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EQUIPMENT
Lab Equipment
(1) DC Power Supply
(1) Function Generator
(1) Digital Multimeter (DMM)
(1) Digital Oscilloscope
(1) Breadboard
(1) BNC T-Connector
(1) Test Leads
(2) Test Leads
(1) BNC Cable
Equipment Description
Agilent E3631A Triple Output DC Power Supply
Agilent 33522A Function/Arbitrary Waveform Generator
Keithley Model 175 Digital Multimeter (DMM)
Agilent DSO1024A Digital Oscilloscope
Prototype Breadboard
One input to two output BNC connector
Banana to Alligator Lead Set
BNC to Mini-Grabber Lead Set
BNC to BNC Cable
Table 1 Equipment List
COMPONENTS
Type
Resistor
Capacitor
Op-Amp
Power Amp
Speaker
Value
---
--- F
LM741
LM386
6
Symbol Name
R
C
LM741
LM386
---
Multisim Part
Basic/Resistor
Basic/Capacitor
Basic/Analog/OpAmp/741
-----
Description
Various Values
Various Values
--Audio Amplifier
18W Speaker
OBJECTIVES
Note: At this point, the final project should be introduced by the GTA. Ideally, an introduction to the
project will be given at the end of the last lab to prepare students for this prelab and lab. Students, please
find the final project specifications document on the ECE 2110 lab website under the Projects section..
SEAS
Experiment #11: Final Project Preparation Lab 1 Active Filter Design
INTRODUCTION
This lab will introduce you to the concept of active filters and explain how they differ from passive filters
and why they are necessary. In Lab 10, you were introduced to passive filters. Passive filters consist of
only passive components (inductors, capacitors, resistors). Because passive components cannot provide
average power to a circuit, you cannot make a filter with a gain greater than 1 using only passive
components. In many situations, you may wish to create a filter with a gain greater than 1. For this, you
must incorporate an op-amp into the filter design.
Active 1st Order Low-Pass Filter
CL
Rf
Vin
Rf
R in
R in
Vin
Vout
Vout
Figure 1 shows an inverting amplifier. From the lab on DC Operational Amplifiers, we know the gain of
this amplifier is Vout/Vin = -Rf/Rin. Instead of using just resistors, we can substitute impedances Zf and Zin,
and the gain becomes Vout/Vin = -Zf/Zin.
Figure 2 shows the same amplifier, now with a capacitor inserted in the feedback path. Zin is still Rin, but
Zf is the impedance of the resistor and capacitor in parallel, so Zf = ZRf || ZCL: Substituting in the
impedances as shown in Figure 2:
/
1/
Typically, for filters, the transfer function of interest is the voltage gain, defined as T() = Vout/Vin. Since
the voltage gain of the amplifier in Figure 2 is Vout/Vin = -Zf/Zin, the transfer function for the filter becomes:
1
1
What should be familiar is the expression in parentheses in the equation above, it is the transfer function
for a low-pass filter. The expression outside of the brackets: -Rf/Rin, means this low-pass filter has gain!
The cutoff frequency for this low-pass filter is:
1
Note: To design this filter, one chooses the appropriate resistors: Rf and Rin to set the gain, then
determines CL for the desired cutoff frequency (C).
SEAS
Experiment #11: Final Project Preparation Lab 1 Active Filter Design
Rf
R in
Vin
CH
R in
Vout
Vout
st
Figure 4 shows how we can make the inverting amplifier into a high-pass filter by rearranging the
capacitor to be in series with the input resistor. The transfer function then becomes:
1/
When the frequency is low (e.g. 0), the transfer function approaches 0. As the frequency gets
higher and higher (e.g ), the transfer function becomes -Rf/Rin. This is the behavior of a high-pass
filter. The cutoff frequency for this filter can be derived as:
S
SEAS
Experiment #11: Final Projec
ct Preparation La
ab 1 Active Filtter Design
Creating an Active Ba
and-Pass Fillter by Casca
ading Filters
When two
o filters are ch
hained togeth
her this is calle
ed cascading
g. Passive filters can be ccascaded together,
as can active
a
filters. As a simp
ple example, we can casscade the lo
ow-pass and high-pass filters
discussed
d above to cre
eate a band-p
pass filter as follows:
CL
R f1
R f2
R in1
R in2
R f3
CH
R in3
Vin
+
Vout
-
Stage 1:
Low
w-Pass Filter
Stage 2:
Hig
gh-Pass Filter
Sttage 3:
Inverterr Gain Stage
1/
1
If we set the
t gain of Sta
age 1 and Sta
age 2 to unity
y, the transferr function simplifies to
1
1
1/
We see th
he overall gain for the syste
em is set by the
t final stage
e (Rf3/Rin3).
20*log(--Rf/Rin) -3dB
B
The low
w-pass section
n, Stage 1, se
ets the upper cutoff freque ncy (1). The high-pass section, Stag
ge 2,
setts the lower cutoff
c
frequency (2). The bandwidth off this band-pa
ass filter is sim
mply 2-1.
Note: To design a ban
nd-pass filter using this co
onfiguration, fifirst choose th
he desired ga
ain and set Rf3 and
Rin3. The
en, choose Rf2 and Rin2 to have unity ga
ain. Similarlyy, Rf1 and Rin11 are chosen setting the g
gain of
the first sttage to 1 as well.
w
Lastly, the
t cutoff freq
quencies are chosen and the values off the capacito
ors: CL
and CH arre solved for using
u
the cuto
off frequency equations.
EC
CE 2110: Circuit Theory
SEAS
Experiment #11: Final Project Preparation Lab 1 Active Filter Design
PRELAB
Part I Active Band-Pass Filter Design
CL
R f1
R f2
R in1
R in2
R f3
CH
R in3
Vin
+
Vout
-
Stage 2:
High-Pass Filter
Stage 1:
Low-Pass Filter
Stage 3:
Inverter Gain Stage
1. Using the procedure discussed in the Introduction, design an active band-pass filter with a
gain of -10, a lower cut-off frequency of 150Hz and an upper cutoff frequency of 5kHz. Be sure
to show all work and mention any relevant assumptions or design decisions.
Note: When choosing resistor values to set the gain for each stage, be certain to keep them very
large in the high k range.
1 = 150Hz
2 = 5kHz
Gain = -10
2. Save this design as you will need to simulate it later in this prelab.
SEAS
Experiment #11: Final Project Preparation Lab 1 Active Filter Design
Rf
R in
Vin
Vout
st
1. Simulate the active low-pass filter section of the band-pass filter in Multisim using the LM741.
DC Supply Voltage (VCC+ and VCC-): 12V
Vin: 300mVrms sine wave
Load: 1k
2. Run an AC Analysis from 10Hz to 6kHz. Measure Vout (in RMS voltage) across the 1k load at
the following frequencies: 10Hz, 150Hz, 1kHz, 4kHz, 5kHz, 6kHz
3. Using the peak output voltage of Vout, calculate the peak power dissipated by the 1k load
resistor at each frequency.
4. Calculate the current drawn by the 1k load resistor at the peak output power in each case.
5. Record these values in Table P.2.
6. Plot the magnitude and phase of Vout/Vin (in dB) versus frequency from 10Hz to 6kHz.
7. Determine the -3dB frequency from this plot.
Frequency
10Hz
150Hz
1kHz
4kHz
5kHz
6kHz
Vin (rms)
Vout (rms)
Gain (Vout/Vin)
Pout (peak)
Iout (peak)
300m
299.9961m
.9999987
44.9988mu
299.9961mu
300m
299.8591m
.99953
44.9577mu
299.8591mu
300m
294.0536m
.98017
43.234mu
294.0536mu
300m
233.3358m
.777795
27.2228mu
233.3358mu
300m
211.0610m
.70354
22.2734mu
211.0610mu
300m
190.9126m
.6365
18.224mu
190.9126mu
-3dB Freq.
Simulated
2.7924kHz
Table P.2 Low-Pass Filter Simulation Data
SEAS
Experiment #11: Final Project Preparation Lab 1 Active Filter Design
R in
CH
Vout
st
1. Simulate the active high-pass filter section of the band-pass filter in Multisim using the LM741.
DC Supply Voltage (VCC+ and VCC-): 12V
Vin: 300mVrms sine wave
Load: 1k
2. Run an AC Analysis from 10Hz to 6kHz. Measure Vout (in RMS voltage) across the 1k load at
the following frequencies: 10Hz, 150Hz, 1kHz, 4kHz, 5kHz, 6kHz
3. Using the peak output voltage of Vout, calculate the peak power dissipated by the 1k load
resistor at each frequency.
4. Calculate the current drawn by the 1k load resistor at the peak output power in each case.
5. Record these values in Table P.3.
6. Plot the magnitude and phase of Vout/Vin (in dB) versus frequency from 10Hz to 6kHz.
7. Determine the -3dB frequency from this plot.
Frequency
10Hz
150Hz
1kHz
4kHz
5kHz
6kHz
Vin (rms)
Vout (rms)
Gain (Vout/Vin)
Pout (peak)
Iout (peak)
300m
20.0485m
.06683
200.973n
20.0485mu
300m
212.6401m
.70880
22.6097mu
212.6401mu
300m
296.7496m
.98916
44.0302mu
296.7496mu
300m
299.8064m
.99935
44.9479mu
299.8064mu
300m
299.8668m
.999556
44.96mu
299.8668mu
300m
299.8896m
.999632
44.9669mu
299.8896mu
-3dB Freq.
Simulated
264.5417Hz
Table P.3 High-Pass Filter Simulation Data
SEAS
Experiment #11: Final Project Preparation Lab 1 Active Filter Design
R f2
R in1
R in2
R f3
CH
R in3
Vin
+
Vout
-
Stage 1:
Low-Pass Filter
Stage 2:
High-Pass Filter
Stage 3:
Inverter Gain Stage
1. Simulate the cascaded active band-pass filter, including the inverter gain stage, in Multisim
using the LM741.
DC Supply Voltage (VCC+ and VCC-): 12V
Vin: 300mVrms sine wave
Load: 1k
2. Run an AC Analysis from 10Hz to 6kHz. Measure Vout (in RMS voltage) across the 1k load at
the following frequencies: 10Hz, 150Hz, 1kHz, 4kHz, 5kHz, 6kHz
3. Using the peak output voltage of Vout, calculate the peak power dissipated by the 1k load
resistor at each frequency.
4. Calculate the current drawn by the 1k load resistor at the peak output power in each case.
5. Record these values in Table P.4.
6. Plot the magnitude and phase of Vout/Vin (in dB) versus frequency from 10Hz to 6kHz.
7. Determine both the lower and upper -3dB frequencies from this plot.
Frequency
10Hz
150Hz
1kHz
4kHz
5kHz
6kHz
Simulated
Vin (rms)
Vout (rms)
Gain (Vout/Vin)
Pout (peak)
Iout (peak)
300m
200.4703m
.668
20.0942mu
200.4703mu
300m
2.1307
7.102
2.2584m
2.1307m
300m
2.9084
9.695
4.2293m
2.9084m
300m
2.3294
7.765
2.7131m
2.3294m
300m
2.1063
7.021
2.2181m
2.1063m
300m
1.9040
6.347
1.8126m
1.9040m
Lower -3dB
Upper -3dB
66.5
440000
Table P.4 Band-Pass Filter Simulation Data
SEAS
Experiment #11: Final Project Preparation Lab 1 Active Filter Design
LAB
Part I Active Low-Pass Filter
CL
Rf
Vin
R in
Vout
st
1. Build the active low-pass filter section on a breadboard. Show the GTA your setup before
applying power.
DC Supply Voltage (VCC+ and VCC-): 12V
Vin: 300mVrms sine wave
Load: 1k
2. Measure Vout using the DMM (RMS voltage) across the 1k load at the following frequencies:
10Hz, 150Hz, 1kHz, 4kHz, 5kHz, 6kHz
3. Using the peak output voltage of Vout, calculate the peak power dissipated by the 1k load
resistor at each frequency.
4. Calculate the current drawn by the 1k load resistor at the peak output power in each case.
5. Record these values in Table 1.1.
6. Adjust the frequency of the function generator until you find the exact -3dB frequency of the
filter, where
max
.
Frequency
10Hz
150Hz
1kHz
4kHz
5kHz
6kHz
Vin (rms)
Sim.
Meas.
Vout (rms)
Sim.
Meas.
Gain (Vout/Vin)
Sim.
Meas.
Pout (peak)
Sim.
Meas.
Iout (peak)
Sim.
Meas.
300mV
255mV
299.9961mV
247mV .9999987
44.9988W
299.9961A
300mV
319mV
299.8591mV
312mV
.99953
44.9577W
299.8591A
300mV
279mV
294.0536mV
267mV
.98017
43.234W
294.0536A
300mV
292mV
233.3358mV
234mV .777795
27.2228W
233.3358A
300mV
298mV
211.0610mV
215mV
.70354
22.2734W
211.0610A
300mV
302mV
190.9126mV
196mV
.6365
18.224W
190.9126A
247A
-3dB Freq.
Simulated
Measured
Error
5.1835kHz
~5kHz
Table 1.1 Low-Pass Filter Output Characteristics with 1k Load
SEAS
Experiment #11: Final Project Preparation Lab 1 Active Filter Design
R in
CH
Vout
st
1. Build the active high-pass filter section on a breadboard. Show the GTA your setup before
applying power.
DC Supply Voltage (VCC+ and VCC-): 12V
Vin: 300mVrms sine wave
Load: 1k
2. Measure Vout using the DMM (RMS voltage) across the 1k load at the following frequencies:
10Hz, 150Hz, 1kHz, 4kHz, 5kHz, 6kHz
3. Using the peak output voltage of Vout, calculate the peak power dissipated by the 1k load
resistor at each frequency.
4. Calculate the current drawn by the 1k load resistor at the peak output power in each case.
5. Record these values in Table 2.1.
6. Adjust the frequency of the function generator until you find the exact -3dB frequency of the
filter, where
max
.
Frequency
10Hz
150Hz
1kHz
4kHz
5kHz
6kHz
Vin (rms)
Sim.
Meas.
Vout (rms)
Sim.
Meas.
Gain (Vout/Vin)
Sim.
Meas.
Pout (peak)
Sim.
Meas.
Iout (peak)
Sim.
Meas.
300mV
267mV
20.0485mV
11.3mV
.06683
200.973nW
20.0485A
300mV
315mV
212.6401mV
228mV
.70880
22.6097W
212.6401A
300mV
282mV
296.7496mV
279mV
.98916
44.0302W
296.7496A
300mV
307mV
299.8064mV
304mV
.99935
44.9479W
299.8064A
300mV
302mV
299.8668mV
300mV .999556
44.96W
299.8668A
300mV
300mV
299.8896mV
297mV .999632
44.9669W
299.8896A
-3dB Freq.
Simulated
Measured
Error
264.5417Hz
160.57Hz
Table 2.1 High-Pass Filter Output Characteristics with 1k Load
10
SEAS
Experiment #11: Final Project Preparation Lab 1 Active Filter Design
R f2
R in1
R in2
R f3
CH
R in3
in
+
Vout
Stage 1:
Low-Pass Filter
Stage 2:
High-Pass Filter
Stage 3:
Inverter Gain Stage
7. Build the active low-pass filter section on a breadboard. Show the GTA your setup before
applying power.
DC Supply Voltage (VCC+ and VCC-): 12V
Vin: 300mVrms sine wave
Load: 1k
8. Measure Vout using the DMM (RMS voltage) across the 1k load at the following frequencies:
10Hz, 150Hz, 1kHz, 4kHz, 5kHz, 6kHz
9. Using the peak output voltage of Vout, calculate the peak power dissipated by the 1k load
resistor at each frequency.
10. Calculate the current drawn by the 1k load resistor at the peak output power in each case.
11. Record these values in Table 3.1.
12. Adjust the frequency of the function generator until you find the exact -3dB frequencies (upper
and lower) of the filter, where
max
.
Frequency
10Hz
150Hz
1kHz
4kHz
5kHz
6kHz
Vin (rms)
Sim.
Meas.
Vout (rms)
Sim.
Meas.
298mV
288mV
315mV
2.07V
293mV
3V
293mV
2.5V
300mV
2.33V
Gain (Vout/Vin)
Sim.
Meas.
Pout (peak)
Sim.
Meas.
Iout (peak)
Sim.
Meas.
303mV
Lower -3dB
Upper -3dB
Simulated
Measured
Error
Table 3.1 Band-Pass Filter Output Characteristics with 1k Load
11
SEAS
Experiment #11: Final Project Preparation Lab 1 Active Filter Design
Frequency
Vin (rms)
Sim.
Meas.
Vout (rms)
Sim.
Meas.
Gain (Vout/Vin)
Sim.
Meas.
Pout (peak)
Sim.
Meas.
Iout (peak)
Sim.
Meas.
10Hz
150Hz
1kHz
4kHz
5kHz
6kHz
Lower -3dB
Upper -3dB
Simulated
Measured
Error
Table 4.1 Band-Pass Filter Output Characteristics with 6 Load
12
SEAS
Experiment #11: Final Project Preparation Lab 1 Active Filter Design
POST-LAB ANALYSIS
Be certain to include:
1. Your calculations for how you designed the band-pass filter.
2. The Multisim schematic for the band-pass filter.
3. The Multisim output showing Vout/Vin (in dB) versus frequency for the low-pass filter, high-pass
filter, and finally the band-pass filter.
Answer the following questions and provide some discussion on the following:
1. Why was the LM741 incapable of driving a 6 load?
2. Why is the LM386 capable of driving the 6 load?
3. Why did we use the speaker instead of a 6 resistor in Part IV?
REFERENCES
[1]
Thomas, Roland E., Albert J. Rosa, and Gregory J. Toussaint. The Analysis and Design of Linear
Circuits. 7th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2012.
13