A comparative study on attitude of contraceptive methods users

towards common contraceptive methods

Soheila Ehsanpour, MSc,* Maedeh Mohammadifard,** Shahla Shahidi, MSc,*** and Nafise Sadat Nekouyi,
MSc*
Correspondence to: Soheila Ehsanpour, MSc. E-mail:

ri.ca.ium.mn@ruopnashe This

article was derived from MSc

thesis in the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.

Received 2010 Feb 28; Accepted 2010 Nov 1.
Copyright : Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0
Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.

Abstract
One of the major problems developing countries confront with is the increasing growth of
population which in fact is a serious threat for the global community. Nowadays, family
planning services and its informing is not considered only as the key to the population growth
and improving women and children's health, but also it is assumed as one of the fundamental
human rights.1 It is estimated that annually 80 million women all over the world have
unintended pregnancy among whom 45 million would end up to the abortion. Every year,
pregnancy complications cause death of more than half a million women worldwide and also
cause disability in 120 million women. 2 High rate of unintended pregnancy exists despite the
fact that most of the women are at risk of unwanted pregnancies use contraceptive
methods.3 According to the obtained data from new integrated monitoring and evaluation
system (IMES), 29.4% of all the pregnancies in 2005 reported as unintended
pregnancies.4 Most of the unintended pregnancies occur when using contraceptive methods
be discontinued or be used non-continuously or inappropriately.5
Ability of a woman to start a successful, continuous and appropriate contraceptive method is
influenced by many different factors; e.g. access to the health care, community, cultural
attitudes and personal attitude can all be considered as obstacles to apply correct use and
effective method of the women to family planning objectives. 6 Beekle in a study on
awareness and determinants of family planning practice showed that knowledge and access to
the services alone could not be adequate for acceptance of contraceptive devices.
Furthermore, in developing countries, where women are dependent upon old traditions and
social constraints, knowledge and awareness about family planning acceptance would not be
the only decisive factor as well as reduction in reproductivity rate. 7 A study in the United
States showed that there are a series of complicated factors for non-use or ineffective use of

contraceptive methods among Hispanic women. Although economic factors and access to the
health care are important factors, it has been proven that knowledge, attitude and cultural
values impact on reproductivity behavior.8 Ozgoli et al also in their study showed that the
proponents of vasectomy start sterilization with poor awareness and positive attitude and
eligible individuals did not undergo it with neutral attitude. 9 Moreover, in a study in Lebanon,
non-continuous and unstable causes of using condom mentioned as 5 factors as different vain
believes, reduce in sexual pleasure, bad experiences, fear and anxiety during the sex and
negative attitude of society to consumers of the condom.10
Tendency to use a contraceptive method as well as any other desire depends upon the
individual's general attitude toward using that method. 11 Knowing individuals attitudes can
be of high importance. Provided with being aware from people's attitudes, their behavior
would be predicted and be controlled, and as we all know, predicting and controlling the
behaviors is of high importance for many people like community health
practitioners.12 Furthermore, it should be noted that although sexual relationship, pregnancy
and child birth are inevitable part of the human beings everywhere, social and cultural
environment in this regard have such high diversity so that they cause that not all the
contraception methods and devices be equally accepted everywhere.13
However, there are some attitudes and trends in human being (such as superstition, delusions,
and prejudices) which would be identified based on distantness from the reality. Because,
these attitudes and trends frequently counterpart social measures and analyzing the cause of
difference between beliefs and facts is of high priority.14 This note also should always be kept
in mind that contraceptive consulting is more than proving information or answering to the
questions of the clients; but health staff should explore and modify their attitudes and beliefs
in this area.9 According to this and considering that in recent years there were very little
comprehensive researches about attitudes towards contraceptive methods in Iran and have
mostly been about permanent methods and/or about family planning and there was no
comprehensive study to review the attitude towards the common contraceptive methods on
users of these methods; therefore, the present study aimed to determine and compare the
attitude of the common contraceptive methods users about their own used method and other
methods.
Methods
This was a cross-sectional descriptive study which conducted in 2010. The study population
included the women aged 15-49 years referred to Isfahan health centers who were the current
consumers of one of the common contraceptive methods. Sampling conducted in 9 health
centers which randomly were selected and then, the study subjects of this study, (378 women)
who were the consumers of combined LD pill, IUD, condom, withdrawal, tubectomy and
vasectomy, were selected in regular systematic random sampling in proportion with the
number of the women under the coverage of family planning of each center.

The inclusion criteria included as the following: all the married women aged 15-49 years
referred to Isfahan health centers who were the current consumers of one of the common
contraceptive methods at least for six months, Iranian citizenship, the least literacy ability and
having at least one child.
The data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire. The questionnaire
consisted of two parts; the first part related to the individual-reproductivity characteristics of
the consumers of the common contraceptive methods and the second part related to attitude
survey of the women toward common contraceptive methods. In the second part, totally there
were 44 attitude phrases among which 8 phrases associated with pills method, 8 phrases
related to condom method, 9 phrases related to intrauterine devices, 6 phrases related to
vasectomy for men and 7 phrases related to tubectomy for women and 6 phrases related to the
withdrawal method. The attitude questions followed the Likert scale; i.e. the questions were
5-degree Likert scale and range of the answers began with completely agree and ended
with completely disagree. Scoring the attitude phrases was like where the direct of the
sentences was in accordance with the subject, score 4 was given to the completely agree and
in cases that the direct of the sentences was not in agreement with the attitude subject, score 4
was given to the completely disagree. Thereafter, the obtained scores of each method
separately were added together. In this study, for comparability of the attitude score among
the groups, the attitude score was calculated as 100. The score higher than 75 considered as
desirable attitude, the scores between 50-75 as semi- desirable and the scores between 25-50
as undesirable and the scores less than 25 also as extremely undesirable attitude.
Validity of the questionnaire was determined by content validity method and reliability of the
questionnaire confirmed by determining Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Cronbach's alpha
coefficient calculated as 0.71 and thus, the questionnaire was used to study the study
objectives. The data were analyzed using Software SPSS11 and also descriptive statistics
(frequency distribution table, mean, SD) and inferential statistical method (ANOVA).
Results
The results showed that the maximum and minimum mean age of the women respectively
were in tubectomy method 38.65 (5.13) and natural method 28.84 (5.55) years. The
maximum and minimum mean of the number of the children respectively were seen in
tubectomy method 3.09 (1.02) and withdrawal method 1.42 (0.64). In this study, 77.8% of the
women were high school graduates and lower. Most of the study subjects were housewives
(86.7%) and the lowest numbers of them were working mothers (13.3%). In regard with
tendency to reproductivity in the future, the most frequency (54.1%) was associated with
withdrawal method. In terms of frequency distribution of the previous contraceptive method,
the highest frequency was associated with withdrawal method (35.2%) and the lowest
frequency (1.3%) also was associated with injection method. In terms of frequency
distribution of experience of unintended pregnancy, the highest frequency was associated
with tubectomy (57.1%) and the lowest frequency was associated with condom method
(22.2%) and in general, 34.9 percent of them stated that they have had unintended pregnancy.

In terms of the used method before the unintended pregnancy, the results of the present study
indicated that the most cases of unintended pregnancy occurred in all the methods during
using the withdrawal method (49.3%). Besides, this method indicated that 27% of the users
of the withdrawal method had unintended pregnancy that 70.6% of them have used
withdrawal method before their unintended pregnancy; nonetheless, they continued to use
this method.
According to table 1, the results indicated that mean score of attitude towards different
contraceptive methods in the group used the same method was higher than users of other
methods; however, the total score of attitude was almost similar in all the groups and there
was no significant difference between different groups.
Furthermore, according to table 2, the results of the present study indicated that about pills
method, 1.9% of them had desirable attitude, 32.5% had semi-desirable attitude, 60.8% had
undesirable attitude and 4.8% also had extremely undesirable attitude. About condom
method, 4.2% of the study subjects had desirable attitude, 41.8% had semi-desirable attitude,
51.3% had undesirable attitude and 2.6% also had extremely undesirable attitude. About IUD
method, 4.2% of the study subjects had desirable attitude, 67.2% had semi-desirable attitude,
28.3% had undesirable attitude and 0.3% also had extremely undesirable attitude. About
tubectomy method, 3.2% of the study subjects had desirable attitude, 54.5% had semidesirable attitude, 41.3% had undesirable attitude and 1.1% also had extremely undesirable
attitude. About vasectomy method, 17.5% of the study subjects had desirable attitude, 61.6%
had semi-desirable attitude, 19.8% had undesirable attitude and 1.1% also had extremely
undesirable attitude. About withdrawal method, 6.9% of the study subjects had desirable
attitude, 45% had semi-desirable attitude, 42.1% had undesirable attitude and 6.1% also had
extremely undesirable attitude and about the total attitude of all the subjects about
contraceptive methods, 77.2% had semi-desirable attitude and 22.8% had undesirable
attitude.
Discussion
The findings of this study showed that the highest frequency of the attitude scores about LD
pills method (60.8%) was associated with the women with undesirable attitude and mean
scores of the pill method was lower than other methods; that considering to the responses of
the participants, it can be said that the fear resulted from the pill's side effects was due to its
hormonal combination, and whereas a large number of the participants believed that pills
method was an effective contraceptive method. Lee and Jezewski (2007) showed that women,
regardless of their ethnicity, age and living area, scare from oral contraceptive method and
this negative feeling had been due to concerns about side effects and health
risks.15 Furthermore, the worldwide researches recommended that pills if properly
administered, it would be preferable to its risks. Using pill would be safer than pregnancy and
labor; but women would never think that pregnancy has any risk. In addition, nowadays the
pills have very low dose of estrogen and progesterone. The hormonal dose which was taken
daily in 1960s was equal to dose of one week of today's pills.2,15

The highest frequency of the attitude scores about condom method (51.3%) was associated
with the women with undesirable attitude and mean scores of the condom method was lower
than other methods (IUD, tubectomy, vasectomy, withdrawal method) which could be due to
reduction of sexual pleasure in men and women and also due to unpleasantness of the
condom method.16 Study results of Hounton et al (2005) about understanding barriers to use
condom, it was shown that the imagined efficacy of the individual (imperfect efficacy) and
the related problems to use condom were the barriers of using condom. 16 In the study of
Randolph et al (2007) titled as sexual pleasure and condom use, it was indicated that many
men and women believed that condom would reduce the sexual pleasure; besides, particularly
the men, who believed condom would reduce the sexual pleasure, used condom with lower
probability.17 In the study of Kulczycki (2004) in Lebanon, non-continuous and unstable
causes of using condom mentioned as five factors as different vain believes, reduction in
sexual pleasure, bad experiences, fear and anxiety during the sex and negative attitude of
society to consumers of the condom and also mentioned its usage as lack of physiological
side effects.10
The highest frequency of the attitude score toward intrauterine devices method (67.2%), was
associated with the women with semi-desirable attitude and mean scores of IUD method was
higher than other methods (pill, condom, tubectomy and withdrawal) and was lower in
comparison with vasectomy method. More desirable attitude in comparison with other
methods could be due to high efficacy, ease of use, lack of interference with sexual
relationship and no need for daily remembrance; however, the researcher believed that the
main cause of desirable attitude of the women was due to encouragement of the staff to
utilize this method. However, there are some shortages for consultant to remove the side
effects of IUD and false beliefs. Women's attitude towards IUD would be formed through her
knowledge from the method as well as her assessment from relative risks and associated
benefits to use it. In some of the cases, the false information would overcome which also
would be exacerbated through reporting the severe side effects of the old IUDs (which are not
available anymore).18 In the present study also, 50.8% of the participants announced that IUD
cause infection, while the infection associated with IUD, only would occur at the first 20 days
of insertion and it is due to cervical infection which is not diagnosed during the IUD
placement. Alnakash (2008) in a study titled as influence of IUD perceptions on method
discontinuation showed that almost half of the women asked to take the IUD out; fears and
false beliefs were the cause of IUD discontinuation. 19 In the present study also, concerns
about IUD side effects have been observed. Therefore, by training and consulting the clients
about possible side effects and how to confront with them would remove their concerns.
The highest frequency of the attitude scores about tubectomy (54.4%) was associated with the
women with semi-desirable attitude, and mean scores of tubectomy method was higher than
other methods (pill, condom and withdrawal) and was lower in comparison with vasectomy
and IUD. This more desirable attitude toward other methods could be due to high efficacy,
lack of concern about unintended pregnancy and lower restriction feeling in sexual
relationship. In the study of Sharemi et al (2003) titled as reviewing the awareness and

attitude of the women of Rasht City towards tubectomy and its side effects, only 5.5% of the
participants had positive attitude toward tubectomy and 72% of them had moderate attitude
and 12.1% also had negative attitude. About the attitude toward tubectomy, the following
percentages believed that was not an appropriate method as: 52.1% of the women due to
cause of low back pain, 30.7% due to pelvic and abdominal pain , 41.5% due to hemorrhage
and 21.8% due to complication of ovarian cysts. While other participants, for answering to
the questions, selected I do not know and I am disagree choices.20 Difference in attitudes
in the study of Sharami might be due to study population and the obtained information might
have been different by them that the information could influence the attitude of the
individual; besides, it could be due to difference in dividing the mean scores to positive,
moderate and negative categories.
The highest frequency of the attitude scores of vasectomy (61.6%) was associated with the
women with semi-desirable attitude and mean scores of vasectomy method was higher than
other methods (pill, condom, withdrawal, IUD and tubectomy). This more desirable attitude
in comparison with other methods could be due to high confidence to this method, no need
for surgery and lower side effects. In the study of Naeimi et al (2003) titled as reviewing the
awareness and attitude of the married men about vasectomy in Dehdasht City on the studied
men in 2003, 44 percent of them had poor attitude, 24.8 percent had moderate attitude and
21.2 percent of the also had good attitude.21 Manhoso and Hoga (2005) quoted from Medici
(1999) stated that vasectomy has surrounded by more beliefs, prejudices, bias and
superstition than other methods. The opposition of the men with vasectomy was due to fear of
losing their manhood, sexual function and fear of surgery. According to their survey, the
positive experience of other men was the most important factor in removing the fear
associated with vasectomy and decision-making about it. In fact, interpersonal relations have
a major role in changing the attitude of the men towards vasectomy. 22 However, in the present
study, in response to the phrase vasectomy is a private issue and no one should get informed
about it except the couple, 38.1 percent of the women selected I am agree and I am
completely agree and 48.9 percent selected I have no idea and this indicated the lack of
tendency of the participants to talk about vasectomy surgery to others.
Furthermore, the present study indicated that 57.21% of the consumers of pill, condom IUD
and withdrawal methods had no tendency for future reproductivity; however, they used no
permanent method. One of the causes of lack of acceptance of this issue might be due to
shortage of information obtained through effective sources and consequently receiving
incorrect information from other individuals. In the study of Ozgoli et al (2004) it was shown
that the eligible individuals did not carry out the methods not because of unawareness and
ignorance, not even incompatible with religious beliefs and negative attitudes but also more
due to fear of the side effects and wives disagreement; besides, their obtained information
were acquired not from a reliable sources but from friend and those around them.9
The highest frequency of the attitude scores about withdrawal method (45%) was associated
with the women with semi-desirable attitude and mean score of the withdrawal method was

lower than other methods such as IUD, tubectomy and vasectomy and was almost similar to
condom and pill methods that the lower attitude probably could be due to fear from
unintended pregnancy. In the study of Yanikkerem (2006), 84.4% of the women announced
that they were satisfied with this method and according to them 69.9% of their spouses were
orgasm with this method. Besides, 53.6% announced that withdrawal method was more
effective. Only 1.4% of them stated that withdrawal method impaired their sex health
and65.2% announced that they were afraid of pregnancy when using this method.23
Sometimes, health staff do not consider the withdrawal method as a contraceptive method
and in health care centers, it was seen that healthcare givers extremely prohibit the women
from this method and try to refrain people from using this method; while some of the people
have a very positive attitude toward this method. In the study of Yanikkerem (2006), even
after training the women, 57.6% of them continued using the withdrawal method and had no
tendency to change their method and believed that this method had been effective. 23 Health
staff should know that some of the clients trust this method even if they do not report using it!
Withdrawal method should be recognized as better than nothing in contraceptive method.
Withdrawal method may not be that effective as much as modern methods, but according to
the documents, it can be effective as much as condom (at least for contraceptive method to
prevent from pregnancy).24 Therefore, instead of insisting to the couples using withdrawal
method to use modern methods, more effective ways such as sexual abstinence during the
fertile period and using emergency contraception methods should be taught to them.
The findings of the present study showed that attitude is an important factor in selecting
contraceptive method and it has a major role in behaviors related to use contraceptive
methods; therefore, reviewing the attitude of the users is an important issue in consulting the
contraceptive method.
The authors declare no conflict of interest in this study.
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Figures and Tables

Table 1

Comparing the attitude score toward contraceptive methods separately by the common
contraceptive methods
Table 2

Frequency distribution of dividing the attitude score about the methods in the study subjects
Articles from Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research are provided here courtesy
of Medknow Publications

Sebuah studi perbandingan pada sikap pengguna metode

kontrasepsi terhadap metode kontrasepsi yang umum
Soheila Ehsanpour, MSc,* Maedeh Mohammadifard,** Shahla Shahidi, MSc,*** dan Nafise Sadat Nekouyi,
MSc*
Correspondence to: Soheila Ehsanpour, MSc. E-mail:

ri.ca.ium.mn@ruopnashe This

article was derived from MSc

thesis in the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.

Received 2010 Feb 28; Accepted 2010 Nov 1.
Copyright : Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0
Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.

Abstrak
Salah satu masalah utama yang negara-negara berkembang hadapi adalah peningkatan
pertumbuhan penduduk yang sebenarnya merupakan ancaman serius bagi masyarakat global.
Saat ini, pelayanan keluarga berencana dan menginformasikannya tidak hanya dianggap
kunci pertumbuhan penduduk dan peningkatan kesehatan wanita dan anak-anak, tetapi juga
diasumsikan sebagai salah satu hak asasi manusia yang fundamental. Diperkirakan setiap
tahun, 80 juta wanita di seluruh dunia tidak menginginkan kehamilan dan di antaranya 45 juta
yang berakhir dengan aborsi. Setiap tahun, komplikasi kehamilan menyebabkan kematian
lebih dari setengah juta perempuan di seluruh dunia dan juga menyebabkan kecacatan pada
120 juta perempuan. Terdapat laju yang tinggi dari kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan
meskipun faktanya sebagian besar wanita beresiko memiliki kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan
menggunakan metode kontrasepsi. Menurut data yang diperoleh dari sistem pemantauan dan
evaluasi terpadu yang baru (IMES), 29,4% dari semua kehamilan pada tahun 2005 dilaporkan
sebagai kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan. Sebagian besar kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan
terjadi ketika penggunaan metode kontrasepsi dihentikan atau digunakan secara non-kontinu
atau tidak tepat.
Kemampuan seorang wanita untuk memulai metode kontrasepsi yang sukses, terus menerus
dan tepat dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor yang berbeda; misalnya akses ke perawatan
kesehatan, masyarakat, sikap budaya dan sikap pribadi yang semuanya dapat dianggap
sebagai kendala untuk menerapkan penggunaan yang benar dan metode yang efektif bagi

perempuan yang menggunakan KB. Beekle dalam sebuah studi mengenai kesadaran dan
faktor-faktor penentu praktek KB menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan dan akses ke layanan
saja tidak cukup untuk penerimaan alat kontrasepsi. Selanjutnya, di negara-negara
berkembang, di mana wanita tergantung pada tradisi lama dan kendala sosial, pengetahuan
dan kesadaran tentang penerimaan KB bukan hanya satu-satunya faktor yang menentukan
serta mengurangi laju reproduksi. Sebuah penelitian di Amerika Serikat menunjukkan bahwa
terdapat serangkaian faktor rumit untuk non-pengguna atau penggunaan yang tidak efektif
dari metode kontrasepsi di kalangan perempuan Hispanik. Meskipun faktor ekonomi dan
akses ke perawatan kesehatan merupakan faktor penting, telah terbukti bahwa pengetahuan,
sikap dan nilai-nilai budaya berdampak pada tingkah laku reproduksi. Ozgoli dkk juga dalam
penelitian mereka menunjukkan bahwa para pelaku vasektomi mulai melakukan sterilisasi
dengan kesadaran yang rendah dan kurangnya sikap positif dan individu yang memenuhi
syarat tidak menjalaninya dengan sikap netral. Selain itu, dalam sebuah penelitian di
Lebanon, penyebab penggunaan kondom yang non-kontinu dan tidak stabil disebutkan
sebagai 5 faktor yaitu keyakinan yang berbeda, penurunan kenikmatan seksual, pengalaman
buruk, ketakutan dan kecemasan selama seks dan sikap negatif masyarakat terhadap
pengguna kondom.
Kecenderungan untuk menggunakan metode kontrasepsi serta keinginan lain tergantung pada
sikap individu keseluruhan terhadap penggunaan metode tersebut. Mengetahui sikap individu
dapat menjadi sangat penting. Dilengkapi dengan menyadari sikap masyarakat, perilaku
mereka akan diprediksi dan dikendalikan, dan seperti yang kita semua tahu, memprediksi dan
mengendalikan perilaku sangat penting untuk banyak orang seperti dokter kesehatan
masyarakat. Selanjutnya, perlu dicatat bahwa meskipun hubungan seksual, kehamilan dan
kelahiran anak adalah bagian yang tak terelakkan dari manusia, lingkungan sosial dan budaya
dalam hal ini memiliki keragaman yang tinggi sehingga mereka menyebabkan bahwa tidak
semua metode dan alat kontrasepsi dapat diterima dimana-mana.
Namun, ada beberapa sikap dan tren dalam manusia (seperti takhayul, delusi, dan prasangka)
yang akan diidentifikasi berdasarkan kenyataan. Karena sikap dan tren ini sering mengukur
dan menganalisis penyebab perbedaan antara keyakinan dan fakta merupakan prioritas yang
penting. Catatan ini juga harus selalu diingat bahwa konsultasi kontrasepsi lebih
membuktikan informasi atau menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan dari klien; tetapi staf
kesehatan harus mengeksplorasi dan memodifikasi sikap dan keyakinan mereka dalam area
ini. Menurut hal ini dan mengingat bahwa dalam beberapa tahun terakhir ada sangat sedikit

penelitian yang komprehensif tentang sikap terhadap metode kontrasepsi di Iran dan sebagian
besar tentang metode permanen dan atau tentang KB dan tidak ada studi komprehensif untuk
meninjau sikap terhadap metode kontrasepsi yang umum pada pengguna metode ini; Oleh
karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan membandingkan sikap pengguna
terhadap metode kontrasepsi umum tentang metode yang mereka gunakan sendiri dan metode
lainnya.
Metode
Ini adalah penelitian deskriptif cross-sectional yang dilakukan pada tahun 2010. Populasi
penelitian adalah perempuan berusia 15-49 tahun di Puskesmas Isfahan yang merupakan
pengguna salah satu metode kontrasepsi umum saat ini. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di 9
Puskesmas yang secara acak dipilih dan kemudian, subyek penelitian studi ini, (378 wanita)
yang merupakan pengguna dari pil LD kombinasi, IUD, kondom, withdrawal, tubektomi dan
vasektomi, dipilih secara random sampling sistematis dalam proporsi dengan jumlah
perempuan di bawah cakupan KB dari masing-masing puskesmas.
Kriteria inklusi dimasukkan sebagai berikut: semua perempuan yang menikah berusia 15-49
tahun di Puskesmas Isfahan yang merupakan pengguna salah satu metode kontrasepsi umum
saat ini setidaknya sudah selama enam bulan, kewarganegaraan Iran, minimal memiliki
kemampuan keaksaraan dan setidaknya memiliki satu anak.
Data dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner buatan peneliti. Kuesioner terdiri dari dua bagian;
bagian pertama terkait dengan karakteristik reproduktivitas individu dari pengguna metode
kontrasepsi umum dan bagian kedua terkait dengan survei dari sikap perempuan terhadap
metode kontrasepsi umum. Pada bagian kedua, terdapat total 44 frase sikap diantaranya 8
frase yang berhubungan dengan metode pil, 8 frase yang berhubungan dengan metode
kondom, 9 frase yang berhubungan dengan IUD, 6 frase yang berhubungan dengan
vasektomi bagi pria dan 7 frase yang berhubungan dengan tubektomi bagi perempuan dan 6
frase yang berhubungan dengan metode withdrawal. Pertanyaan-pertanyaan sikap mengikuti
skala Likert; yaitu pertanyaan dengan skala Likert 5-derajat dan berbagai jawaban dimulai
dengan "sepenuhnya setuju" dan berakhir dengan "sepenuhnya tidak setuju". Menilai frase
nya jika kalimat langsungnya sesuai dengan subjek, skor 4 diberikan untuk sepenuhnya setuju
dan pada kasus-kasus yang kalimat langsung nya tidak sesuai dengan subjek sikap, skor 4
diberikan kepada sepenuhnya tidak setuju. Setelah itu, skor yang diperoleh dari masingmasing metode secara terpisah ditambahkan bersama-sama. Dalam penelitian ini, untuk

komparabilitas skor sikap diantara kelompok, skor sikap dihitung sebagai 100. Skor yang
lebih tinggi dari 75 dianggap sebagai sikap yang diinginkan, skor yang diantara 50-75
dianggap sebagai semi-diinginkan dan skor antara 25-50 dianggap sebagai tidak diinginkan
dan skor kurang dari 25 juga dianggap sebagai sikap yang sangat tidak diinginkan.
Validitas kuesioner ditentukan dengan metode validitas isi dan reliabilitas kuesioner
dikonfirmasi dengan menentukan koefisien alpha Cronbach. Koefisien alpha Cronbach
dihitung sebagai 0,71 dengan demikian, kuesioner digunakan untuk mempelajari tujuan studi.
Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan Software SPSS dan juga statistik deskriptif (tabel
distribusi frekuensi, rata-rata, SD) dan metode statistik inferensial (ANOVA).
Hasil
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa usia rata-rata maksimum dan minimum wanita ialah
masing-masing untuk metode tubektomi dan metode alami adalah 38,65 (5,13) tahun dan
28,84 (5,55) tahun. Rata-rata maksimum dan minimum jumlah anak terlihat masing-masing
dalam metode tubektomi dan metode withdrawal adalah 3,09 (1,02) dan 1,42 (0,64). Dalam
penelitian ini, 77,8% dari perempuan lulusan SMA dan lebih. Sebagian besar subyek
penelitian adalah ibu rumah tangga (86,7%) dan jumlah terendah adalah ibu yang bekerja
(13,3%). Dalam hal kecenderungan untuk reproduktivitas di masa depan, frekuensi yang
paling banyak (54,1%) dikaitkan dengan metode withdrawal. Dalam hal distribusi frekuensi
metode kontrasepsi sebelumnya, frekuensi tertinggi dikaitkan dengan metode withdrawal
(35,2%) dan frekuensi terendah (1,3%) juga dikaitkan dengan metode injeksi. Dalam hal
distribusi frekuensi riwayat kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan, frekuensi tertinggi dikaitkan
dengan tubektomi (57,1%) dan frekuensi terendah dikaitkan dengan metode kondom (22,2%)
dan secara keseluruhan, 34,9 persen di antaranya menyatakan bahwa mereka pernah
mengalami kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan. Dalam hal metode yang digunakan sebelum
kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar
kasus kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan terjadi di semua metode selama penggunaan metode
withdrawal (49,3%). Selain itu, metode ini menunjukkan 27% dari pengguna metode
withdrawal yang memiliki kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan bahwa 70,6% dari mereka telah
menggunakan metode withdrawal sebelum kehamilan yang tidak mereka inginkan; Meskipun
demikian, mereka terus menggunakan metode ini.

Berdasarkan tabel 1, hasil menunjukkan bahwa skor rata-rata sikap terhadap metode
kontrasepsi yang berbeda dalam kelompok menggunakan metode yang sama lebih tinggi dari
pengguna metode lain; Namun, skor total dari sikap hampir sama di semua kelompok dan
tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara kelompok yang berbeda.
Selanjutnya, menurut tabel 2, hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa metode pil, 1,9%
dari mereka memiliki sikap yang diinginkan, 32,5% memiliki sikap semi-diinginkan, 60,8%
memiliki sikap yang tidak diinginkan dan 4,8% memiliki sikap yang sangat tidak diinginkan.
Mengenai metode kondom, 4,2% dari subyek penelitian memiliki sikap yang diinginkan,
41,8% memiliki sikap semi-diinginkan, 51,3% memiliki sikap yang tidak diinginkan dan
2,6% memiliki sikap yang sangat tidak diinginkan. Mengenai metode IUD, 4,2% dari subyek
penelitian memiliki sikap yang diinginkan, 67,2% memiliki sikap semi-diinginkan, 28,3%
memiliki sikap yang tidak diinginkan dan 0,3% memiliki sikap yang sangat tidak diinginkan.
Mengenai metode tubektomi, 3,2% dari subyek penelitian memiliki sikap yang diinginkan,
54,5% memiliki sikap semi-diinginkan, 41,3% memiliki sikap yang tidak diinginkan dan
1,1% memiliki sikap yang sangat tidak diinginkan. Mengenai metode vasektomi, 17,5% dari
subyek penelitian memiliki sikap yang diinginkan, 61,6% memiliki sikap semi-diinginkan,
19,8% memiliki sikap yang tidak diinginkan dan 1,1% memiliki sikap yang sangat tidak
diinginkan. Mengenai metode withdrawal, 6,9% dari subyek penelitian memiliki sikap yang
diinginkan, 45% memiliki sikap semi-diinginkan, 42,1% memiliki sikap yang tidak
diinginkan dan 6,1% memiliki sikap yang sangat tidak diinginkan dan mengenai sikap total
semua subjek tentang metode kontrasepsi, 77,2% memiliki sikap semi-diinginkan dan 22,8%
memiliki sikap yang tidak diinginkan.
Diskusi
Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa frekuensi tertinggi dari skor sikap tentang metode
pil LD (60,8%) dikaitkan dengan wanita dengan sikap yang tidak diinginkan dan skor ratarata metode pil itu lebih rendah daripada metode lain; yang mempertimbangkan respon dari
para peserta, dapat dikatakan bahwa rasa takut akibat efek samping pil adalah karena
kombinasi hormon, sedangkan sejumlah besar partisipan percaya bahwa metode pil
merupakan metode kontrasepsi yang efektif. Lee dan Jezewski (2007) menunjukkan bahwa
perempuan, tanpa memandang etnis, usia dan wilayah tempat tinggalnya, takut dengan
metode kontrasepsi oral dan perasaan negatif ini dikarenakan kekhawatiran tentang efek
samping dan resiko kesehatannya. Selain itu, penelitian di seluruh dunia merekomendasikan
bahwa pil jika dikelola dengan baik, akan beresiko lebih baik. Menggunakan pil akan lebih

aman daripada kehamilan dan persalinan; tetapi wanita tidak akan pernah berpikir bahwa
kehamilan memiliki berbagai resiko. Selain itu, saat ini pil memiliki dosis estrogen dan
progesterone yang sangat rendah.Dosis hormon yang diambil setiap hari di tahun 1960 adalah
sama dengan dosis satu minggu dari pil yang sekarang.
Frekuensi tertinggi dari skor sikap tentang metode kondom (51,3%) dikaitkan dengan wanita
dengan sikap yang tidak diinginkan dan skor rata-rata metode kondom lebih rendah
dibandingkan metode lain (IUD, tubektomi, vasektomi, metode withdrawal) yang bisa
disebabkan oleh karena penurunan kenikmatan seksual pada pria dan wanita dan juga karena
ketidaknyamanan dari metode kondom. Hasil penelitian Hounton dkk (2005) tentang
hambatan pemahaman penggunaan kondom, itu menunjukkan bahwa kekhasiatan bayangan
individu (khasiat tidak sempurna) dan masalah yang berkaitan dengan penggunaan kondom
adalah hambatan penggunaan kondom. Dalam studi Randolph dkk (2007) berjudul
"kenikmatan seksual dan penggunaan kondom", itu menunjukkan bahwa banyak pria dan
wanita percaya bahwa kondom akan mengurangi kenikmatan seksual; selain itu, terutama
pria, yang percaya kondom akan mengurangi kenikmatan seksual, menggunakan kondom
dengan probabilitas yang rendah. Dalam studi Kulczycki (2004) di Lebanon, penyebab
penggunaan kondom yang non-kontinu dan tidak stabil disebutkan sebagai lima faktor yaitu
keyakinan yang berbeda, penurunan kenikmatan seksual, pengalaman buruk, ketakutan dan
kecemasan selama seks dan sikap negatif masyarakat terhadap pengguna kondom dan juga
disebutkan bahwa penggunaannya kurang efek samping fisiologis.
Frekuensi tertinggi dari sikap skor terhadap metode IUD (67,2%), dikaitkan dengan wanita
dengan sikap semi-diinginkan dan skor rata-rata metode IUD lebih tinggi daripada metode
lain (pil, kondom, tubektomi dan withdrawal) dan lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan metode
vasektomi. Sikap lebih diinginkan dibandingkan dengan metode lain bisa disebabkan karena
kekhasiatan yang tinggi, kemudahan penggunaan, kurangnya gangguan hubungan seksual
dan tidak perlu untuk mengingat sehari-hari; Namun, peneliti percaya bahwa penyebab utama
sikap yang diinginkan wanita itu karena dorongan dari staf untuk memanfaatkan metode ini.
Namun, ada beberapa kekurangan bagi konsultan untuk menghapus efek samping dari IUD
dan keyakinan yang salah.Sikap wanita terhadap IUD dibentuk melalui pengetahuan dari
metode serta penilaiannya terhadap resiko relative dan manfaat yang terkait untuk
menggunakannya. Dalam beberapa kasus, informasi yang salah akan mengatasi dan juga
akan diperburuk melalui pelaporan efek samping yangberat dari IUD lama (yang tidak
tersedia lagi). Dalam penelitian ini juga, 50,8% dari peserta mengumumkan bahwa IUD

menyebabkan infeksi, sedangkan infeksi yang berhubungan dengan IUD, hanya akan terjadi
pada 20 hari pertama dari penyisipan dan itu karena infeksi serviks yang tidak didiagnosis
selama penempatan IUD. Alnakash (2008) dalam sebuah penelitian berjudul "pengaruh
persepsi IUD pada metode penghentian" menunjukkan bahwa hampir setengah dari
perempuan diminta untuk melepas IUD; ketakutan dan keyakinan yang salah adalah
penyebab penghentian IUD.Dalam penelitian ini juga, kekhawatiran tentang efek samping
IUD telah diamati. Oleh karena itu, dengan melatih dan berkonsultasi dengan klien tentang
kemungkinan efek samping dan bagaimana menghadapi nya akan menghapus kekhawatiran
mereka.
Frekuensi tertinggi dari skor sikap tentang tubektomi (54,4%) dikaitkan dengan wanita
dengan sikap semi-diinginkan, dan skor rata-rata metode tubektomi lebih tinggi daripada
metode lain (pil, kondom dan withdrawal) dan lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan vasektomi
dan IUD. Sikap lebih diinginkan terhadap metode lain bisa disebabkan karena kekhasiatan
yang tinggi, kurangnya kekhawatiran terhadap kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan dan batasan
perasaan yang lebih rendah dalam hubungan seksual. Dalam studi Sharemi dkk (2003)
berjudul "meninjau kesadaran dan sikap wanita dari kota Rasht terhadap tubektomi dan efek
sampingnya", hanya 5,5% dari peserta memiliki sikap positif terhadap tubektomi dan 72%
dari mereka memiliki sikap moderat dan 12,1% memiliki sikap negatif. Mengenai sikap
terhadap tubektomi, persentase berikut ini percaya bahwa itu bukan metode yang tepat yaitu:
52,1% dari perempuan karena menyebabkan sakit punggung bawah, 30,7% karena nyeri
panggul dan perut, 41,5% karena perdarahan dan 21,8% karena komplikasi dari kista
ovarium. Sementara peserta lain, untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan, memilih "saya
tidak tahu" dan "Saya tidak setuju". Perbedaan pada studi Sharami mungkin dikarenakan
mempelajari populasi dan memperoleh informasi mungkin berbeda bagi mereka bahwa
informasi yang dapat mempengaruhi sikap individu; Selain itu, bisa jadi karena perbedaan
dalam membagi skor rata-rata untuk kategori positif, moderat dan negatif.
Frekuensi tertinggi dari skor sikap tentang vasektomi (61,6%) dikaitkan dengan wanita
dengan sikap semi-diinginkan dan skor rata-rata metode vasektomi lebih tinggi daripada
metode lain (pil, kondom, withdrawal, IUD dan tubektomi). Sikap lebih diinginkan
dibandingkan dengan metode lain bisa disebabkan keyakinan tinggi untuk metode ini, tidak
perlu operasi dan efek samping yang lebih rendah. Dalam studi Naeimi dkk (2003) berjudul
"meninjau kesadaran dan sikap pria menikah tentang vasektomi di Kota Dehdasht pada pria
yang diteliti pada tahun 2003", 44 persen dari mereka memiliki sikap yang buruk, 24,8 persen

memiliki sikap moderat dan 21,2 persen memiliki sikap baik.Manhoso dan Hoga (2005) yang
dikutip dari Medici (1999) menyatakan bahwa vasektomi telah dikelilingi oleh lebih banyak
keyakinan, prasangka, bias dan takhayul daripada metode lainnya.Oposisi dari pria dengan
vasektomi adalah karena takut kehilangan kejantanan mereka, fungsi seksual dan takut
operasi. Menurut survei mereka, pengalaman positif dari orang lain adalah faktor yang paling
penting dalam menghilangkan rasa takut terkait dengan vasektomi dan pengambilan
keputusan tentang hal itu. Bahkan, hubungan interpersonal memiliki peran utama dalam
mengubah sikap orang terhadap vasectomy.Namun, dalam penelitian ini, dalam menanggapi
kalimat "vasektomi adalah masalah pribadi dan tidak ada yang harus mendapatkan informasi
tentang hal itu kecuali pasangan" , 38,1 persen wanita memilih "Saya setuju" dan "Saya
sepenuhnya setuju" dan 48,9 persen memilih "Saya tidak tahu" dan ini menunjukkan
kurangnya kecenderungan partisipan untuk berbicara mengenai operasi vasektomi kepada
orang lain.
Selanjutnya, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa 57,21% dari pengguna metode pil, kondom,
IUD dan withdrawal tidak memiliki kecenderungan untuk reproduktivitas masa depan;
Namun, mereka menggunakan metode yang tidak permanen. Salah satu penyebab kurangnya
penerimaan masalah ini mungkin disebabkan karena kurangnya informasi yang diperoleh
melalui sumber yang efektif dan akibatnya menerima informasi yang salah dari orang lain.
Dalam studi Ozgoli dkk (2004) itu menunjukkan bahwa individu yang memenuhi syarat tidak
melaksanakan metode bukan karena ketidaksadaran dan ketidaktahuan, bahkan tidak
bertentangan dengan keyakinan agama dan sikap negatif tetapi lebih karena takut efek
samping dan ketidaksepakatan istri '; selain itu, informasi yang diperoleh tidak dari sumber
terpercaya tapi dari teman dan orang di sekitar mereka.
Frekuensi tertinggi dari skor sikap tentang metode withdrawal (45%) dikaitkan dengan
wanita dengan sikap semi-diinginkan dan skor rata-rata metode withdrawal lebih rendah
daripada metode lain seperti IUD, tubektomi dan vasektomi dan hampir mirip dengan metode
kondom dan metode pil yang sikap nya rendah mungkin bisa disebabkan oleh ketakutan akan
kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan. Dalam studi Yanikkerem (2006), 84,4% dari wanita
mengumumkan bahwa mereka puas dengan metode ini dan menurut mereka 69,9% dari
pasangan mereka orgasme dengan metode ini. Selain itu, 53,6% mengumumkan bahwa
metode withdrawal lebih efektif. Hanya 1,4% dari mereka menyatakan bahwa metode
withdrawal mengganggu kesehatan seks mereka dan 65.2% mengumumkan bahwa mereka
takut hamil saat menggunakan metode ini.

Kadang-kadang, staf kesehatan tidak menganggap metode withdrawal sebagai metode

kontrasepsi dan di pusat-pusat perawatan kesehatan, terlihat bahwa pemberi layanan
kesehatan sangat melarang perempuan dengan metode ini dan mencoba untuk menahan diri
orang-orang dari menggunakan metode ini; sementara beberapa orang memiliki sikap yang
sangat positif terhadap metode ini. Dalam studi Yanikkerem (2006), bahkan setelah melatih
perempuan, 57,6% dari mereka terus menggunakan metode withdrawal dan tidak ada
kecenderungan untuk mengubah metode mereka dan percaya bahwa metode ini efektif. Staf
kesehatan harus tahu bahwa beberapa klien percaya metode ini bahkan jika mereka tidak
melaporkan menggunakannya. Metode withdrawal harus diakui sebagai "lebih baik daripada
tidak" dalam metode kontrasepsi. Metode withdrawal mungkin tidak begitu efektif sebanyak
metode modern, tetapi menurut dokumen, itu bisa efektif seperti kondom (setidaknya untuk
metode kontrasepsi untuk mencegah kehamilan). Oleh karena itu, selain bersikeras bahwa
pasangan yang menggunakan metode withdrawal untuk menggunakan metode modern, cara
yang lebih efektif adalah sexual abstinence selama masa subur dan penggunaan metode
kontrasepsi darurat harus diajarkan kepada mereka.
Temuan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sikap merupakan faktor penting dalam
memilih metode kontrasepsi dan memiliki peran utama dalam perilaku yang terkait dengan
penggunaan metode kontrasepsi; Oleh karena itu, meninjau sikap pengguna merupakan
masalah penting dalam konsultasi metode kontrasepsi.
Para penulis menyatakan tidak ada konflik kepentingan dalam penelitian ini.
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Figur dan Tabel

Tabel 1

Membandingkan skor sikap terhadap metode kontrasepsi yang berbeda-beda dengan metode
kontrasepsi umum
Tabel 2

Distribusi frekuensi pembagian skor sikap mengenai metode pada subyek penelitian
Articles from Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research are provided here courtesy
of Medknow Publications