Politics- the relationship of the

government and its people.

Political Science- the study of the
relationship of the government and its
people.
Scopes of Political Science:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Political Theories
Public Law
Public Administration
International Relations
Comparative Politics

Functions and Importance of Political

Science:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Know
Understand
Decide
Act

State- State is a community of

persons, more or less numerous,
permanently occupying a definite
portion of a territory, which has a
government of its own in which the
great body of inhabitants renders
obedience, and exercising freedom
from external control.
Elements of the State:
a. Majority School of thought:
1. People
2. Territory
3. Government
4. Sovereignty
b. Minority School of thought:
5. High Degree of Civilization
6. Recognition of other states
People- numerous enough to:
1. Self-defense
2. Continuity of the state
Territory:
1. Terrestrial
2. Fluvial
3. Aerial

4. Maritime
Government:
A. As to Number of persons
exercising power:
1. Monarchy
2. Aristocracy
3. Democracy
A.1.1 Monarchy:
1. Absolute
2. Limited
A.3.1 Democracy:
1. Direct
2. Indirect/Representative/Repu
blican
B. As to the Extent of power
exercised by executive:
1. Unitary
2. Federal
Unitary
Resources are
concentrated in
NG

Federal
Resources are
concentrated in
Local
Limit corruption

C. As to the relationship of
Executive and Legislative
1. Presidential
2. Parliamentary
Presidential
Fixed Term
Elected by
people
Separation of
Powers
Check and
Balance; Veto
power
Sovereignty:
1. Freedom

Parliamentary
No Fixed Term
Elected by parliament
Fusion of Powers
Vote of no Confidence;
dissolution

2. Independence
Rights of States:

3. Legal
interventio
n
Sovereignty is
limited

1. Right of Existence, Integrity, and

Self-preservation- right to selfdefense
Two types:
1. Individual- single state
2. Collective- group of states
-States need territory- right to acquire
territory:
5 modes of acquiring territory:
1. Discovery and Occupation
2. Prescription- has 3 criteria:
a. Occupation is
continuous
b. Adverse
c. Public
3. Accretion- has 2 types:
a. Natural- river; volcanic
eruption
- has two conditions:
i. Without human
intervention
ii. Changing is
gradual
b. Artificial- man-made
island
4. Cession- coud be:
a. Voluntary
i. Donation
ii. Barter
iii. Sale
b. Involuntary
i. war
5. Conquest (invasion) and
Subjugation (occupation)

2. Right of sovereignty (internal) and

independence (external)
Right
1. Internation
al law
2. Treaty

Element
No state is
absolutely free.

- 3 grounds of legal intervention:

1. Non-payment of contractual
obligation
2. Protection of aliens
3. Peace, Humanity, Terrorism, etc.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

6 types of intervention:
Individual- single state
Collective- group of states
Internal- internal affairs
External- external affairs
Diplomatic- use of talk
Armed- use of force

3. Right to Equality-

1. In the law- legal equality (are

laws equal?)
2. Before the law- moral
equality
No equality in the law, so
remove the concept of law:
o Voting in UN
o Jurisdiction Issue

4. Right to Property (territory) and

Jurisdiction (power control or
authority)
General Rule: Everything within the
territory is under its jurisdiction
Except:
1. Exterritoriality- persons and
things (ambassadors, heads of
states, diplomatic car, etc.)[International Law]
2. Extraterritoriality- only persons
are exempted- [Treaty]
3. Asylum- State loses jurisdiction

4. Extradition- State acquires

jurisdiction [extradition treaty]
5. Dual or multiple citizenship:
a. Jus soli
b. Jus sanguinis
- Dual citizenship only exists in
the eyes of third party states.
6. Statelessness- no citizenship (2
ways):
a. Refugee
b. Revocation
- Reacquiring- NO- because
citizenship is not a matter of
right but a privilege.
7. Crime against the world:
a. Terrorism
b. Piracy
c. Genocide (mass killing or
ethnic cleansing)
- Ways on committing Genocide:
o Mass killing
o Prevention of birth
o Separation of youth
o Infliction of serious
physical injuries
5. Right of ligation or diplomatic
intercourse.
2 types:

1. Active ligation- giving a

message to start a
relationship.
Sender of the message

2. Passive ligation- receiver of

the message.
State
4-6 elements
Cannot exists
without a
government
State
Political Concept
(result of relation
of government
and people)
4-6 elements
Exercises
sovereignty
May compose of
many nations
(Canada & Israel)
Origin of state

Government
Instrument/elem
ent of state
Can exist without
a state.

Nation
Ethnic Concept
(tribe group of
people with
common
characteristics)
Incomplete state
Does not
exercise
sovereignty
May compose of
many state (Arab
Nations)

1. Divine Right Theory- God

created the state.
2. Force or Necessity TheoryGreat Warrior (bad or good)
3. Paternalistic Theory- one family,
to clan, to community, to state.
4. Social Contract Theory- society
formed an agreement to form a
state.