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Molecules (Compounds)
Cells
Cloud of negative
charge (2 electrons)
Electrons
Nucleus
Atomic number
= number of protons
Mass Number (~atomic mass)
= number of Neutrons + Protons
= 4 for Helium
Atomic
Mass
He
Helium
4.002602
6
C
12
N
14
6
6
C
C
12
13
Stable isotopes
O
16
11
Na
23
6
Unstable
C
(radioactive)
14
15
P
31
Fig. 2.9:
Hydrogen
1H
Mass number
First
shell
2
He
4.00
Atomic number
Helium
2He
Element symbol
Electron
distribution
diagram
Lithium
3Li
Beryllium
4Be
Boron
5B
Carbon
6C
Nitrogen
7N
Oxygen
8O
Fluorine
9F
Neon
10Ne
Silicon
14Si
Phosphorus
15P
Sulfur
16S
Chlorine
17Cl
Argon
18Ar
Second
shell
Fig. 2.8:
Higher
energy
Lower
Different discrete energy levels
energy
correlate with average distance of
electron from nucleus
(electron shells)
First shell
Second shell
(a) Electron distribution diagram
First shell
Second shell
1s orbital
2s orbital
z
Three 2p orbitals
Fig. 2.11:
1H
H2
s orbital
Orbitals
z
x
Three p
orbitals
Tetrahedron
(a) Hybridization of orbitals
Fig. 2.17b:
Space-Filling
Model
Ball-and-Stick
Model
Hybrid-Orbital Model
(with ball-and-stick
model superimposed)
Unbonded
Electron
pair
Water (H2O)
Methane (CH4)
(b) Molecular-shape models
LE 2-11
Fig.
2.12: Covalent Bonding in
Four Molecules
Name and
Molecular
Formula
Electron
Distribution
Diagram
Lewis Dot
Structure and
Structural
Formula
SpaceFilling
Model
bond
High
High
Fig. 2.13:
O
H
H
+
H 2O
H
+
+
Partial negative
charge on oxygen
H
+
Partial positive
charge on each hydrogen
Fig. 2.17b:
+
104.5
Fig. 3-2
Hydrogen
bond
LE 2-15
Hydrogen
Bonds
can form between water
and other polar molecules.
Fig. 2.16:
Water
(H2O)
+
Hydrogen bond
Ammonia
(NH3)
Bonds
+
Na
Cl
Na+
Cl
Sodium atom
(an uncharged
atom)
Chlorine atom
(an uncharged
atom)
Sodium ion
(a cation)
Chlorine ion
(an anion)
Sodium (Na)
Chlorine (Cl)
+ -
- +
High Energy
Low Energy