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19.01.2016
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Stabilitt von
U.S.A.
Introduction
low-truss bridge in which vertical roadway clear
ance requirements necessitate the elimination of the top lateral bracing (fig. 1).
In a through span, the capacity of the trusses is governed mainly by yielding
of the tension members, and buckling of the individual compression members.
The absence of the top lateral bracing in a pony-truss bridge introduces an
additional problem, the lateral buckling of the entire compression chord as a
A pony-truss bridge is
unit.
The purpose of this paper is to present a general method of analysis of the
pony-truss problem taking into consideration the following secondary effects:
a) varying axial compression along the chord,
b) non-uniform chord sections,
c) chord curvature,
ty/ffj/fi
Cross-section
Curi/e
- chord
Fig.
1.
type
92
S.
Fundamental Considerations
n-1
Fig. 2.
93
the joints undergo translation along the x and y axes and rotation about the
z axis. Simultaneously, even in the absence of initial eccentricities, bending of
the floor beams tilts the verticals which in turn displace the intermediate
joints along the top chords out of the truss planes. This lateral displacement
may be resolved into a translational component along the z axis and rotational
components about the x and y axes.
If the cross-section of the truss members is symmetrical with respect to
the truss plane, which is usually the case, the three displacement components
associated with plane deformation have no influence on the lateral displace
ment of the truss. Hence, in the analysis of lateral stability, only the three
lateral displacement components need be taken into consideration: deflection
along the z axis and rotations about the x and y axes which, hereafter, will be
denoted respectively by 8, a and .
Several assumptions have been made in the analysis which follows. First,
the diagonals are assumed to be fixed at their lower ends rather than elastically
restrained by the bottom chords and the crossframes. To take their interaction
into account would so complicate the analysis that the determination of the
stiffnesses would be all but impossible. Perhaps the fact that this assumption
has negligible effect on the end result alone suffices to justify this simplification1). The lower extremities of the verticals, on the other hand, are assumed
to be fixed only in torsion but elastically restrained by the floor beams in
bending, the influence of the bottom chords and the diagonals on the bending
of the cross-frames being neglected.
An additional assumption is made that the cross-section of the members
is symmetrical about both prineipal axes. In a section which does not satisfy
this last condition, the center of twist does not eoineide with the centroid, and
lateral bending is aecompanied by twisting. This effect will not be considered.
Generalized Slope-Deflection Equation
x) See
(see
[]
94
S.
ties are positive as indicated, the positive senses of z and being directed
toward the paper. The moments and torques expressed in terms of the dis
placements are
M'n
Mn
(8n+1-8n)-j-^ + mnKn--mfnCnKn-(8,n+1-8fn)T^,
(2)
JfU
(3)
Mn_1
(8n
-"n
K'
K'
L
M
M'
T
m
K'
K'
n~x
n~x,
+ mn_1 Kn_1 - m'n_x Cn_1 Kn_1 - Sn_x) "n-l
- 8^) ^n-l
~ ^n V'n + ^n)
*
n-l -**n-l V'n-l + ^n-l)
in which
*
(i)
-Lim.
(8'n
(4)
(5)
>
(6)
length of member,
moment acting on right end of member,
moment acting on left end of member,
torsional moment,
rotation of right end of member about axis perpendicular to axis of
member,
m!
t'
K
K'
carry-over factor,
torsional rigidity of member,
bending stiffness of member with far end fixed,
modified stiffness of member in anti-symmetrical bending.
n-f-1
n+t
d)
Displacements
of ends of chord
members
Vn
n-1
Pn
n+t
n-7
ff/?./
Pn-1
J Forces
n-7
Fig.
3.
(rela
95
c- l
where
(7)
EI
K'
(1+C)K
I2ifi
(8)
4</.2-2'
EI
L
(9)
2ifi-l'
modulus of elasticity,
moment of inertia (about axis lying in plane of truss).
6(^csc^-l)
</-
(10)
3(l-<f>cot<f>)
(11)
6(1-< csch ()
(12)
3(<ftcoth<ft-l)
where
and P
(13)
-LVwi
(14)
In order to apply
follows:
-*n sin dn
+ n C0S 6n
t'n
+ nsin9n,
ccn cos dn
mn-l
an-l sin en-l + n-1 COS n-l
ocn_1cosen_1 + n_1sinen_1,
*n sin en-l ~ n C0S n-l>
mn-l
K-l =-"n C0S dn-l ~ n sin dn-l
^+lsin, -n+lco&0n>
mn
ln
Wl COS &n ~ n+1 sin n
mn
>
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
[2], [3], and [4]. Values of the functions in the expressions for stiffness and
carry-over factor are given in [5], [6], [7], [8], and [9] in different forms.
2) See
96
S.
in which 6 is the angle of inclination, being positive if the slope of the member
is positive.
Equilibrium Equations
The lateral equilibrium of any Joint n is governed by the three conditions
that the summations of moments about the x and y axes and forces along the
z axis are equal to zero. Thus (see fig. 3)
ZMX
0, or
- Tn_1 cos
"
0W_!
\n^xy
'
n^xy) Pn
>
n^x
(nS'X2
- 8'n)
(23)
0, or
ZMV
+ nS"xz) (8n
(nS'yz + n8;v)(8n~8'n)
(24)
0, or
ZFZ
Pnl
-"7ljn-l
'
s
^ /S
\
\i
\bn-bn-l)+-r~\bn+l-bn)+
/2
\n^zz
'
nn
n^zz) \n n) + \n>Xz
'
M n1 M'
-LTJ-n1
f
-"n-l
n^xz) ^n
"
Vn^^/s
M
M'w xrj-n
f
^n
-"-
'
n^yz) Pn "
71^0
(25)
The first four terms in each of eqs. (23) to (25) represent the forces developed
in the chord members at Joint n. The remaining terms represent the influence
of the web system on the equilibrium of the Joint. The Symbols used in these
terms are defined as follows:
nSx and nSz are forces acting at the top of the vertical post due to bending
of the floor beam under the action of vertical loads; nS'xx, nSxy, nSxz, nSfyy,
nSyZ, and nS'zz are the stiffnesses of the cross-frame at Joint n and nSxx, nSxy,
nS"xz, nSyV, nSyz, and nS"zz are the stiffnesses of the diagonals. The two subscripts
in the stiffnesses are interchangeable, one denoting the direction of the force
and the other that of the displacement component producing the force. For
instance, Sxz is the moment about x axis produced by unit deflection along
the z axis or the thrust along the z axis produced by unit rotation about the
x axis. In eq. (25), Pn_1 and Pn are axial compressive forces. These web system
effects are treated separately in the following paragraphs.
3)
See
-^TAA
97
(2)
ifef^ is the fixed-end moment acting on the floor beam due to vertical loads
assumed symmetrically applied on the roadway; Cv and Lv are respectively
the carry-over factor and the length of the vertical at Joint n and
r=f.
(28)
Kl
K"
^^-v
(l~G)K
S'xy
(29)
(31)
0,
^-IM1-!^)'
(32)
S'vv
Rv>
(33)
S'yz
0,
(34)
^f^iT?)^
<36>
the axial force in the vertical, K'v its modified stiffness in antisymmetrical bending and Rv its torsional rigidity. In eq. (35), the plus sign
should be used if the vertical is in tension, the minus sign if in compression.
in which
Pv is
3. Stiffness of diagonals.
S^x
Kdsin2ed + Rdcos20d,
(^-^)sin^cos^,
^S:z=^sined,
S';y
S;z
Appendix A.
=^cosdd,
^d
^K'd
^^v
an
4) See
Ld
Kdcos26d + Rdsm26d,
Pd
(36)
(37)
(38)
(39)
(40)
(41)
98
S.
in which the subscript d denotes the diagonal. If the diagonal is on the left
side of the vertical, eqs. (36), (38), (39) and (41) remain unchanged but eqs. (37)
and (40) become
Syy
(42)
-~^eosed.
Slz
(43)
In
eqs. (36) to (43), the absolute value of 0d should be used. The plus sign in
eq. (41) should be used if the diagonal is in tension, the minus sign if in com
pression.
General Equations
Now expressing the forces and moments of eqs. (23) to (25) in terms of
member displacements by means of eqs. (1) to (6), and transforming the
member displacements into Joint displacements by means of eqs. (15) to (22),
the general equations of equilibrium of Joint n are obtained:
8^-i
\ K' _
I
- jf-1
[jj^ ^n
Qn_x
-1* sin
Bn
+ nS'xz + nS'^
+ 87 +1
- Rn cos2
(44)
dnJ
K'
K'
K-i
6TC_1cos
6^
0W_
cosl
+ a+i [
-^
K'n.
'\ -^
cos en_! - (s;+1 - s;)
cos n+s; s;s
(; - s Ai)
[-(s-8-l)-7
(45)
^ ft
~ ^wf\+w-1
[P^n-l
Pn
-^
w1
__
7-
7"
^n
- -jf^
[Kr
cos
- -j* sin
2 (8n
_i_
[fesin M+
9 /T'
^n^n1
r2
^n-l
TT'
^2 iX-n
O'
_i_
n.^zz
n^zz
TI
^n
^ ["
i
'
O"
w.^zz
n^zz
99
"Stcos **-\l
0reJ
+ n+11
2^n
-^ cos
+8
(46)
0rej
~ n-l) -J^T1
Sf' -i-
Sf"
Sf
modified.
At the two end joints,
So
0,
0,
8<+i
0,
and i + 1 denote respectively the left and the right end Joint; i being
numerically equal to the number of intermediate joints. It will be observed
that if the ends of the top chord are free to rotate in bending,
where
M'0
0,
0.
Mt
>i
Also,
If
o,
0.
in torsion,
^
*o
o,
0.
o,
0.
100
S.
Applying these boundary conditions in eqs. (44), (45), and (46) the following
special equations are obtained for Joint 1,
K'
Kf
^(l-o<?o)sin0o--2^sm01 + 1S;z +
(-
dx
cos 0J
K'
(47)
~\
0! + ^"
^(l-a<70) COS 00 + ^008
J
-^1
Sx
2 [CxKx cos20X
- Rxsin2 0J
[_8;^(l-aCo)cos0o-(8A3i)^cos01 + Si1;sj.
l + {2-a(l+C0)}^ +
^i
K'
+ 11~IT(*
+ ft
~~ a
K'
(48)
^ ]
+ l
1
I
(49)
0X
KU sin0t_j
i-i
S.-i
*k sin
0._x
(50)
+ai[Jfir,_1sin20,_1+i?<_1cos20i_1+^(l-aC|)sin20i+i?i(l-6)cos20,+^;x+i^x]
+ft [(-Z,_1+R^x) sin 0,.! cos 0^!+!-^ (l-a C^+R^l-b)} sin 0, cos 6i+iS'xy]
[(;
101
Si_i
K'
+ 8, [
Lt_x
(51)
+ai[(-iTi_1+i?i_1)sin0i_1cos0,_1+{-^(l-^!)+^(l-)}sin0icos0i+^J/]
+J8,[^_1cos20i_1+i?i_1sin20i_1+iTi(l-a(7!)cos20i+i?i(l-6)sin20i+^;/+,S;2/]
+s4[-
2J?U
+
Li L
iC,
u -+{2-0(1+^)}^++]
A-i
Kt.
r-^u sin 9i_1 -jr(l-aCi)sin8i+iS'xz
+ tSxz
(52)
[2(S;-S^|g + {2-^
In
A
if
the
eqs. (47) to (52), a and b are numerical constants defined as follows:
ends of chord are free to rotate in bending, a l;
fixed in bending, a 0;
free to rotate in torsion, 6 1; and
fixed in torsion, 6 0. Observe that
if
if
when a
if
1,
K'(l-aC)
K(l-aC2)
K'{2-a(l +C)}
K'"
=^^Ij
lp
(53)
K"
being the modified stiffness of a member with the far end pinned. Also
when 6=1, the factor (16) becomes zero in which case the torsional stiffness
of the end post does not enter into the problem. For the special case where
the end posts are vertical, #0 90 and Qi= 90.
Characteristic Equations
a truss
Xj where
102
S.
^11^1 + ^12^2
A21X1 + A22X2
A(j-D 1^1 + ^0-1)2^2
AjX X1 + Aj2 X2
A^^Xj^ + Aj^jXj
Bl9
A2(j_1)Xj_1 + A2j Xj
B2,
A{j_1)(j_1)Xj_1 + Ay^jXj
Bj_x,
Aj^_1)
Xj_x + Ajj
(54)
Xj
Bj,
in which the constants A represent the forces associated with unit values of
the displacements. These quantities are called stiffness influence coefficients,
and are given by the expressions contained in brackets on the left side of
eqs. (44) to (52), as follows:
2 (8J "<-i/|f-1
+ {2 a (1 + C4)} S{
SU)
B,
-,--v-i
Bckling Condition
103
Secondary Stresses
{8i-8'i)^m'iK"^
(56)
M0
K'"
(81-8'1)-7- + m0KZ.
(57)
and is loaded symmetrically, the buckling mode of the top chord will be either symmetrical or antisymmetrical. By taking advantage of this fact, the number of unknown Joint
displacements which must be considered in obtaining the critical load for
either the symmetrical or the anti-symmetrical case may be reduced by half.
However, it must be recognized that Solutions will have to be obtained for
both cases since it is not possible, in general, to predict whether the symmetri
cal or the anti-symmetrical case will be critical.
For a structure having i intermediate joints in the top chord, the number
of unknown Joint displacements is reduced by applying the following con
ditions :
8i> 82
oc1=
oci9
J8i
i-i> etc-
--i,
etc.
etc.
82
-i-i>
etc-
a^, a2
oci_1,
t, t
i-i,
etc.
etc.
oc2=
a^_1?
->
(58)
-i>
ax
i=
(59)
in
a truss
0,
8h
och
(60)
0.
(61)
104
S.
Numerical Example
&21*7,s
fkZ1x7f
15HU5
2-15 ESO
Sym
about
Roadway
ftzU7f6
12VF53
2 -15C33 9
30 VF 132
M-0"
all
Halfsection
floor
beam
12^53
Fig. 4.
Table
Her
ber
1.
263
1388
682
186
1388
682
186
1732
765
186
1893
793
P
A
-324
-397
-504
-550
29.0
11.18
29.0
13.70
35.5
14.20
38.5
14.28
IJ
aa
Vi
dx
v2
178.5
426
1.434
+61
15.59
3.91
252
426
1.434
+238
15.59
15.28
178.5
426
1.434
C?2
252
426
1.434
-107 +151.3
15.59 15.59
9.71
6.86
v3
ds
V4
178.5
426
1.434
252
426
1.434
+65.1
15.59
4.18
178.5
426
1.434
0
15.59
-46
15.59
2.95
The pertinent dimensions and design data are given in table 1, and the
various quantities required to compute the elements of the determinant of
eqs. (54) for a safety factor of 2.28 are given in table 2. In obtaining these
quantities, the values of the torsional constants J, the effective lengths of the
members, and values of the tangent modulus were taken as indicated by
Holt so that results of this analysis would be comparable to his. At the end
joints, the top chord was assumed to be free to rotate in bending but fixed in
torsion. The determinant for the symmetrical case is
105
Ds
+3323
+1203
+49.7
+521800
-201900
-201900
+516400
+1203
-2372
-20.63
+2989
+392200
+106900
+2989
+3323
-15000
+2372
-20.63
0
0
0
0
0
-15000
0
0
+159000
-495
-2372
+57.32
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
+15900
+2372
+106900
+498100
-4.57
-6120
0
0
-4530
-738
-1.2
-2.4
0
0
0
0
+2141 +279700
+2141
-1476 +24.89
-9060
0
0
0
0
+78150
0
+999
0
0
+2991 +382900 +103900
+78150 +603 +103900 +284800
+603
+2991
-999 +37.9
-999
-495 -4.57
-6120
+999
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-285.7 XlO40.
P
-739
-905
-1148
-1253
263
25.6
186 31.24
2
186 32.38
3
186 32.56
+1391
178.5
8.91
Vi
252
+543
34.85
di
-244 178.5 15.64
V2
252 22.14
di +345
6.73
v3 -104.8 178.5
d3 +148.4
252
9.53
0
0
178.5
v
0
1
Mem Km\L*
ber or K'/L*
30,000
10,220
3,720
2,660
30,000
0
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
0
1
2
3
vi
6.29
12.75
5.37
3.96
13.55
0
Joint r
1
2
3
3.56
3.67
3.62
CT
Mem- K"'/L2
ber otK'JL*
2.81
4.87
6.17
6.73
0.78
2.15
12,000
4,090
1,488
1,062
12,000
682
682
765
793
1.434
1.434
31,200
15,000
6,120
4,530
338
S'x
273,700
264,000
268,100
v2
d2
v3
d3
v4
13.3
4.93
13.4
4.85
13.45
PIL
1.37
1.37
12,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
1.434
1.434
1.434
1.434
1.434
275
0.588
0.588
Cf//
Cf//
&XZ
Q//
^yy
107,100
104,100
106,900
103,900
0
878
864
&yy
S'zz
&XX
2154
2111
2127
2141
338
275
297
315
23.44
20.89
21.84
22.49
K'/L or
1654
435,000
441,000 159,000 2372
185,800
78,150 999
738
137,200 64,600
2415
431,000
0
0
2372
424,000
1242
313,000
2390
427,000
1222
308,000
2403
429,000
&xy
&XZ
K'"/L
CK
K'
P/L
K'" or
<t>
Kips
191
297
168
315
Syz
S'zz
107,100
104,100
878
864
2.15
11.23
10.29
106
S.
The first three rows of the determinant were given by eqs. (47) to (49) and
the fourth to the ninth rows by eqs. (44) to (46). The last two rows were
computed from modified equilibrium equations, taking advantage of symmetry
about the centerline.
The determinant for the anti-symmetrical case is
DA
+3323
+1203
+49.7
0
+2372
+521800
-201900
-201900
+516400
+1203
-2372
-20.63
+2989
+159000
-495
-20.63
0
0
0
0
0
-2372
+57.32
+392200
+106900
+2989
+3323
-15000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
+999
-4.57
0
-15000
0
-6120
0
0
0
+159000
+2372
+106900
+498100
0
0
0
-495
0
+78150
-999
0
-999
-4.57
+2991
+603
+37.9
+1476
0
0
0
-6120
0
0
+382900
+103900
+2991
0
0
0
0
0
+78150
+999
+103900
+284800
+603
+129200
0
0
0
0
0
0
+64600
+738
+145700
+5.791 XlO40.
It
will
symmetrical case.
Secondary Stresses
8i
X2
0L1
^4
X3
82
X<
0C2
#7
83
Xg
107
Xg
tx3
Xo
84
X\\
0
0
0
0
0
+1181
0
0
+4234 +664400 -101700
-44000
+1367
0
0
0
0
0
0
+6834 -101700+1229000 -7160
+452000
0
0
0
0
+29.24
0
0
+7160
+112.8
+4234
+6834 -73.8
0
0
0
+340
0
0
0
-49300
+3000 +465400 +104900
-44000
+358
0
0
0
0
+564000
+7160
+452000 +2660 +104900 +2086000 -8950
0
0
0
+8950
-29.02
0
+2660 -92.14
+3000
-73.8
-7160 +198.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
-51200 +937
+3000 +472600 +102900
-49300
0
0
0
+338
0
0
+564000 +1690 +102900+2405000 -9780
+8950
0
+48.71
0
0
0
0
+830
+215.4
+2140
-100.8
-8950
-29.14
0
0
0
0
+526
0
0
0
0
+2140 +373400
-102400
0
0
0
0
+2140 -33.25
-19560 +224.1
0
0
0
-201.5
-486
-595
-756
-825
0
1
2
3
+91.5
+357
Vi
di
v2
d2
v3
d3
VA
ber
-160.5
+227
-69
+97.6
0
Oa
<
6.49
38.5
48.1
52.6
13.53
4.93
13.4
4.88
13.43
4.83
13.47
0
1
2
3
Vi
di
v2
d2
v3
d3
V*
2
3
3.56
3.63
3.61
3.59
K"' or K'
K'"/L
CK
or K'/L
0
0
178.5
0.5000 286,000
429,000
30,000 426
Mem Km/L*
ber or K'jL*
Joint r
1.50,
Sx
Sz
-334
-340
-337
-526
-5.66
-5.62
-5.62
-8.83
8'
PJL
1.85
3.20
4.06
4.43
0.513
1.417
0.899
0.901
0.387
0.388
12,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
682
682
765
793
1.434
1.434
1.434
1.434
1.434
1.434
1.434
31,200
44,000
49,300
51,200
Sx
+0.2 373,000
0 267,000
+0.2 269,000
0 271,000
^MM
2150
2130
2140
2140
330
290
303
315
&ZZ
cw
1705
7160
8950
9780
2413
1243
2392
1230
2400
1217
2403
330
193
290
178
303
163
315
O//
&xy
Q//
&xz
Q//
&y
SZ
o//
&ZZ
_____
108
S.
x7
+0.0001792
x9
x10=
<eh=
84
Xf>
+0.4180"
-0.002820
x6
+0.001339
Xi
81
x2
x3
ai
X4
+0.7995//
-0.003859
+0.0005028
+0.6464//
-0.003354
Xg
a4
The bending stresses at the ends of the chord members associated with these
Joint displacements are evaluated in table 4, in which ab and cr' are respec
tively the bending stresses at the right end and the left end of the member
and Z its section modulus.
Kf/Lo
ber
on
bn+1
OvK'nILn
on
8W+1
1705
7160
8950
9780
0.2
0.4944
0.4180
0.7995
0.4944
0.4180
0.7995
0.6464
0.2
0
0.2
0.2
2
3
Member
Kn
881,000
1,100,000
1,202,000
40.6
CnKn
-0.00121
-0.001339
-0.0005028
0
Mn
mn
M'n
0
-376
-122
+316
+148.5
+130.5
+146
449,000
452,000
564,000
616,000
Ob
0.24^
2.29
1.54
0.724
1.50, all
m'n
164.2
164.2
205
224
<
oa
0
0.743
0.636
0.711
16.78
20.55
21.30
21.40
0.0001792
0.001339
0.0005028
109
By definition,
S'xz, S'yz
and
S'zz
0.
J h
Roadway
j;
cf=r
^>-*|\
^>
0
Fig.
5.
0.
110
S.
tion along z-axis with all joints, including n and n\ locked against rotation
(flg. 5). The fixed-end moments thus produced in the verticals are K'vjLv.
Next unlock Joint 0 and 0', leaving joints n and n' locked as before. The
distribution of moments is shown in the figure. Thus
Q'
:_i /i _ _Jl___\
__h.
(^
^v
^=J-(^ + M0 + PJ=|f(2-l-^)+|.
Assuming that the cross-section of the verticals is symmetrical about its
2.
3.
Holt,
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
X.
Chwalla, E., "Die Seitensteifigkeit offener Parallel- und Trapez-Trgerbrcken".
14.
15.
16.
17.
111
Zimmermann, H., "Der gerade Stab mit stetiger elastischer Sttzung und beliebig
gerichteten Einzellasten". Sitzungsber. d. Akad. d. Wiss., Berlin, 1905, pp. 898912.
19. Zimmermann, H., "Knickfestigkeit eines Stabes mit elastischer Quersttzung".
Zentralblatt der Bauverwaltung, V. 26, 1906, pp. 251255.
20. Zimmermann, H., "Die Knickfestigkeit eines Stabes mit elastischer Quersttzung".
Berlin, 1906.
18.
Summary
Les auteurs exposent une methode generale d'etude de la stabilite dans les
ponts en treillis ouverts a la partie superieure, en tenant compte de diverses
influences secondaires.
Cette methode permet de determiner non seulement la charge critique de
flambage, mais aussi les contraintes secondaires dans les barres du treillis
sous les charges inferieures la valeur critique. Elle consiste etablir un
Systeme d'equations lineaires simultanees, resultant des considerations d'equi
libre, pour la membrure superieure. La Solution de ce Systeme donne les com
posantes de deplacement des nceuds, partir desquelles il est possible de cal
culer les contraintes secondaires. La condition de flambage est obtenue par
annulation du determinant de ce Systeme d'equations. Quelques exemples
numeriques mettent en evidence l'application de cette methode un probleme
pratique.
Zusammenfassung
Es wird hier eine allgemeine Methode der Stabilittsuntersuchung bei oben
offenen Fachwerkbrcken mit Bercksichtigung verschiedener Nebenein
flsse angegeben.
112
S.
Mit dieser Methode knnen nicht nur die kritische Knicklast, sondern auch
die Nebenspannungen in den Fachwerkstben bei unterkritischen Lasten be
stimmt werden. Das Vorgehen besteht in der Formulierung eines Systems
von simultanen linearen Gleichungen, die aus Gleichgewichtsbetrachtungen
am Obergurt entstehen. Die Lsung dieses Gleichungssystems ergibt die Ver
schiebungskomponenten der Knoten, aus welchen dann die Nebenspannungen
berechnet werden knnen. Man erhlt die Knickbedingung durch Nullsetzen
der Determinante dieses Gleichungssystems. Einige numerische Beispiele ver
anschaulichen die Anwendung dieser Methode an einem praktischen Problem.