above the finished surface of the concrete foundation.
22.5.3 Backfilling of Post Holes
Backfilling of post holes shall not proceed until the Superintendents
Representative has reviewed and confirmed the adequacy of the post
holes.
Posts shall be installed to the depths shown in the Sign and Post Schedule.
(i)
(ii)
For 32 and 50mm Nominal Bore Steel Posts, the following shall
apply:
*
Concrete collars are to be placed at the top and bottom of the

post hole.
Posts carrying up to 0.6m2 of signs area each are to have two

concrete collars each 100mm deep.
Posts carrying more than 0.6m 2 of sign area each are to have
two concrete collars each 150mm deep.
For 180mm X 100mm Frangible Hardwood Timber Posts, the

following shall apply:
Page 220 of 10
August 99
(iii)
Frangible Hardwood Posts shall be erected in accordance

with the drawings.
Select backfill with 4% cement added shall be used. If the

post is erected in a concrete paved surface, an upper
concrete collar 250mm deep shall be provided.
Slip Base Strutted Aluminium Posts

All foundations shall be 400mm diameter X 1200mm deep.
Slip base strutted aluminium sign posts shall be erected in
accordance with the drawings.
Footing plates shall be set in concrete such that the top of the
footing plate is between 50mm and 125mm above the finished
surface at the base of the post or strut as appropriate.
The vertical posts will be supplied cut to correct length and with post
base and cap installed. The struts will be supplied overlength with
the adjustable base only installed.
The Contractor shall cut the strut to correct length and install
the strut to post clamp.
22.6
ERECTION OF SIGNS
Details of sign erection are shown on the Sign and Post Schedule.
22.6.1 Signs shall be attached to the post(s) or structures using the type and
number of fittings as specified in the schedule. When a sign is braced it
should be attached to the post at every intersection point between a post
and a sign bracing member.
Page 221 of 10
August 99
22.6.2 Where a sign assembly consists of two or more signs, the signs shall be
mounted in accordance with the sign assembly drawings.
22.6.3 Signs shall be mounted to:
(i)
within a tolerance of 40mm of the height specified in the Sign and

Post Schedule measured from the bottom of the sign or sign
assembly to the lip of the kerb or edge of shoulder nearest the sign
unless otherwise indicated in the drawings.
(ii)
within a tolerance of 100mm of the pegged sign location or

specified location unless otherwise indicated in the drawings.
22.6.4 When a sign is to be mounted on frangible posts on a cut batter having a

slope steeper than or equal to 2:1, the mounting height at the shorter post
may be reduced providing that:
(i)
the uphill corner of the sign is a minimum of 800mm above the

ground at that point;
(ii)
the sign at the longer post is 2200mm minimum above the ground at
that point.
22.6.5 Where a sign is to be mounted on a utility pole with stainless steel straps,
the brackets shall be attached to the pole using stainless steel strapping
having a minimum width of 12mm and a minimum breaking strain of 6.5kN.
22.6.6 Where the drawings indicate that a sign is to be erected so as to face
oncoming traffic directly, it shall be mounted on posts which have been
rotated in accordance with the requirements of Clause 22.5.1, with the
exception of signs mounted on structures over traffic lanes.
22.6.7 Where signs are to be removed or relocated, as specified in the Schedule,
the Contractor shall dismantle the assembly and transport the signs, posts
and fittings to the specified new location or to the VIC ROADS Site
Compound as appropriate. Post holes shall be backfilled and compacted
to the finished surface. Relocated signs shall be erected in their new
position as specified.
22.6.8 After erection of each sign all stiffening bars are to be removed.
Page 222 of 10
August 99
22.7
MASKING OF SIGNS
Where indicated in the Schedule the Contractor shall arrange to mask the
nominated sign(s) with material supplied by Council.
Masking of signs shall consist of placing a black plastic sheet over the face of the
sign which shall be held in position by wire mesh over the sign.
Adhesive material shall only be applied to the plastic and not be applied to either
the front or rear face of the signboard.
Signs to be masked are marked m in the Sign and Post Schedule.
The size of the masking material and its method of attachment shall be such that
the sign is effectively and securely covered, either in whole or in part, as required,
at all times and under all conditions.
Page 223 of 10
August 99
SECTION 23 - SPECIFICATION FOR FENCING

23.1
General
23.2
Materials
23.3
Supply of Materials
23.4
Construction
23.5
Gates
23.6
Junctions
23.7
Removal of Existing Fences
ID 60023
Page 224 of 10
August 99
23.1
GENERAL
This section covers the requirements for the construction of fencing at the
locations shown on the drawings or described in this specification.
Fences that are to remain in place but have been damaged by the Contractor
shall be repaired or replaced to the satisfaction of the Superintendents
Representative at the Contractors expense.
23.2
MATERIALS
Material for fencing shall conform with the following:
(a)
Untreated Timber Posts and Stays

Untreated timber posts and stays shall be Class 1 or 2 durability, or as
specified on the detailed drawings, and shall be cut from sound timber,
stripped of all bark and backed off with ends sawn square and dried to
equilibrium moisture content. Posts and stays shall be straight and of
dimensions not less than shown on the detailed drawings.
(b)
Treated Timber Posts and Stays

Treated timber posts and stays shall be hardwood or pine and be of sound
timber treated by a process approved by the Wood Technology Division of
the CSIRO. Treated timber posts and stays shall be of round or sawn
rectangular shape and be free of any defect making them unsuitable for the
purpose intended.
Round posts and stays shall be peeled to remove all bark, except that
strips of inner bark may retain if not over 15mm wide or over 75mm long.
All knots shall be trimmed flush with the sides, spurs and splinters removed
and ends cut square.
The slope of grain in sawn rectangular posts, for the full length, shall not
exceed 1 in 10p and knots shall be sound, tight, well spaced, and shall not
exceed 40mm in size in any face.
Page 225 of 10
August 99
Treated timber posts and stays shall be straight and of dimensions not less
than shown on the detailed drawings. Posts to be driven shall be square
ended, or shall be blunt pointed prior to treatment to a bevel angle not
exceeding 30 degrees.
(c)
Tubular Steel Posts, Rails and Stays

Tubular steel posts, rails and stays shall be of commercial quality hot
dipped galvanised steel pipe, free from distortion and with the galvanising
intact.
Posts shall be properly adapted, before galvanising, to provide means for
attaching the fencing to the posts in a manner that will not damage the
posts or fencing material, and shall be fitted with watertight galvanised
tops.
Tubular steel posts, rails and stays shall be of the dimensions shown on
the detailed drawings, and shall be Medium to AS1074 0 Steel Tubes and
Tubulars.
(d)
Steel Posts other than Tubular Steel Posts

Non-tubular steel posts shall be of Star or other specified cross section
and shall be of commercial quality of the lengths shown on the detailed
drawings.
(e)
Concrete Posts
Concrete posts shall be steel reinforced and of good commercial quality of
the lengths shown on the drawings.
(f)
Droppers
Timber droppers shall be sawn hardwood or pine free from cross grain and
large knots and of the length shown on the detailed drawings.
Bored hardwood droppers shall be of 50mm X 38mm nominal size timber.
Treated hardwood droppers attached without boring shall be not less than
35mm X 19mm section.
Page 226 of 10
August 99
Pine droppers shall be 42mm X 35mm minimum size timber and be

pressure treated with preservative.
Metal droppers shall be of commercial quality of the lengths shown on the
drawings.
(g)
Wire
Wire shall be galvanised and conform with the appropriate Australian
Standards and be of the gauge and type specified in the detailed drawings.
Fabricated wire fencing shall be of a commercial type. The width, mesh
and gauge shall be as specified or as shown on the detailed drawings.
(h)
Gates
Gates shall be good commercial quality of the type and dimensions
specified or shown on the detailed drawings.
(i)
Miscellaneous Materials
All ferrous bolts, nuts, ties, staples and fittings for fences and gates shall be
galvanised and of commercial quality and design.
Portland cement concrete shall be produced from commercially available
aggregates and cement and shall contain not less than 240kg of cement
per cubic metre. 1 part cement to 10 parts aggregate.
(j)
Electrical Insulation Materials

All fittings shall be good commercial quality of the type and dimensions
Page 227 of 10
August 99
23.3
SUPPLY OF MATERIALS
(Strikeout (a) or (b))
(a)
All materials shall be supplied by the Contractor.
(b)
Posts, stays, galvanised wire, electrical insulation materials and gates

required for the Works will be supplied by Council. The Contractor shall
obtain these materials from Council at the Council compound located at
Nelson Road, Lilydale or some other location agreed with the
Superintendent.
All other items such as tie wire, staples, clips etc shall be supplied by the
Contractor.
The cost of any material supplied to the Contractor, but not incorporated in
the Works or returned to Council will be deducted from moneys due to the
Contractor.
23.4
CONSTRUCTION
Fences shall be constructed true to the lines pegged on the ground. All logs,
stumps, saplings and undergrowth within 1 metre of the fence line, and all trees
which will interfere with proper construction of the fence shall be removed and
disposed of by the Contractor. Any high points which interfere with the placing of
wire or wire netting shall be cut down to provide the clearance shown on the
detailed drawings, any low spots shall be filled.
Fences shall be constructed in accordance with the drawings. All posts shall be
set in line so that the tops bone uniformly without sudden dips or irregularities.
Unless otherwise specified, surplus earth from holes and trimming shall be spread
within the road reserve and the area shall be left clean and tidy on completion of
the work.
Page 228 of 10
August 99
(a)
Post and Wire Fences

Timber and concrete posts shall be set in dug or drilled holes, except that
posts of treated round timber may be driven provided the method of driving
does not damage the post. Posts shall be set solidly and any space left
around the posts shall be backfilled and the backfilling compacted. Posts
to be driven shall be driven small end down. Other posts shall be placed
butt end down.
Steel posts shall be set by driving a method that does not damage the post.
At all grade changes where posts are liable to be lifted by strained wires,
posts shall be at least 2.1m long, set at least 0.9m into the ground and tied
down.
Strainer assemblies as shown on the detailed drawings shall be provided at
all ends, angles, abrupt changes of grade, and intersections of cross
fences. Intermediate strainer assemblies shall be provided on straights at
intervals not exceeding 200m, and spaced to the best advantage in the
circumstances.
Strainer assemblies at ends and gates shall be single strainer except
where provision of double strainer assemblies is specified. Intermediate
strainer assemblies shall be single strainer assemblies with both diagonals
braced. Corner posts shall be braced in two directions and gate posts shall
be braced in one direction.
Plain wires shall be reeved through holes drilled in the posts except that
where treated round posts are used wires may be attached with staples
after straining. The length of staples shall be 50mm for pine posts and
40mm for hardwood posts. Barbed wire shall be secured with galvanised
tie wire of not less than 2.5mm diameter passed through holes bored in the
posts, and twisted to the barbed wire on each side of the post, or shall be
stapled to treated posts with staples. Top and bottom wires shall be firmly
attached to droppers by preformed ties or twisted galvanised tie wire of not
less than 2.5mm diameter. Intermediate wires shall be similarly attached or
shall be threaded through holes bored in the droppers.
Page 229 of 10
August 99
(b)
Wire Netting Fences

Posts and wire shall be erected as for post and wire fences. Netting shall
be correctly tightened between posts, and shall be fastened to timber posts
with 25mm staples at 150mm intervals and to each wire with 2.5mm
diameter galvanised wire or clips at intervals not exceeding 1m.
(c)
Wire Mesh Fences

Posts and wire shall be erected as for post and wire fences.
Wire mesh shall be attached to posts and droppers by stapling or tying the
top and bottom line wires and at least every alternate intermediate wire to
each post after straining.
(d)
Chain Wire Fences

Posts shall be set in concrete footings of the dimensions shown on the
detailed drawings, with the top of the concrete crowned to shed water.
End, corner and gate posts shall be braced as shown on the detailed
drawings. Line posts shall be braced as shown on the detailed drawings at
not more than 120m intervals.
Chain wire shall be tightened and securely fastened to posts and line wires
on the side shown on the drawings. Fastening to end, corner and gate
posts shall be by lacing through each outer mesh with 2.5mm diameter
galvanised tie wire. Chain wire shall be fastened to line posts and line
wires with 2.5mm diameter galvanised tie wire or clips. The fastenings
shall be spaced at not more than 400mm intervals on line posts and at not
more than 500mm intervals on line wires.
(e)
Steel Post and Welded Mesh Fences

Posts shall be set in concrete footings of the dimensions shown in the
detailed drawings, with the top of the concrete crowned to shed water.
Welded mesh panels shall be attached to posts with good commercial
quality galvanised fittings.
Page 230 of 10
August 99
(f)
Paling and Timber Post Sound Attenuation Fences

Posts shall be set in concrete and the fence constructed as shown on the
detailed drawings.
Palings shall be straight and clean, and free from splits and major defects.
They shall be fixed to each rail as shown on the drawings.
(g)
Electrical Insulation of Fences

Where specified, insulation panels and fittings shall be incorporated in
fences in close proximity to SECV overhead transmission lines, in
accordance with the drawings.
23.5
GATES
The Contractor shall install gates of the types and sizes specified, or shown on
the drawings. Gate posts shall be of the dimensions shown on the detailed
drawings and be firmly set into the ground to the depth specified. Each post shall
be fitted with a strut as shown on the detailed drawings. Tubular metal posts shall
be set in concrete as detailed. At gateways in wire netting fences, a timber sill
shall be set tightly between the posts and flush with the ground.
All gates shall be hung with hinges securely attached to the gate posts. Each
gate shall be fitted with a catch. For wire netting fences, gates shall be finished
so as to be rabbit proof when closed.
23.6
JUNCTIONS
Existing cross fences shall be connected to the new fences. Corner posts with
braces for every direction of strain shall be placed at the junction with existing
fences. The wire in existing fences shall be strained and securely fastened to the
posts.
Page 231 of 10
August 99
23.7
REMOVAL OF EXISTING FENCES

Where specified, existing fences shall be removed and re-erected to the pattern
existing prior to removal.
Fences no longer required shall be removed. All other materials with the
exception of gates become the property of the Contractor and shall be removed
from the site. All post holes shall be backfilled and the backfilling compacted.
Page 232 of 10
August 99
SECTION 24 - SPECIFICATION FOR INSITU

STABILISATION OF EXISTING
PAVEMENT MATERIALS
24.1
General
24.2
Definitions
24.3
24.4
Materials
24.5
Construction Plant
24.6
Construction
24.7
Jointing
24.8
Test Rolling
24.9
Maintenance prior to Surfacing or Overlay
24.10 Preliminary Trial

24.11 Requirements for Testing and Acceptance of Compaction
24.12 Requirements for Testing and Acceptance of Additive
24.13 Minimum Testing Requirements
24.14 Schedule of Details
ID 60024
Page 233 of 10
August 99
24.1
GENERAL
This section covers the requirements for insitu stabilisation of existing pavement
layers by the addition of cement, blended cement, lime or other specified
pozzolanic material. The requirements relate to preparation of existing pavement
materials, quality of additive, construction plant, and spreading, mixing and
compaction procedures.
24.2
DEFINITIONS:
Quicklime
Quicklime is a granular form of lime consisting primarily of

calcium oxide and which can be readily slaked.
Hydrated Lime
Hydrated lime is a powdered form of lime consisting primarily

of calcium hydroxide.
Equivalent Calcium
24.3
Equivalent calcium oxide content is the amount oxide

content of calcium oxide, expressed as a percentage
by mass, which:-
(a)
in quicklime produces calcium hydroxide after slaking;
(b)
in hydrated lime is chemically proportional to the

amount of calcium hydroxide available after slaking.

The stabilised base and subbase layers shall be finished to reasonably smooth
and uniform surfaces and after compaction shall conform within the following
limits to the levels, lines, grades, thicknesses and cross sections shown on the
drawings, or specified, or directed by the Superintendent's Representative.
24.3.1 Surface level
The level of the top of the stabilised layer shall not differ from the specified
level by more than twenty (20) millimetres.
Page 234 of 10
August 99
24.3.2 Thickness
The thickness of the stabilised layer at any point shall be not less than the
thickness specified by more than fifteen (15) millimetres. The average
thickness of the layer over any one hundred (100) metre section for the full
carriageway width shall be not less than the specified thickness as
determined from measurements taken in accordance with the following:
The surface level of each completed pavement layer shall be checked
longitudinally and transversely for conformity with the specified
requirements at intervals not exceeding twenty (20) metres in the
longitudinal direction. At each location which is checked for longitudinal
level conformity, the surface level shall be checked in the transverse
direction at all of the following locations:
1.
at the edges of the pavement layer;
2.
at all changes of gradient across the pavement;
3.
at intervals not exceeding two (2) metres across the

pavement
The thickness of pavement layers constructed under the Contract shall be

determined by taking the difference between the surface level
measurements recorded for each layer in accordance with the above
method.
24.3.3 Alignment
The edges of the stabilised layer shall not be more than fifty (50)
millimetres inside, and not more than one hundred (100) millimetres
outside, the specified offset from the centreline or design line.
24.3.4 Width
The width of the stabilised layer shall be not less than the specified width
by more than fifty (50) millimetres and not greater than the specified width
by more than one hundred (100) millimetres. The average width of the
layer determined from measurements at six (6) sites selected randomly
over any three hundred (300) metres shall be not less than the specified
width.
Page 235 of 10
August 99
24.3.5 Shape
No point on the surface of the stabilised layer shall lie more than fifteen
(15) millimetres below a three (3) metre straightedge placed in any
direction on the surface.
24.4
MATERIALS
24.4.1 Cement
Cement shall be supplied by the Contractor and shall be General Purpose
Cement Type GB complying with AS 3972. The Contractor shall nominate
the type, brand and source of cement or blended cement.
The use of other pozzolanic additives shall be subject to prior
approval in writing by the Superintendents Representative
The Superintendents Representatives approval shall be obtained
prior to changing the source and quality of the nominated cement.
24.4.2 Quicklime
The equivalent calcium oxide content of quicklime shall be not less than
sixty per cent (60%).
The residue of quicklime after slaking shall not exceed thirty per cent
(30%).
At the time of spreading, quicklime shall comply with the grading
Table 1
Sieve Size
AS (mm)
9.5
4.75
2.36
Test Value
(% Passing)
100
95-100
85-100
24.4.3 Hydrated Lime

The equivalent calcium oxide of hydrated lime shall be not less than sixty
per cent (60%).
Page 236 of 10
August 99
Bulk hydrated lime shall be dry and shall have been produced not more
than fourteen (14) days before delivery.
At the time of spreading, hydrated lime shall comply with the grading
Table 2
Sieve Size
AS (mm)
4.75
0.600
0.075
Test Value
(% Passing)
100
95-100
85-100
Prior to use, the Contractor shall confirm to the Superintendents

Representative the source from which lime will be obtained.
24.4.4 Water
Water shall be clear and free from impurities such as oils, salts, organic
substances, acids, alkalis and vegetable substances. The amounts of
chloride and sulphate shall be no greater than 0.03%.
24.4.5 Pavement
The material to be stabilised shall be the existing surfacing and pavement
material and any additional material placed over the existing pavement for
mixing with the layer below.
24.4.6 Curing Agent
Where specified in Clause 24.9 the Contractor shall apply sprayed
bituminous surfacing conforming with the requirements of Section 13.
24.5
CONSTRUCTION PLANT
24.5.1 General
The Contractor shall provide and operate sufficient spreading, mixing,
watering and compacting plant to carry out the specified work.
Page 237 of 10
August 99
24.5.2 Additive Spreader

Mechanical equipment specifically designed for the spreading of stabilising
additives shall be used to spread the additive onto the roadbed. It shall be
capable of accurately regulating the discharge of the additive such that the
requirements of Clause 24.6.3 are met.
24.5.3 Stabilisation Machine
The pulverisation and mixing of pavement materials, water and additive
shall be carried out by a machine specifically designed for stabilisation of
road materials. Rotary hoes and other agricultural type machinery shall not
be used. The machine shall be capable of uniformly mixing the additive
throughout the specified depth. The machine shall be capable of
pulverising the pavement such that most of the material shall pass a fifty
(50) millimetre sieve after pulverisation.
24.5.4 Watering Plant
Watering plant shall be capable of uniformly distributing water in a fine
spray.
24.6
CONSTRUCTION
24.6.1 General
Construction includes the preparation of insitu materials, spreading and
mixing of additives and materials, and compaction, trimming and curing of
stabilised layer.
Unless otherwise specified, stabilisation work carried out each day shall be
completed across the full pavement width.
Stabilisation operations should only continue in the event of rain, if the
moisture content of the pavement is kept below modified optimum moisture
content.
Page 238 of 10
August 99
24.6.2 Preparation of Pavement

The existing pavement shall be scarified and mechanically mixed prior to
spreading of additive in such a manner as not to disturb the material
beneath the layer to be stabilised. The scarified pavement shall be
compacted sufficiently to provide a reasonably even surface.
The Contractor shall remove any large masses of asphalt patching
materials and place additional granular material if necessary to ensure that
the requirements of Clause 24.4 are met. The Contractor shall provide
sufficient granular material approved by the Superintendents
Representative for this purpose.
24.6.3 Spreading of Additive
The Contractor shall spread sufficient additive over the prepared pavement
to conform with the distribution rate specified in Clause 24.14
Spreading shall not be carried out during windy periods if the additive could
be dispersed or become a nuisance or hazard to persons, property or
livestock.
Where the additive to be spread is lime, the lime additive shall be spread
uniformly over the prepared surface at a rate determined as follows:
Specified distribution rate x 100
Spreading rate = Equivalent calcium oxide content
The specified distribution rate is that rate specified in Clause 24.14.
Quicklime shall be slaked with sufficient water to allow complete hydration
such that the material remains friable after slaking.
Slaking of quicklime or mixing of hydrated lime shall not commence
without review by the Superintendent's Representative
No traffic or construction plant, unless engaged in the stabilisation
operations, shall traffic the prepared pavement until the spread additive has
been mixed into the underlying layer.
Page 239 of 10
August 99
24.6.4 Mixing
Mixing shall commence as soon as practicable after spreading of additive
and sufficient mixing shall be undertaken to ensure that all pavement
materials and additives are uniformly blended throughout the full depth of
the stabilised layer
The moisture content of the stabilised material at the time of mixing shall
be within the range eighty per cent (80%) to one hundred per cent (100%)
of the Modified optimum moisture content.
24.6.5 Compaction
Compaction of the mixed material shall commence immediately after
mixing and shall be carried out in a continuous operation from initial to final
rolling.
Compaction other than that required for surface preparation shall be
completed within two (2) hours of mixing cement additive. Unless
otherwise specified, compaction of pavement materials stabilised with
additives other than cement shall be completed on the same day that
mixing occurs.
Where necessary during compaction, the Contractor shall water the
material to maintain the moisture content within eighty per cent (80%) to
one hundred per cent (100%) Modified optimum moisture content.
24.6.6 Trimming
On completion of initial rolling, the stabilised material shall be trimmed to
the specified surface tolerances. Light applications of water may be
applied during this operation to replace evaporated moisture and to assist
in rapid achievement of a tightly knit surface.
Surface irregularities, deficiencies in level and high areas shall be rectified
by the Contractor within thirty (30) minutes of trimming. Within this period,
scarification, addition or removal of material, reshaping and recompaction
shall be permitted. Rectification after thirty (30) minutes shall be carried
out by replacing material with freshly stabilised materials as necessary.
The material trimmed off shall be cut to waste and shall be removed from
the site.
24.7
JOINTING
The work shall be organised such that longitudinal joints between compacted and
freshly mixed material are avoided. Transverse joints shall be formed where
Page 240 of 10
August 99
stabilisation operations have been halted for more than two (2) hours and at the
end of each days work. Longitudinal joints shall be constructed parallel to the
centreline of the carriageway and transverse joints at right angles to the
centreline.
Joints shall be formed by cutting back into the previously stabilised material to a
fully compacted section, over the full depth and width of the layer(s), and
continuing stabilisation from that point. The material disturbed during cutting back
shall be remixed and incorporated into the new work. Additional stabilising
additive shall be spread adjacent to the joint. Placement of additional additive
shall be deemed to be part of the joint preparation.
The level and shape of the surface at all joints shall be within the limits specified
in Clause 24.3.
24.8
TEST ROLLING
All layers areas shall be test rolled prior to the placement of any pavement
to by the Superintendent's Representative.
visible under the action of test rolling. Test Rolling shall be carried out by the
Representative.
Page 241 of 10
August 99
24.9
MAINTENANCE PRIOR TO SURFACING OR OVERLAY

The Contractor shall keep the stabilised pavement surface moist and protected
until the areas of work are accepted by the Superintendents Representative.
The Contractor shall prepare for bituminous surfacing the lengths, widths and
areas specified or shown on the drawings for bituminous surfacing plus an
additional three hundred (300) millimetres on sides where there is no concrete
edging. The surface of shoulders and verges shall be matched to the finished
surface of the prepared pavement.
The pavement shall be prepared to produce a hard dense surface capable of
being swept with a rotary road broom to leave a tight surface free of loose and
foreign materials.
The surface so prepared shall be free of tearing and scabbing and shall be
uniform in texture with no lamination within seventy five (75) millimetres of the
finished surface . The surface shall be true to the specified shape and level. The
preparation shall be such as to avoid variations in level at the joints of adjacent
sealed areas and edgings. Any imperfections shall be corrected.
Unless otherwise specified the total area of the work shall be presented to the
Superintendents Representative for acceptance for surfacing as one lot.
Should the pavement condition deteriorate before surfacing works are completed
the Contractor shall re-prepare the pavement and re-present the pavement for
acceptance.
The Contractor shall apply sprayed bituminous surfacing as specified in
accordance with Section 13.
24.10 PRELIMINARY TRIAL

If directed by the Superintendents Representative the Contractor shall carry out a
preliminary trial of the proposed stabilising operation.
The trial shall determine:
(a)
the effectiveness of the construction plant;
(b)
the number of passes of the stabilisation machine necessary to achieve the

specified mixing;
(c)
the desirable field moisture content of compaction;
(d)
the rolling routine for attainment of compaction.
Page 242 of 10
August 99
The trial section shall be located within the works area.

The length of trial section shall be between fifty (50) and one hundred (100)
metres over the full width proposed to be stabilised.
Stabilisation work shall not proceed outside the trial section until the
Superintendents Representative has reviewed all aspects of the stabilising
operation. The Superintendents Representatives review of the stabilising plant
and procedures will be provided to the Contractor within twenty four (24) hours of
the trials completion. If the Specification requirements are not met within this trial
section the Superintendents Representative may direct that another trial section
be stabilised or the rejected section be re-stabilised and re-presented for review.
24.11 REQUIREMENTS FOR TESTING AND ACCEPTANCE OF COMPACTION
24.11.1
General
The work shall be assessed for compliance with Scale A, Scale B, or Scale
C requirements for lot acceptance of compaction as specified in Clause
24.14. The calculation of density ratio shall be based on Modified
compactive effort. A lot shall consist of a single layer of work.
24.11.2
Scale A Requirements for Lot Acceptance of
Compaction
Acceptance of compaction will be based upon the characteristic value of
density ratio of lots. The number of tests per lot shall be six (6).
Acceptance and payment shall be in accordance with Table 3.
Table 3
Characteristi
c
Density
Ratio (Rc)
Assessment
Payment
More than
95.0%
Accept
100%
90.0 to 94.9%
Accept
(4Rc-280)%
Less than 90 %
Reject
Nil
24.11.3
Scale B Requirements for Lot Acceptance of
Compaction
Acceptance of compaction will be based upon the mean value of density
ratio of lots. The number of tests per lot shall be three (3). Acceptance
and payment shall be in accordance with Table 4.
Table 4
Page 243 of 10
August 99
Mean Value
of
Density
Ratio (Rm)
Assessment
Payment
More than
95.0%
Accept
100%
90.0 to 94.9%
Accept
(4Rm-280)%
Less than 90 %
Reject
Nil
24.11.4
Scale C Requirements for Acceptance of
Compaction
Prior to commencement of stabilisation operations the Contractor

shall submit to the Superintendents Representative for review details
of the proposed compaction equipment and rolling routines to be
used to compact the pavement materials.
The Superintendents
Representative may direct the Contractor to construct a trial section of
stabilised pavement as specified in Clause 24.10.
Acceptance of work as far as compaction is concerned will be based upon
compliance with an approved accepted compaction routine and test rolling
carried out in accordance with Clause 24.8.
The Contractor shall periodically test the density of material compacted by
the approved routine.
Any unstable areas detected by test rolling shall be rectified by the
Contractor and re-presented for test rolling.
24.12 REQUIREMENTS FOR TESTING AND ACCEPTANCE OF ADDITIVE
The average spreading rate of additive shall be ascertained by dividing the mass
of additive spreading by the area over which the additive has been spread.
Where the average spreading rate is less than the specified rate, additional
additive shall be spread to bring the average rate up to at least the specified rate.
The Contractor shall check the uniformity of the spreading of additive by placing
mats with a plan area not less than one (1) square metre in the path of the
spreading vehicle and dividing the mass of additive deposited on each mat by the
plan area of the mat. Where the spreading rate so determined for any mat is less
than the specified rate by more than ten per cent (10%), additional additive shall
be spread over the part or all of the area over which the additive has been spread.
24.13 MINIMUM TESTING REQUIREMENTS
The Contractor shall test the materials and stabilised pavement layer at a
frequency which is sufficient to ensure that the materials under the Contract
Page 244 of 10
August 99
comply with the specified requirements but which is not less than that shown in
Table 5.
Page 245 of 10
August 99
Table 5
Test
Minimum Frequency of Testing

Lime Properties
Equivalent Calcium Oxide

Content
One test per days production of work
Grading
One test per three days production of

work
Slaked Residue of Quicklime
One test per three days production of

work
Additive Content
Uniformity of spreading
Three tests for each separate area of

work.
Average Spread Rate
Each separate area of works.
Compaction
Lot size to be within the range
of:
Min: 500 m2
Max: one days production
100% of lots to be tested.
24.14 SCHEDULE OF DETAILS
Course/Layer
Chainage
From
Distribution
Rate
(kg/m2)
Compacte
d
Thickness
(mm)
Requirements
for Testing
and
Acceptance
of
Compaction
To
Scale ***
Page 246 of 10
August 99
SECTION 25 - SPECIFICATION FOR TURF

ESTABLISHMENT ON SPORTING
ARENAS
25.1
Standard of Work
25.2
Grassing
25.3
Post Grassing Maintenance
25.4
Standards Required
ID 60025
Page 247 of 10
August 99
25.1
STANDARD OF WORK
Prior to sowing the area shall be prepared to provide an evenly consolidated
seedbed, free of depressions. After sowing the area shall be maintained in a
continuing state of growth and good appearance. Growth shall be strong,
vigorous and healthy but not necessarily lush. The turf shall have a dense cover
with multiple tillering, branching of stolons, and a deep root system. Thatch
accumulation is to be minimised. Any bare or damaged areas shall be rectified
promptly.
25.2
GRASSING
25.2.1 Amendments and Fertilisers
Agricultural lime is to be applied to the area at a sufficient rate to modify the
soil pH to a level of at least 6.5.
The following fertilisers are to be applied at sowing:
NPK (8:11:10) granular fertiliser
Trace element mix
500 kg/ha
250 kg/ha
25.2.2 Seedbed Preparation

The seedbed is to be consolidated to produce a firm surface. The
maximum allowable depth of wheel tracks due to compression is 8mm.
The general slope of the surface is to be maintained. No localised
depressions will be allowed.
The seedbed will be maintained in a moist condition to provide the most
favourable conditions for seed germination and establishment, and to
prevent loss of surface due to wind erosion.
25.2.3 Grass Types
The following seed mix is to be used:
Duet Fire Leaf Perennial Rye
Express Fire Leaf Perennial Rye
Roper Perennial Rye Grass
Bergan Kentucky Bluegrass
20%
20%
20%
40%
Page 248 of 10
August 99
Only certified seed is to be used, and bag labels showing purity and
germination levels are to be produced on request.
25.2.4 Sowing Method
Two alternative methods of sowing will be permitted.
(a)
Drill sowing using specialised turf equipment such as a Brillion

seeder. The area is to be covered in at least two directions, with
subsequent drill runs to be on the diagonal.
(b)
Hydro-seeding with seed, fertiliser and mulch being pumped on to

the surface. Heavy vehicles are not permitted on to the surface for
this operation. The mulch is not to be allowed to form a dried layer
on the surface.
25.2.5 Watering
Following sowing of the seed, the surface is to be kept moist during the
germination and establishment phase.
25.3
POST GRASSING MAINTENANCE

The following schedule will commence at sowing and continue for a period of 3
months. At the end of that period the surface will have a full, dense cover of the
sown species, capable of providing a high quality cricket outfield.
25.3.1 Watering
With the successful germination of the seed, the frequency of watering will
need to be rescheduled to ensure that the young seedlings will develop a
strong, deep root system. Watering will be needed at least once a week, or
more often in hot weather.
25.3.2 Fertilising
The turf will be maintained in a condition of healthy and consistent growth
by fertilising every 4-6 weeks, using a granular fertiliser at the rate of 250
kg/ha. The type of fertiliser depending on nutrient balance as determined
by soil test.
25.3.3 Mowing
The area will receive its first cut when the average height of the grass
growth is 80mm. At this time it will not be reduced to less than 60mm.
Subsequent mowings will be at intervals needed to gradually reduce the
mown height to 40mm.
Page 249 of 10
August 99
The mowing height of the mature turf surface will be 40mm with frequency
being at least once per week.
With any mowing, no more than one-third of the leaf length is to be
removed.
The grass shall be cut in even swathes. The formation of windrows is not
permitted. Grass cuttings shall be spread evenly over the mown area
without the formation of clumps.
Mowing equipment shall be reel-type mowers, kept in a good and properly
adjusted condition at all times.
25.3.4 Disease Control
During the establishment period, strict observation is to be kept to detect
the incidence of seedling disease. If evident two applications of Ridomil
MZ fungicide is to be applied at the rate of 15 kg/ha, 10 days apart.
Any other potential disease outbreaks are to be identified by an
experienced pathologist and correct control procedures carried out as
recommended.
25.3.5 General Maintenance
Any areas that are not providing a full grass cover will be either reseeded,
or returfed to ensure that a complete cover is developed.
Any depressions which develop will be topdressed out using a sand similar
to that used for topsoil rootzone. This is to be determined by soil testing
prior to use. A maximum depth of topdressing at any one time is to 10mm.
If additional topdressing is required, it shall only be applied when the grass
has fully grown through the previous dressing.
Page 250 of 10
August 99
To reduce the build up of thatch, the surface will be lightly dethatched if

required. This procedure would not be expected to commence within 9
months of sowing. All debris is to be removed off the oval.
Any significant weed infestation shall be controlled with an approved
herbicide. This herbicide will not be applied within three months of the
initial sowing or on newly seeded repair areas that are less than three
months old.
25.4
STANDARDS REQUIRED
It is expected that after 12 months the oval will have a fully grassed surface,
uniform in texture, and botanical composition. Volunteered species are to
constitute less than 3% of the sward. All necessary steps will be taken to achieve
this.
Page 251 of 10
August 99

ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICES
26.1
General
26.2
Protect Plant Roots
26.3
Noxious and Environmental Weeds
26.4
Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control
26.5
Walking the Route
26.6
Keep Machinery and Stockpiles on Cleared Land
26.7
Stay within the Construction Zone.
26.8
Vegetation Removal
26.9
Tree Root Damage
26.10 Clean Machinery

26.11 Fire Prevention
26.12 Remove or Prune Trees Carefully
26.13 Rectification Works
ID6026
Page 252 of 10
August 99
26.1
GENERAL
This specification contain the requirements for appropriate approach to the proposed
project or works to ensure the environment is protected.
No vegetation shall be removed from site unless shown on the drawings or as directed
by the Contract Supervisor.
The contractor shall ensure that all employees and subcontractor are aware of all
requirements under this specification.
26.2
PROTECT PLANT ROOTS

The contractor shall ensure protection of existing vegetation on site, this includes the
following principles:
Avoid working within the drip line of a tree to reduce damage to the roots, trunk and
limbs where possible;
Avoid storing materials and equipment under trees. If possible avoid driving or
parking vehicles under trees or over other native plants, such as native herbs and
grasses;
Fence off areas where these problems may regularly occur. Woven mesh barrier, wire
fencing or large logs can be used;
Keep fill material clear of the drip line of trees and shrubs..
Where filling is unavoidable, try to retain the fill beyond the drip line;
Avoid cutting within the drip line of a tree where possible; This damages the essential
fine feeder roots of the tree. Damage to roots can also make the tree unstable.
26.3
NOXIOUS AND ENVIRONMENTAL WEEDS
The contractor must reduce the spread of weeds by:

Prior to the commencement of works identify existing noxious and environmental
weeds at the site,
Avoid disturbing areas infested with weeds
Work from weed free areas toward infested areas.
Page 253 of 10
August 99
26.4
SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROL
The contractor must reduce erosion by adopting the following principles:

Protect and encourage as much vegetation as possible. Vegetation protects the
ground surface and slows down water runoff;
Minimise soil disturbance. Limit machinery access and earthworks to construction
areas only and schedule works to expose the smallest possible area for the shortest
possible time;
Stabilise disturbed areas as works proceed.
Make provision for stormwater runoff at the beginning of the job.
Divert all stormwater away from loose or exposed soil.
Avoid steep drainage lines.
Install silt traps where necessary;
Avoid steep batter slopes.

Establish an adequate inspection, maintenance and cleaning program for all
stormwater drainage systems.
Do not direct stormwater from construction sites into high quality native vegetation.
26.5
WALKING THE ROUTE
The contractor shall walk the route in conjunction with the Contract Supervisor prior to
commencement of work.
This is to ensure the contractor has a good understanding of the environment.
To minimise the impact of construction on vegetation, they should identify:
the limits of vegetation removal. (Tape is to be used to mark trees for removal);
significant or protected vegetation, habitat areas and sensitive areas which should be
protected from disturbance using marking tape;
identify the location of noxious and environmental weeds; (refer to Clause 26.3) and
indicate the exact location of stockpiles, plant compounds and access roads.
26.6
KEEP MACHINERY AND STOCKPILES ON CLEARED LAND
Stockpiles, construction compounds and machinery parking and turnaround sites should
be located as approved according to the Environment Management Plan or as directed
by the Contract Supervisor and be clear of any vegetation.
This may be permitted on nearby private land, with Council and landholders approval.
Do not store materials and machinery under trees as this compacts the soil and may
kill trees and small plants ( refer to Clause 26.2);
Delineate extent of stockpile areas using tape, fence or large logs to prevent the
stockpile area from spreading;
Do not push stockpiles into surrounding vegetation.
Page 254 of 10
August 99
26.7
STAY WITHIN THE CONSTRUCTION ZONE
The contractor shall remain within the construction zone and avoid disturbance to any
vegetation and embankments.
The Construction Zone is the area clearly marked where all construction activities take
place (such as the area stripped for road construction, stockpile areas, compounds,
access routes, etc.).
Vegetation shall be guarded by a temporary protective fence. The fence shall comprise
of paro web mesh fence and star pickets, with a top of support wire. The fence shall be
placed as shown on the plan or as directed by the Contract Supervisor. This will be done
at no cost to Council. The fence shall not be removed at practical completion unless
directed by the Contract Supervisor.
26.8
VEGETATION REMOVAL
The contractor shall clear only the minimum amount of vegetation required for
construction (marked vegetation within the construction zone) and that required for
safety.
Fell trees into the construction zone, not into undisturbed vegetation.
Removed vegetation shall be chipped for mulch and respread on exposed areas to
spread the local seed.
Removed vegetation shall not be burnt.
26.9
TREE ROOT DAMAGE
No tree root equal to or larger than 75mm in diameter is to be severed or damaged

mechanically or otherwise by the contractor carrying out the works.
Where it is known that tree roots greater than 75mm are likely to be encountered then
works should be altered to protect the roots. This may involve thrust boring or hand
digging or as otherwise approved by Contract Supervisor. The approach in this
situation must be confirmed with the Contract Supervisor before the works commence.
If damage does occur then the contractor will be required to have the affected tree
assessed for health and safety by a suitably qualified arborist, as agreed to by
Contract Supervisor. The arborist is to be employed by the contractor at his or her
own cost.
If it is found that the resulting damage to the tree requires it to be removed for risk
management purposes, then it shall be done so as directed by Contract Supervisor, at
the contractors own cost.
Page 255 of 10
August 99
Upon removal, the site must be replanted as directed by Contract Supervisor using a
minimum of five trees of either the same species or as agreed with Contract
Supervisor of works. Where the original site is unsuitable then a preferred site within
the vicinity of the original site will be nominated by Contract Supervisor. The
replanting and a 6 month maintenance period on the planted trees will be carried out
at the contractors own cost.
26.10
CLEAN MACHINERY
The contractor shall clean all dirt and weeds from all machinery prior to transporting to
site. Work shall start from weed free area and work towards areas with weeds and/or
soil disease to prevent their spread.
26.11
FIRE PREVENTION
Contractors should refer to and be familiar with the Country Fire Authority Act 1951.
26.12
REMOVE OR PRUNE TREES CAREFULLY
Trees and other plants on Shire controlled land should be preserved wherever possible.
Careful pruning of overhanging branches can often reduce the need for tree removal.
The contractor shall consider the following points before any action is taken.
1. Safety of staff, property and road users;
2. All staff carrying out the works are adequately trained and competent in the use
of chainsaws and are approved by the Contract Supervisor;
3. The effect of the tree removal on the appearance of the roadside;
4. The historical and cultural significance of the tree.
5. Ensuring that the necessary permits have been obtained
Minimise the dumping of wood. Retain stumps and logs for animal shelter wherever
possible. Light material can be chipped for mulch.
Page 256 of 10
August 99
The contractor shall avoid bark injury below the cut, by using the three cut method on
all but the smallest branches.
1.
The under cut
2.
The upper cut (to remove the branch)
3. The final trim cut: Cut close to, but not flush with the main trunk or limb. Always
cut on the outside of the branch collar - this assists the tree in wound healing
(callusing) and provides a protective barrier against decay.
Where possible hollow bearing trees should only have weight reduction of the crown so
that minimal loss of tree hollows occurs.
Where a limb 200mm or greater is to be removed this work is to be undertaken by a
qualified arborits.
Trees outside the construction zone that require removal shall not be removed by using
machinery to push over the tree.
26.13 RECTIFICATION WORKS
In the event of unauthorised removal of vegetation being carried out by the contractor or
subcontractor, the appropriate reinstatement including planting, soil preparation and
mulching shall be carried out to a standard as directed by the Contract Supervisor.
The cost of rectification work will be borne by the contractor.
Page 257 of 10
August 99

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STANDARD

SHIRE OF YARRA RANGES

GENERAL CLAUSE (ID 6001)

SPECIFICATION FOR PUBLIC UTILITIES (ID 6002)

SPECIFICATION FOR CLEARING AND GRUBBING (ID 6003)

SPECIFICATION FOR EARTHWORKS (ID 6004)

SPECIFICATIONS FOR INSITU CEMENT & LIME

SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROAD PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION

SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONCRETE FOR CIVIL WORKS (ID

SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONCRETE KERB & CHANNEL (ID

SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONCRETE PAVING (ID 6009)

SECTION 10 SPECIFICATIONS FOR UNDERGROUND STORMWATER

SECTION 14 SPECIFICATIONS FOR SEGMENTAL PAVING (ID 60014)

SECTION 16 SPECIFICATIONS FOR REMOVAL BY COLD PLANNING

SECTION 17 SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONCRETE ROAD PAVEMENT

SECTION 18 SPECIFICATIONS FOR LANDSCAPE (ID 60018)

SECTION 21 SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLYMER MODIFIED COLD

SECTION 26 SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICES

SECTION 1 - GENERAL CLAUSES

Rise and Fall Provisions

Defects Liability Period

Construction through Private Property

Protection of Boundary Fences

Permanent Survey Marks

Damage to Roads, etc

Fire Precautions for Constructional Equipment

Emergency Call Out

NATURE OF CONTRACT: QUANTITIES

RISE AND FALL PROVISIONS

DEFECTS LIABILITY PERIOD, CLEARANCES AND FINAL CERTIFICATE

CONSTRUCTION THROUGH PRIVATE PROPERTY

PROTECTION OF BOUNDARY FENCES

PERMANENT SURVEY MARKS

In excavation in or through hard materials, the contractor shall not, unless

DAMAGE TO ROADS, ETC

FIRE PRECAUTIONS FOR CONSTRUCTIONAL EQUIPMENT

be free from mechanical faults and defects likely to cause fire,

AFTER HOURS CALL OUT FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

After Hours Call Out for Construction Projects

Date Works Commenced:

Anticipated Completion Date: ....../........../......

SECTION 2 - SPECIFICATION FOR PUBLIC

House and Sewer Drains

HOUSE & SEWER DRAINS

SECTION 3 - SPECIFICATION FOR CLEARING

Removal of Trees & Vegetation

Removal and Disposal of Materials

REMOVAL OF TREES & VEGETATION

REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL OF MATERIALS

SECTION 4 - SPECIFICATION FOR EARTHWORKS

Conformity with Drawings

Moisture Content and Filling

Minimum Subgrade CBR

Runoff and Soil Erosion Control

CONFORMITY WITH DRAWINGS

Cut and Fill Batters (and no

Pavement subgrade for roads

4.2.2 Width and Alignment

The Superintendent's Representative may direct the Contractor to dispose of any

MOISTURE CONTENT OF FILLING

MINIMUM SUBGRADE CBR

EARTHWORKS PLANT & EQUIPMENT

Areas upon which fill is to be placed shall be compacted to produce a dry

RUNOFF & SOIL EROSION CONTROL