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INTRODUCTION

Chicken

(Gallus

gallus

domesticus)

is

commonly

raised poultry specie in the Philippines. It is considered


as a backyard activity among farmers and gained remarkable
importance in the past year as a vital component in food
sustainability and income to farmers in the Philippines. A
broiler is a type of chicken that is specifically raised
for meat production because of their fast growing rate,
high feed conversion ratio, and low level of activity. Such
production
developing

efficiency
countries

is
like

particularly
Philippines,

beneficial
that

leads

to
the

declining poultry prices and increasing incomes have been


attributed to increases in per capita poultry consumption,
which is sensitive to both price and income changes. And
this significant of broiler production and consumption has
important implication to the global trading of meat as well
as feeds and related inputs. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/broiler)
Philippine poultry is also a backyard enterprises form
into a large farming operation. Broiler and egg production
are progressive nowadays, although its growth is hampered
by a lot of problems. The increase costs of feedstuffs also

cause rapid increase in cost of poultry products. Hence


there is an urgent need to look for alternative feedstuffs
to caution the rising cost of poultry feeding.
Acacia (Samanea saman L.), is abundant in Philippines
growing tree as shade of animals. It is a lofty canopied
tree with a large symmetrical crown. Acacia leaf contains
22.62 cp content.
Ipil-ipil

(Leucaena

leucocephala)

is

found

throughout the Philippines in the settled areas at low and


medium altitudes. Its locally gregarious an abundant. It
was introduced from tropical America and I now pantropic in
distribution.
Leguminous fodder species are generally unsuitable for
silage
Some

making

have

rendering

because

leaves
them

that

also

considerable

amount

hedgerows

alley

in

of

their

shatter

high
very

unsuitable
of

leaves,

cropping

and

for

buffering
easily
hay

upon

drying,

making.

particularly
those

capacity.

left

But

those

from

behind

from

firewood/charcoal production, can be conveniently prepared


into leaf meals and serve as a high-protein feed source. It
contains 21% crude protein, 18% crude fiber, 8.4 ash, and
6.5 ether extract.

Malunggay,

known

scientifically

as

Moringa

oleifera

Lamk, is one of the world's most useful plants.

It is used

as

treatment,

food,

effective

flocculant

or

water

antibiotic, source of oil, and coagulant for turbid waters.


One

hundred

grams

or

cup

of

cooked

malunggay

leaves

contain 3.1 g. protein, 0.6 g. fiber, 96 mg calcium, 29 mg


phosphorus,
thiamin,

1.7

0.14

mg

mg

iron,

2,820

riboflavin,

ascorbic acid or vitamin C.


malunggay

is

about

71%,

mg

1.1

mg

-carotene,
niacin,

0.07

and

53

mg
mg

The antioxidant activity of

with

-tocopherol

(vitamin

E)

equivalent of 45.

Objective of the Study


The

goal

of

the

study

is

to

evaluate

the

growth

performance of Cobb broiler using three leaf meals added to


commercial ration.

Scope and Limitation of the Study


The study is limited on the effects of acacia seed on
feed consumption, weight gain, feed conversion efficiency,
mortality, and income over feed and chick cost fed of Cobb
broiler.

Time and Place of the Study


3

The study has been conducted from November to December


at

the

Mindanao

poultry
State

project

of

the

College

of

Agriculture,

University, Fatima Campus, General Santos

City.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE


4

The dominant meat chicken today is a cross between the


fast-growing female White Plymouth Rock chicken, and the
deep-breasted male Cornish chicken. While the predominant
egg type in the United States today is the White Leghorn
chicken. Turkeys have been similarly standardized. Because
of

their

turkey

lower

are

cost

and lower fat content, chicken and

increasingly

popular

protein

sources

with

American consumers, rivalling pork and even beef in per


capita

consumption.

(http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/poultry.aspx)
Poultry diets are composed primarily of a mixture of
several
animal

feedstuffs
by-product

premixes.

These

such

as

meals,

cereal

fats,

grains,

and

soybean

vitamin

and

meal,

mineral

feedstuffs, together with water, provide

the energy and nutrients that are essential for the bird's
growth, reproduction, and health, namely proteins and amino
acids,
energy

carbohydrates,
necessary

fats,

for

minerals,

maintaining

and

the

vitamins.
bird's

The

general

metabolism and for producing meat and eggs is provided by


the

energy-yielding

carbohydrates
also

can

and

include

fats,

dietary
but

certain

also

components,
protein.

constituents

not

primarily

Poultry

diets

classified

as
5

nutrients, such as xanthophylls (that pigment and impart


desired

color

to

poultry

products),

the

"unidentified

growth factors" claimed to be in some natural ingredients,


and

antimicrobial

agents

(benefits

of

which

may

include

improvement of growth and efficiency of feed utilization).


(http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2114&page=R1).
According

to

Enminger

(1972)

stated

that

nutrient,

chemical substances found in feed materials are needed by


the

birds

in

definite

amount

with

qualities

varying

according to the kind of birds and purpose for which it is


being feed.
The amount required nutrient in poultry ration must be
adjusted

in

consume

the

relation
right

concentration

must

in order to ensure that the birds

amount
be

of

the

increased

needed
in

high

nutrients.

energy

The
diet

because the birds will eat less of the ration per day. High
energy

ration

usually

result

in

higher

efficiency

in

converting feed into meat and egg as compared to low energy


ration (Gillepie 1997).
Acacia
symmetrical

is

crown.

lofty
An

canopied

advantageous

tree
shade

with
tree

large
as

the

fernlike leaflets closes up at night, permitting rain to


fall through to the grass beneath. Acacia Leaf contains
6

22.1% of crude protein, 39.1% of dry matter, 29.4% crude


fiber, 6% ash, 7% ether extract, 1.42% Calcium, and .21%
Phosphorus
(http://www.fao.org/ag/aga/agap/frg/afris/Data/280.HTM).
Ipil-ipil is found throughout the Philippines in the
settled areas at low and medium altitudes. It is locally
gregarious

an

abundant.

It

was

introduced

from

tropical

America and I now pantropic in distribution.


This is a small tree, 2 to 6 meters high. The leaves
are

compound,

15

to

25

centimeters

long,

with

hairy

rachises. The pinnae are 8 to 16, and 5 to 8 centimeters


long. The leaflets are 20 to 30, linear-oblong, and 7 to 12
millimeters in length. The heads are solitary, at the axils
of

the

leaves,

long-peduncled,

globose,

and

to

centimeters in diameter, with many white flowers. The pods


are thin, flat, strap-shaped, 12 to 18 centimeters long,
and 1.4 to 2 centimeters wide, each containing from 15 to
25 elliptic, compressed, shining, brown seeds.
Ipil-ipil is popularly known in the Philippines for
firewood and is useful also in reforestration work. It is
also much used as a cover crop and is a good exterminator
of kogon. The bark produces brown dye. In some provinces

the seeds are used as a substitute for coffee. The seeds


are also used in making bags, etc.
The leaves are injurious to horses that eat them. They
are said to cause falling of hair from their manes and
tails. Cattle and goats do not seem to be affected.
Brill

reports

that

percent,

crude

fiber

material

other

than

the
22.59

raw

fiber

seeds

percent,
9.78

contain
and

percent,

fat

8.68

nitrogen-free
nitrogen

6.42

percent, and traces of sucrose, water 14.8 percent and ash


4.2 percent.
In the Philippines the plant is utilized very little
as medicine. The roasted seeds are used as an emollient.
Guerrero reports that the roots in decoction are used as an
emmenagogue.

Standley

and

Christy

cite

Grosourdy,

who

states that a decoction of the bark and roots is a powerful


emmenagogue, and is used in the West Indies for procuring
abortion.
(http://www.bpi.da.gov.ph/Publications/mp/html/i/ipil-html).
The

"Moringa"

tropical,

and

tree

is

subtropical

grown
areas,

mainly

in

semi-arid,

corresponding

in

the

United States to USDA hardiness zones 9 and 10. While it


grows

best

including

in

dry

coastal

sandy
areas.

soil,
It

is

it
a

tolerates

poor

fast-growing,

soil,

drought8

resistant tree that is native to the southern foothills of


the Himalayas in northwestern India. Reports that it grows
wild

in

the

Middle

East

or

Africa

are

completely

unsubstantiated. Today it is widely cultivated in Africa,


Central

and

South

America,

Sri

Lanka,

India,

Mexico,

Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. It is considered


one of the worlds most useful trees, as almost every part
of the Moringa tree can be used for food or has some other
beneficial property. In the tropics, it is used as forage
for livestock, and in many countries, Moringa micronutrient
liquid,

natural

anthelmintic

(kills

parasites)

and

adjuvant (to aid or enhance another drug) is used as a


metabolic conditioner to aid against endemic diseases in
developing countries.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moringa_oleifera).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials to be Used
The materials used in the study were as follows; Ipilipil Leaf, Malunggay Leaf, Acacia Leaf, 36 day-old broiler
chicks, broiler houses used as brooder and grower, Bmeg
chick booster crumble, feeding and watering troughs, empty
feed sacks (used as curtain), old newspaper matting, bulbs
(50 watts), electric wires, weighing scale, water, record
notebook, ball Pen.

Experimental Design and Treatments


The experiment is laid out in Completely Randomized
Design (CRD) with three treatments replicated three times.
The level of different leaf meals is 5% in the feed ration
is the treatments of the study.
T1 5% Acacia Leaf Meal
T2 5% Ipil-ipil leaf Meal
T3 5% Malunggay Leaf Meal

Preparation of Three Leaf Meals

10

Acacia Leaf, Ipil-ipil leaf, and Malunggay Leaves were


collected

and

washed

separately.

Then

dried

thoroughly

prior to grinding. The ground leaves were added to Bmeg


crumble ration at 5% level corresponding to the treatments.

Preparation of Experimental Rations


The

three

experimental

rations

prepared

constituted

the treatments of the study. The first ration (T1) contains


.5 kg of Acacia Leaf Meal in a 10kg Bmeg chick booster
crumble. While the second ration (T2) contains .5 kg of
Ipil-ipil
crumble

Leaf

Malunggay

and

crumble

the

Leaf
and

Meal

in

third

Meal

were

in

10

kg

ration
a

10

stored

of

(T3)
kg

and

of

Bmeg

chick

contains
Bmeg

labelled

.5

chick
in

booster

kg

of

booster
separate

containers.

Preparation of Brooder House


The broiler house were 6 x 8 sq. foot and divided
according

to

representing
waterer,

and

design
a

of

the

replication

feeder.

experiment.

were

50-watt

provided
bulb

were

Each

division

with

separate

strategically

installed to allow the uniform distribution of heat and


light. The Poultry house and other equipment used in this

11

experiment

were

cleaned

thoroughly

and

were

disinfected

using creoline solution.

Selection of Experimental Birds


Thirty-six healthy and vigorous day old Cobb broiler
chick which do not show any abnormalities selected for this
study.

They

purchased

from

reputable

agriculture

supply

store in General Santos City.

Brooding Management
The experimental birds were brooded for 21 days. The
brooding house were provided with curtains made of empty
sack

to

minimize

the

heat

outflow

and

to

maintain

the

desired temperature at 32C. The floor were covered with


several

layers

of

old

newspapers

to

help

maintain

temperature and also serve as feeders during the first 5


days of brooding.

Growing Management
After 3 weeks of brooding the experimental birds were
assigned
were

to

their

provided

at

respective
night

to

experimental

allow

the

lots.

birds

to

light

continue

eating on adlibitum basis.

12

Feeding Management
The day-old chicks were given a booster crumble feed
containing 24% CP. The feeds were made available in paper
mat during the first 5 days, and then the feeds were made
available in feeders. The same rations were offered to the
birds at 7:00 AM, 12 PM, and 4: PM. Fresh and clean water
is available at all time.
Immediately after 3 weeks of brooding the rations were
given to the birds.

Health and Sanitation Management


Cleanliness were strictly observed all throughout the
experimental period. All feeders and waterers were cleaned
thoroughly

before

any

new

feed

and

water

rations

were

given. Manure and waste were gathered and disposed properly


and daily to avoid odor and flies infestation.

Data to be Gathered
1) Feed Consumption (kg) All the feeds that has been
given to the experimental birds were weighed and recorded.
13

The amount of feed left on the feeder were weighed and


deducted from the amount offered from the previous day. The
difference between the two is the amount of feed consumed.
2) Weight Gain (kg) The weight gained of the birds
were determined by deducting the initial weight from the
final weight of the birds at the end of the experimental
period.
3) Feed Conversion ratio (kg) Is a measure of the
efficiency of the birds in convert feed mass to the body
weight. This were determined by dividing the total feed
consumption by the total live weight gain.
4) Mortality (%) The mortality rate of the birds
were

determined

by

dividing

the

recorded

deaths

all

throughout the experimental period by the number of live


birds at the start of the study.
5) Income Over Feed and Chick Cost (P) This were
computed by subtracting the total cost of feeds consumed
throughout the experimental period and the chick from the
value of the live birds at the end of the study.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Feed Consumption
14

The data on feed consumption of Cobb Broilers fed with


rations

partially

substituted

with

ipil-ipil,

malunggay,

and acacia leaf meal is shown in table 1. Birds in T3 (5%


acacia leaf meal) had the highest feed consumption of 2.64,
followed
average

by

T1

total

(5%

ipil-ipil leaf meal) that obtain an

feed

consumption

of

2.56g,

and

T2

(5%

malunggay leaf meal) with 2.52 kg.


(Gous
optimize

2007)suggested
feeding

that

programs

it

is

not

successfully

possible
since

to
the

composition of the food offered has a very important effect


on

voluntary

food

intake.

(Fisher

1986) Appetite

is

dependent on the nutrient requirements of the animal and


the

contents

of

those

nutrients in the feed and hence,

responses in feed intake.


It was found out in the studies of (Burnham et al.,
1982) that feeds with higher in protein and energy content
had reduced the feed intake,
However

analysis

of

variance

among

treatment

means

showed no significant difference statistically significant.


Table 1. Feed consumption (kg/bird) of Cobb Broilers as
affected by substituting part of the Bmeg chick
booster crumble with Three Different Leaf Meals.

Treatments (%)

Feed Consumptionns (kg)


15

5% - ILM

2.56

5% - MLM

2.52

5% - ALM

2.64

CV = 4.4
ns = not significant

Total Weight Gain


Table 2. Presents the average weight gains of Cobb
Broilers in response to the partial substitution of the Bmeg
chick booster crumble with both 5% of ipil-ipil leaf meal,

malunggay leaf meal, and acacia leaf meal.


It appeared that 5% ipil-ipil leaf meal in Bmeg chick
booster

crumble

improved

their

weight

gain

in

broiler

chickens, it attained the weight which is the heaviest of


(1.78kg). On the other hand birds fed with acacia follows
having 1.76kg and the lowest weight were those bird fed
with malunggay leaf meal with 1.72kg.
However,

the

difference

in

treatment

means

was

not

significant statistically (Appendix Table 2b).


Table 2. Total weight gain (kg/bird) of Cobb Broilers
affected by substituting part of the Bmeg chick
booster crumble with Three Different Leaf Meals.

TREATMENTS (%)

LIVE WEIGHTGAINns (kg)


16

5% ILM

1.78

5% MLM

1.72

5% ALM

1.76

CV = 0.16%
ns = not significant

Feed Conversion Ratio

The efficiency of the birds in converting feed into


body weight gain using ration with either 5% ipil-ipil leaf
meal

Malunggay

leaf

meal,

and

acacia

leaf

meal

is

represented in table 3.
Birds in T1 could be considered as the most efficient
among

treatments

tested,

these

birds

required

the

less

amount of feed (1.44) per unit live weight gain. On the


other hand those in T2 needed more feed (1.46), for every
unit of weight gain while those in T3 required the most
amount of feed (1.5), to produce one unit of weight gain.
However,

no

significant

difference

among

treatment

(Appendix Table 3b).


Table 3.

Feed conversion ratio of Cobb Broiler as affected


by substituting part of the Bmeg chick booster
crumble with Three Different Leaf Meals.

TREATMENTS(%)

FEED CONVERSION RATIOns (kg)


17

5% ILM

1.44

5% MLM

1.46

5% ALM

1.5

CV = 0.2125
ns =

not significant

Mortality
No mortality is recorded during the whole duration of the
study.

This

has

been

due

to

the

proper

selection

of

experimental chicks, and sanitation and disease control.

Income Over Feed Chick Cost


Income over feed and chick cost of Cobb Broilers as
affect by substituting part of the Bmeg chick booster crumbles
with 5% Ipil-ipil, 5% Malunggay, and 5% Acacia Leaf Meals
is presented in table 4.
The

highest

profit

of

(Php)

56.4

was

observed

in

birds fed with 5% Ipil-ipil Leaf meal followed by those


with 5% Malunggay Leaf Meal (Php) 49.85. the lowest IOFCC,
was obtained from birds with 5% Acacia Leaf Meal in the
ration with (Php) 44.56.
Table 4.

Income over feed and chick cost (Php) of Cobb


Broilers as affected by substituting part of the
18

Bmeg chick booster crumble with Three Different Leaf

Meals.

TREATMENT SALE VALUE OF LIVE BIRD FEED & CHICKCOST IOFCC


%

(Php)

(Php)

(Php)

5% ILM

163.8

107.4

56.4

5% MLM

158.4

108.55

49.85

5% ALM

162

117.44

44.56

Assumption:
Selling price of Broilers

Php 90/kg live weight

Cost of Broiler mash

Php 28.5/kg feeds

Cost of Ipil-ipil

Php 31.25/kg

Cost of Malunggay Leaf

Php 31.25/kg

Cost of Acacia Leaf

Php 62.5/kg

Cost of Multivitamins

Php 5.75/bird

Cost of Chicks

Php 23/bird

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A study on The Growth Performance of Cobb Broilers


Fed with Three Different Leaf Meals (ILM, MLM, ALM), was
19

conducted at the College of Agriculture Poultry Project


Mindanao State University from November 29 to December 3,
2010 to evaluate and ompare in terms of fed consumption,
weight gain, feed conversion ratio and income over feed and
chick cost of Cobb Broilers.
The Study is laid out in Completely Randomized Design
(CRD)

with

three

treatment

replicated

three

times.

The

treatments used were 5% Ipil-ipil Leaf Meal + 95% booster


crumble (T1), 5%

Malunggay Leaf Meal + 95% booster crumble

(T2), 5% Acacia Leaf Meal + 95% booster crumble(T3). Four


birds were assigned at random to each replication.
The results of the study were as follows:
Feed Consumption of Cobb Broilers with Malunggay Leaf
meal (T2) is the lowest (2.52kg) compared to those in Ipilipil Leaf Meal (T1), Acacia Leaf Meal (T3) with (2.53kg)
and (2.64kg) respectively.
The heaviest weight gain was obtained by birds in T1
(1.78kg) treated with 5% of Ipil-ipil Leaf Meal, lower but
comparable gains were observed in Malunggay Leaf Meal (T2),
Acacia Leaf Meal (T3), with

1.72kg, and 1.76kg of weight

gain respectively.

20

The

highest

weight

gain

were

the

most

efficient

converters of feed per unit of body weight gain and were


also those gave the most economic return.

LITERATURE CITED

21

FRONDA, F.M 1972. Poultry science and production.


Manila. Agriculture and Industry. 79 pp
CARD, L.E. and M.C. NESHEIM. 1972. Poultry
production.11th Lea and
Febiger,Philadelphia, 381 pp.
CULLISON and LOWREY. 1987. Feeds and Feeding. 4th ed.
Prentice Hall, Inc.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 183 Pp.
http://blogtext.org/LateBloomer/article/22393.html
http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0632e/T0632E08.htm
http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?
record_id=2114&page=R1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia.html
www.stuartxchange.org/Acacia.html
http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/685/environment
al-factors-to-control-when-brooding-chicks
http://www.trc.zootechnie.fr/node/282

22

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