BRIEF CONTENTS

Foreword v
Preface vi
Features of the Book x
Detailed Contents xv
List of Symbols xxii
1. Materials, Structures, and Specifications

2. Basis of Structural Design

48

3. Loading and Load Combinations

82

4. Methods of Structural Analysis

152

5. Bolted Connections

186

6. Welded Connections

239

7. Design of Tension Members

286

8. Plastic and Local Buckling Behaviour of Structural Steel

322

9. Design of Compression Members

366

10. Design of Beams

437

11. Design of Plate Girders

508

12. Design of Gantry Girders

555

13. Design of Beam-columns

576

14. Moment-resistant Connections

607

15. Design of Base Plates and Caps

647

16. Design of Roof Trusses and Industrial Buildings

671

17. Seismic-resistant Design

709

18. Design Principles for Steel Enabling Structures

762

Appendix A: Properties of Structural Steel Sections 779

Appendix B: Loads Due to Tsunami 805
Appendix C: Properties of Soils 809
Appendix D: Bending Moment, Shear Force, and Deflection of Beams and Frames
Appendix E: Computer Programs

822

Appendix F: Design Aids 834

Appendix G: Important Formulae 854
Appendix H: Conversion Factors
Glossary 865
Index

875

863

813

DETAILED CONTENTS
Foreword v
Preface vi
Features of the Book x
Brief Contents xiii
List of Symbols xxii

1. Materials, Structures, and Specications

1.1 Historical Development
1.2 Processes Used for Iron and Steel Making
1.2.1 Iron Making 4
1.2.2 Steel Making 4
1.3 Iron and Steel in India
1.4 Metallurgy of Steel
1.4.1 Crystalline Structure of Metals 8
1.4.2 Structure of Steel 8
1.4.3 Heat Treatment of Steel 9
1.4.4 Quenching and Tempering 10
1.5 Alloying Elements in Steel
1.5.1 Weldability of Steel 11
1.6 Chemical Composition of Steel
1.7 Types of Structural Steel
1.8 Mechanical Properties of Steel
1.8.1 Ultimate Strength or Tensile Strength 13
1.8.2 Inelastic Cyclic Response 16
1.8.3 Characteristic Strength 16
1.8.4 Ductility 17
1.8.5 Low Temperature and Toughness (Brittle
Fracture) 18
1.8.6 Lamellar Tearing 19
1.8.7 High-temperature Effects 20
1.8.8 Resistance to Corrosion 20
1.8.9 Hardness 21
1.8.10 Fatigue Resistance 22
1.9 Residual Stresses
1.10 Stress Concentration
1.11 Cold Work and Strain Hardnening
1.12 Structural Steel Products
1.12.1 Choice of Section 25
1.12.2 Wide-flange Sections 26
1.12.3 Welded and Hybrid Sections 27
1.12.4 Hollow Steel Sections (HSS) 28
1.13 Cold-formed Steel Sections
1.14 High-performance Steel
1.14.1 Hydrogen-induced Cracking 31
1.14.2 Weathering Characteristic of HPS 32
1.15 Stainless Steel
1.15.1 Surface Finish 35
1.16 Advantages of Steel as a Structural Material
1.17 Disadvantages of using Steel

1
2
4

6
8

1.18 Types of Steel Structures

1.19 Aluminium Alloys
1.19.1 Mathematical Representation of Non-linear
StressStrain Curves 41
1.20 Fabrication and Erection
1.20.1 Errors that Lead to Failures 42
1.21 Aesthetics of Steel Structures
1.22 Composite Construction

2. Basis of Structural Design

10
11
12
12

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8

2.9
22
23
24
24

2.10

Design Considerations
Steps Involved in Construction
Role and Responsibilities of the Designer
Structural Systems
2.4.1 General Types of Structures 52
2.4.2 Steel Structures 52
2.4.3 High-rise Structural Systems 58
Structural Integrity
Analysis and Design
Codes and Specifications
Design Philosophies
2.8.1 Working Stress Method 66
2.8.2 Ultimate Load Design 66
2.8.3 Limit States Design 67
Limit States Method
2.9.1 Limit State of Strength 69
2.9.2 Structural Stability 71
2.9.3 Serviceability Limit States 72
Failure Criteria for Steel
2.10.1 Shear Yield Stress 78
2.10.2 Poissons Ratio (m) 78
2.10.3 Shear Modulus of Rigidity 78

3. Loading and Load Combinations

30
31

33
36
37

3.1 Characteristic Actions (Loads)

3.2 Dead Loads
3.3 Imposed Loads
3.3.1 Dynamic Imposed Loads 89
3.3.2 Snow Loads 90
3.3.3 Ice Loads on Wires 91
3.4 Temperature Effects
3.5 Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure
3.6 Erection Loads

38
41

41
42
43

48
48
48
50
52

62
63
64
65

69

77

82
83
84
86

91
93
93

xvi

Detailed Contents

3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10

Accidental Loads
94
Other Loads
94
Natural Hazards
95
Extreme Winds
96
3.10.1 Characteristics of Wind 100
3.10.2 Variation of Wind Velocity with Height 100
3.10.3 Turbulent Nature of Wind 101
3.10.4 Return Period 102
3.10.5 Vortex-shedding 102
3.10.6 Interference Effect 103
3.10.7 Dynamic Effects 103
3.10.8 Measurement of Wind Loads 104
3.11 Earthquakes
104
3.11.1 Characteristics of an Earthquake 107
3.11.2 Damping 108
3.11.3 Elastic Response Spectrum 108
3.12 Determination of Earthquake Forces
111
3.12.1 Natural Frequencies 113
3.12.2 Equivalent Static Method 114
3.12.3 Approximate Fundamental Natural
Period 114
3.12.4 Dynamic Analysis Methods 115
3.13 Determination of Wind Loads as per IS 875
(Part 3)
117
3.13.1 Design Wind Speed 118
3.13.2 Design Wind Pressure 120
3.13.3 Wind Pressure on Buildings/Structures 122
3.13.4 Wind Pressure on Roofs 122
3.13.5 Wind Pressure on Industrial Buildings 122
3.13.6 Force Coefficients 124
3.13.7 Lattice Towers 125
3.13.8 Frictional Drag 126
3.13.9 Interference Effects 126
3.13.10 Dynamic Effects 127
3.14 Pattern Loading
129
3.15 Load Combinations
130
3.15.1 Load Combinations for Non-orthogonal
Buildings 132
3.15.2 Combination of Three Earthquake
Components 132
3.15.3 Load Combinations for Plastic Design 132

4. Methods of Structural Analysis

4.1 Methods of Analysis
4.2 Elastic Analysis
4.2.1 First-order Elastic Analysis 154
4.2.2 Second-order Analysis 157
4.2.3 Second-order Elastic Analysis 158
4.3 Buckling (Critical Load) Analysis
4.3.1 Linear Buckling Analysis 161
4.3.2 Inelastic Buckling Analysis 163
4.4 Sources of Non-linearity
4.4.1 Material Effects 163
4.4.2 Geometric Effects 164
4.4.3 Combined and Other Effects 164

152
153
154

161

163

4.5 Joint and Connection Effects

164
4.5.1 Finite Size of Joint 164
4.5.2 Panel Zone Flexibility 166
4.5.3 Modelling of Semi-rigid Connections 167
4.5.4 Analysis of Semi-rigid Frames 170
4.5.5 Modelling of Foundations 173
4.5.6 Infilled Frames 173
4.5.7 Stressed Skin Design 174
4.6 First-order Plastic Analysis
174
4.7 Second-order Inelastic Analyses
174
4.7.1 Plastic Zone Method 175
4.7.2 ElasticPlastic Hinge Method 176
4.7.3 Refined Plastic Hinge Method 176
4.7.4 Notional Load Plastic Hinge Method 177
4.7.5 Quasi-plastic Hinge Method 178
4.7.6 Advantages of Advanced Analysis
Methods 178
4.7.7 Direct Analysis Method of Design 179
4.7.8 Serviceability Design 180
4.8 Practical Out-of-plane Advanced Analysis
180

5. Bolted Connections

186

5.1 Rivets and Riveted Connections

188
5.2 Bolted Connections
189
5.2.1 Black Bolts 189
5.2.2 Turned Bolts (Close Tolerance Bolts) 191
5.2.3 Ribbed Bolts (Fluted Bolts) 191
5.2.4 High-strength Bolts 191
5.2.5 Bolt Tightening Methods 192
5.2.6 Advantages of Bolted Connections 195
5.2.7 Bolt Holes 195
5.2.8 Spacing and Edge Distance of Bolt Holes 196
5.3 Behaviour of Bolted Joints
197
5.4 Design Strength of Ordinary Black Bolts
199
5.4.1 Bearing Bolts in Shear 199
5.4.2 Bolts in Tension 200
5.4.3 Bolts in Bearing 201
5.4.4 Prying Forces 202
5.4.5 Bolts with Shear and Tension 204
5.4.6 Efficiency of a Joint 204
5.4.7 Tension Capacity of Plate 204
5.5 Design Strength of High Strength Friction Grip
Bolts
205
5.5.1 Slip Resistance 205
5.5.2 Long Joints 206
5.5.3 Bearing Resistance 206
5.5.4 Tension Resistance 207
5.5.5 Combined Shear and Tension 207
5.5.6 Block Shear Failure 208
5.6 Pin Connections
208
5.6.1 Design of Pins 209
5.7 Simple Connections
209
5.7.1 Lap and Butt Joints 209
5.7.2 Truss Joint Connections 210
5.7.3 Clip and Seating Angle Connections 212

Detailed Contents xvii

6.10.3 Intermittent Fillet Welds 264

6.10.4 Slot or Plug Welds 264

5.7.4 Design of Unstiffened and Stiffened Seat

Connection 213
5.7.5 Web Angle Connection 214
5.7.6 Flexible End Plate Connection 214
5.7.7 Web Side Plate Connection 215

5.8 Beam-to-beam Connections

5.9 Beam and Column Splices
5.9.1 Beam Splices 216
5.9.2 Column Splices 217
5.10 Semi-rigid Connections
5.11 Fatigue Behaviour

6. Welded Connections

216
216

218
219

239

6.1 Welding Processes

239
6.1.1 Shielded Metal Arc Welding 240
6.1.2 Submerged Arc Welding 241
6.1.3 Gas-shielded Metal Arc Welding 242
6.1.4 Flux Core Arc Welding 243
6.1.5 Electroslag Welding 244
6.1.6 Stud Welding 245
6.1.7 Choice of Welding Process 245
6.2 Welding Electrodes
245
6.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Welding
246
6.4 Types and Properties of Welds
247
6.4.1 Groove Welds 247
6.4.2 Fillet Welds 248
6.4.3 Slot and Plug Welds 248
6.4.4 Structure and Properties of Weld Metal 249
6.4.5 Weld Defects 249
6.4.6 Welding Quality Control 251
6.5 Types of Welded Joints
252
6.5.1 Butt Joints 252
6.5.2 Lap Joints 253
6.5.3 Tee Joints 254
6.5.4 Corner Joints 254
6.5.5 Edge Joints 254
6.6 Control of Shrinkage and Distortion
254
6.7 Weld Symbols
256
6.8 Weld Specifications
256
6.8.1 Minimum Weld Size 256
6.8.2 Maximum Fillet Weld Size Along Edges 257
6.8.3 Minimum Effective Length of Fillet Weld 258
6.8.4 Overlap 258
6.8.5 Effective Length of Groove Welds 259
6.8.6 Effective Length of Intermittent Welds 259
6.9 Effective Area of Welds
259
6.9.1 Groove Weld 259
6.9.2 Fillet Weld 260
6.9.3 Plug Weld 261
6.9.4 Concave and Convex Welds 261
6.9.5 Long Joints 262
6.10 Design of Welds
262
6.10.1 Groove Welds 262
6.10.2 Fillet Welds 262

6.11 Simple Welded Joints

265
6.11.1 Design of Fillet Welds for Truss Members 265
6.11.2 Angle Seat Connections 266
6.11.3 Web Angle and End Plate Connections 267
6.12 Beam and Column Splices
268
6.12.1 Beam Splices 268
6.12.2 Column Splices 269
6.13 Bracing Connections
269
6.14 Tubular Connections
271
6.15 Application of Adhesives
272

7. Design of Tension Members

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6

7.7

7.8

7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12

7.13
7.14
7.15

Types of Tension Members

Design of Strands
Slenderness Ratio
Displacement of Tension Members
Behaviour of Tension Members
Modes of Failure
7.6.1 Gross Section Yielding 290
7.6.2 Net Section Rupture 291
7.6.3 Block Shear Failure 292
Factors Affecting the Strength of
Tension Members
7.7.1 Effect of Bolt Holes 293
7.7.2 Effect of Shear Lag 294
7.7.3 Geometry Factor 295
7.7.4 Ductility Factor 295
7.7.5 Spacing of Fasteners 295
7.7.6 Effect of Residual Stresses and Initial
Crookedness 295
Angles Under Tension
7.8.1 Net Section Design 296
7.8.2 Indian Code (IS 800 : 2007) Provisions for
Angle Tension Members 299
7.8.3 Welded Tension Members 299
Other Sections
Tension Rods
Design of a Tension Member
Lug Angles
7.12.1 Compensating for Reduction in
Cross-sectional Area 303
Splices
Gussets
Fatigue Effects

8. Plastic and Local Buckling Behaviour of

Structural Steel
8.1 Plastic Theory
8.1.1 Basis of Plastic Theory 322
8.1.2 Shape Factor 324
8.2 General Requirements for Plastic Design

286
287
289
289
290
290
290

293

296

299
300
302
302

303
304
305

322
322

325

xviii

Detailed Contents

8.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Plastic

Design 326

8.3 Plastic Hinge Concept

326
8.3.1 Length of Plastic Hinge 326
8.4 Plastic-collapse Load
327
8.5 Conditions of Plastic Analysis
328
8.5.1 Principle of Virtual Work 328
8.6 Theorems of Plastic Collapse
328
8.7 Methods of Plastic Analysis
328
8.7.1 Load Factors 329
8.8 Plastic Design of Continuous Beams
329
8.9 Plastic Design of Portal Frames
329
8.10 Effect of Axial and Shear Force on
Plastic Moment Capacity
330
8.10.1 Interaction Formula for I-sections 331
8.10.2 Effect of Shear Force on Plastic Moment
Capacity 333
8.11 Special Considerations
334
8.11.1 Flange Stability 334
8.11.2 Stiffeners at Plastic Hinge Locations 335
8.11.3 Fabrication Restriction 335
8.11.4 Second-order Effects 335
8.11.5 Connections 336
8.11.6 Deflection 336
8.11.7 Strain Hardening and Residual Stress 336
8.12 Local Buckling of Plates
336
8.12.1 Elastic Buckling of Plates 337
8.12.2 Simply Supported Plates 338
8.12.3 Plates Free Along One Longitudinal
Edge 338
8.12.4 Plates with Other Boundary Conditions 338
8.12.5 Plate Elements in Shear 339
8.12.6 Plate Elements in Bending 339
8.12.7 Stress Ratios for Classification 341
8.13 Cross Section Classification
342
8.14 Behaviour and Ultimate Strength of Plates
345
8.14.1 Behaviour of Plates 345
8.14.2 Post-buckling Strength of Plates 346

9. Design of Compression Members

9.6.1
9.6.2
9.6.3
9.6.4

Initial Out-of-straightness 372

Eccentricity of Applied Load 374
Effect of Residual Stress 375
Effect of Strain Hardening and the
Absence of Well-defined Yield Point

376
9.7 Development of Multiple Column Curves
377
9.7.1 Multiple Column Curves in the IS
Code 379
9.8 Sections used for Compression Members
381
9.9 Effective Length of Compression Members 383
9.9.1 Effective Length for Idealized Boundary
Conditions 383
9.9.2 Intermediate Restraints and Effective
Lengths in Different Planes 384
9.9.3 Columns in Multi-storey or Framed
Buildings 385
9.9.4 Compression Members in Trusses 391
9.9.5 Effective Lengths of Columns in Simple
Structures 395
9.9.6 Struts having Variable Section 396
9.10 Flexural-torsional Buckling
397
9.11 Columns with No Axis of Symmetry
398
9.12 Prevention of Buckling Failure
398
9.13 Single Angle Struts
399
9.13.1 Indian Code Provisions 400
9.14 Design of Compression Members
400
9.14.1 Limiting Slenderness Ratio 401
9.15 Built-up Compression Members
401
9.15.1 Rules Specified in the Indian Code 405
9.16 Compression Members Composed of Two
Components Back-to-back
406
9.17 Compression Members with Other Materials and
Shapes
406
9.17.1 Aluminium and Stainless Steel Compression
Members 407
9.17.2 Sleeved Column Concept 407
9.17.3 Steel Arches 407
9.17.4 Composite/Cased Columns 409
9.18 Displacement
410

366

9.1 Construction Details

367
9.1.1 Loads on Compression Members 367
9.2 Possible Failure Modes
368
9.3 Classification of Cross Section
369
9.4 Behaviour of Compression Members
369
9.4.1 Long, Short, and Intermediate Compression
Members 369
9.4.2 Short Compression Members 369
9.4.3 Slender Compression Members 370
9.5 Elastic Buckling of Slender Compression
Members
370
9.5.1 Large Deflection Behaviour: Post
Buckling 371
9.6 Behaviour of Real Compression Members
372

10. Design of Beams

10.1 Beam Types
10.2 Section Classification
10.3 Lateral Stability of Beams
10.3.1 Lateral Torsional Buckling of Symmetric
Sections 441
10.4 Factors Affecting Lateral Stability
10.4.1 Influence of Cross-sectional Shape on
Lateral Torsional Buckling 444
10.4.2 Support Conditions 444
10.4.3 Effective Length 444
10.4.4 Level of Application of Transverse
Loads 450
10.4.5 Influence of Type of Loading 450

437
438
439
439

443

Detailed Contents xix

10.5 Buckling of Real Beams

452
10.5.1 Plasticity Effects 452
10.5.2 Residual Stresses 453
10.5.3 Imperfections 453
10.6 Behaviour of Beams in Bending
454
10.6.1 Steel Beams in Flexure 454
10.6.2 Elastic Behaviour 454
10.6.3 Yielding and Plastic Behaviour 454
10.7 Design Strength of Laterally Supported Beams in
Bending
456
10.7.1 Holes in the Tension Zone 457
10.7.2 Shear Lag Effects 457
10.8 Design Strength of Laterally Unsupported
Beams
458
10.8.1 Elastic Critical Moment of a Section
Symmetrical About Minor Axis 461
10.8.2 Beams with Other Cross Sections 463
10.8.3 Strength Formula Considering
Inelastic Buckling 463
10.8.4 Compound/Built-up Beams 464
10.8.5 Curtailment of Flange Plates 465
10.8.6 Continuous Beams 466
10.9 Shear Strength of Steel Beams
466
10.9.1 Shear Buckling of Beam Webs 468
10.9.2 Bend Buckling of Webs 468
10.9.3 Design for Shear 468
10.10 Maximum Deflection
469
10.11 Web Buckling and Web Crippling
471
10.12 Holes in Beams
472
10.13 Latticed Beams
473
10.14 Castellated Beams
473
10.15 Lintels
475
10.16 Purlins
475
10.16.1 Design Procedure for Channel/I-section
Purlins 477
10.16.2 Empirical Design of Angle Purlins 478
10.17 Biaxial Bending
479
10.18 Unsymmetrical Bending
480
10.19 Unsymmetrical Sections
480
10.20 Design of Beams
481

11. Design of Plate Girders

11.1 Plate Girders
11.1.1 Examples of Plate Girders 509
11.1.2 Plate Girders Vs Trusses 510
11.1.3 Differences Between Beams and Plate
Girders 510
11.1.4 Types of Sections 511
11.1.5 Elements of a Plate Girder 511
11.2 General Considerations
11.3 Distribution of Stress in a Plate Girder
11.4 Preliminary Design Procedure
11.4.1 Minimum Web Thickness 514

508
508

11.4.2 Flexural Strength 514

11.4.3 Lateral Torsional Buckling of Plate
Girders 515
11.4.4 Shear Strength 515

11.5 Web Panel Subjected to Shear

515
11.5.1 Shear Resistance Before Buckling
(Stage 1) 515
11.5.2 Shear Buckling Design 516
11.5.3 Provisions of IS 800 : 2007 521
11.5.4 End Panel Design Without Tension Field
Action 522
11.6 Webs Subjected to Combined Bending and
Shear
523
11.6.1 Modification of Web Buckling Stress 524
11.6.2 Reduction of Plastic Moment Capacity of
Flanges 524
11.6.3 Modification of Membrane Stress for Web
Yielding 524
11.6.4 Webs Subjected to Pure Bending 524
11.6.5 Behaviour of Transverse Web Stiffeners
Under Extreme Loads 525
11.6.6 Patch Loading and Web Crippling 526
11.7 Design of Plate Girders using IS 800 : 2007
Provisions
527
11.7.1 Sectional Properties 528
11.7.2 Flanges 528
11.7.3 Stiffeners 529
11.7.4 Design of Load Carrying Stiffeners 530
11.7.5 Design of Bearing Stiffeners 531
11.7.6 Design of Diagonal and Tension
Stiffeners 531
11.7.7 Design of Torsional Stiffener 531
11.7.8 Connection of Load Carrying Stiffeners and
Bearing Stiffeners to Web 531
11.8 Behaviour of Longitudinally Stiffened Plate
Girders
532
11.9 Girders with Openings in Slender Webs
533
11.10 Hybrid Plate Girders
533
11.11 Welding of Girder Components
533
11.12 Proportioning of the Section
533
11.12.1 Optimum Girder Depth 534
11.12.2 Preliminary Sizing 534
11.12.3 Steps Involved in the Design of Plate
Girders 535
11.13 Plate Girders with Corrugated Webs
535
11.14 Box Girders
537

12. Design of Gantry Girders

512
513
513

12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4

Loading Considerations
Maximum Load Effects
Fatigue Effects
Selection of Gantry Girder
12.4.1 Section Properties 561
12.4.2 Columns 562

555
557
558
559
560

xx

Detailed Contents

12.4.3 Bracings 565

12.4.4 Crane Stops 565

12.5 Design of Gantry Girder

13. Design of Beam-columns

13.1 General Behaviour of Beam-columns
13.2 Second-order Moments in Beam-columns
13.2.1 P-d Effects or Member Effects 579
13.2.2 Equivalent Moment Factor Cm 581
13.2.3 P- Effects or Structure Effects 582
13.3 Elastic Lateral-torsional Buckling of
Beam-columns
13.4 Interaction between Beam-column and
Structure
13.5 Nominal StrengthInstability in the Plane of
Bending
13.5.1 Failure by Lateral-torsional
Buckling 585
13.5.2 Nominal strengthInteraction
Equations 585
13.6 Beam-column under Biaxial Loading
13.7 Interaction Equations for Local Capacity
Check
13.8 Code Design Procedures
13.8.1 Indian Code (IS 800 : 2007)
Provisions 588
13.8.2 American Code Provisions 590
13.9 Design of Beam-columns
13.9.1 Selection of Initial Section 591
13.9.2 Direct Analysis for P- Effects 591
13.10 Beam-columns Subjected to Tension and
Bending
13.11 Crane Columns

14. Moment-resistant Connections

566

576
578
579

14.8.1 Stiffeners in Edge (Corner)

Connection 624
14.8.2 Interior Beam-column Joint
14.8.3 Design of Stiffeners 626
14.8.4 Shear Reinforcement 626

625

14.9 Welded Continuous Beam-to-beam

Connections

15. Design of Base Plates and Caps

582
583
584

586
587
588

590

591
592

607

14.1 Moment-resistant Bolted Connections

607
14.1.1 Eccentrically Loaded Connections 607
14.1.2 Eccentric Load Causing Twisting
Moments (Type I Connections) 607
14.1.3 Eccentric Load Causing Bending Moments
(Type II Connections) 610
14.2 Bolted Moment End Plate Connection
613
14.3 Flange Angle Connections and Split-beam
T-stub Connections
614
14.4 Plate Subjected to Horizontal Pull
615
14.5 Moment-resistant Welded Connections
616
14.5.1 Eccentrically Loaded Connections 616
14.5.2 Eccentric Load Causing Bending
Moment 619
14.6 Welded End Plate Connections
620
14.7 Welded Stiffened Beam Seat Connection
621
14.7.1 Design 622
14.8 Welded Continuous Beam-to-column
Connections
622

15.1 Column Bases and Caps

15.1.1 Slab Bases 648
15.1.2 Effective Area of Base Plate 648
15.1.3 Weld: Column to Slab Base 649
15.2 Design of Base Plate
15.3 Some Practical Aspects
15.4 Design of Eccentrically Loaded Base Plates
15.4.1 Compression Over the Whole Base
Plate 651
15.5 Gusseted Base Plate
15.6 Compression Over Part of the Base Plate
and Tension in Holding Down Bolts
15.7 Column End Embedded in Concrete
Foundation (Pocket Bases)
15.8 Anchor Bolts (Foundation Bolts) and Shear
Connectors
15.8.1 Shear connectors 656
15.9 Grillage Foundation
15.9.1 Design Theory 658
15.10 Beam Bearing Plates
15.10.1 Design of Bearing Plates 659

627

647
647

649
650
650

651
652
653
654
657
659

16. Design of Roof Trusses and Industrial Buildings 671

16.1 Selection of Roofing and Wall Material
671
16.1.1 Steel or Aluminium Decking/Cladding 672
16.1.2 Galvanized Iron (GI) Sheets 673
16.1.3 Asbestos Cement Sheets 674
16.2 Selection of Bay Width
676
16.3 Structural Framing
676
16.3.1 Knee Bracing of Columns 677
16.3.2 Unbraced Frames 678
16.4 Purlins, Girts, and Eave Strut
680
16.5 Plane Trusses
681
16.5.1 Analysis of Trusses 682
16.5.2 Types of Trusses and Truss
Configurations 684
16.5.3 Pitches of Trusses 687
16.5.4 Depth of Truss 687
16.5.5 Spacing of Trusses 687
16.5.6 Spacing of Purlins 688
16.5.7 Loads on Trusses 688
16.5.8 Load Combination for Design 689
16.5.9 Design of Truss Members 689
16.5.10 Connections in Trusses 691

Detailed Contents xxi

16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9

Open-web Steel Joists

Floor Plates
End Bearings
Design of Slabs on Grade

17. Seismic-resistant Design

692
693
694
694

709

17.1 Response Reduction Factor

710
17.1.1 Over-strength 711
17.1.2 Redundancy 711
17.1.3 Ductility 711
17.2 Factors Influencing Seismic Damage
712
17.2.1 Influence of Soil Properties and
Foundations Type 712
17.3 Rules to be Followed for Buildings in
Seismic Areas
713
17.4 Plan Irregularities
713
17.4.1 Irregularity due to Re-entrant
Corners 713
17.4.2 Torsional Irregularity 713
17.4.3 Diaphragm Discontinuity 714
17.4.4 Out of Plane Offsets 715
17.4.5 Non-parallel System 715
17.5 Vertical Irregularities
715
17.5.1 Stiffness Irregularity 715
17.5.2 Mass Irregularity 716
17.5.3 Vertical Geometric Irregularity 716
17.5.4 In-plane Discontinuity in Vertical, Lateral
Force-resisting Elements 717
17.5.5 Discontinuity in Capacity (Weak
Storey) 717
17.6 Other Aspects of Planning and Design in
Earthquake Zones
718
17.6.1 Consideration of Vertical Component
of Earthquake 719
17.7 Seismic Force resisting Systems
720
17.8 Moment-resisting Frames (MRFs)
721

17.8.1 Design Principles for Special Moment

Frame 723
17.8.2 Strong-column, Weak-beam Concept 724
17.8.3 Provisions in IS 800:2007 for SMF 725
17.8.4 Proportioning for Drift 726
17.8.5 Continuity Plates 727
17.8.6 Ordinary Moment Frames (OMF) 728
17.8.7 Designing Buildings with SMF/OMF 729

17.9 Seismic Moment Connections

729
17.9.1 Toughened Connections 729
17.9.2 Strengthened Connections 730
17.9.3 Weakened Connections 732
17.9.4 Pre-qualified Seismic Moment
Connections 733
17.10 Braced frames
739
17.10.1 Concentrically Braced Frames
(CBFs) 739
17.10.2 Special Concentrically Braced Frames
(SCBFs) 741
17.10.3 Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF) 742
17.11 Dual Systems
742
17.12 Steel Plate Shear Walls (SPSW)
743
17.12.1 Advantages of SPSW 744
17.12.2 Analysis and Design of SPSW 744
17.13 Buckling-restrained Braces (BRB)
747
17.14 Devices to Reduce Earthquake Effects
749
17.14.1 Base Isolation 750
17.14.2 Energy Absorbing Devices 752

18. Design Principles for Steel Enabling Structures

18.1 Major Design Considerations for
Enabling Works
18.2 Cost of Enabling Works
18.3 Review of Typical Enabling Works
18.4 Failure of Enabling Works
18.5 Concluding Remarks

Appendix A: Properties of Structural Steel Sections 779

Appendix B: Loads Due to Tsunami 805
Appendix C: Properties of Soils 809
Appendix D: Bending Moment, Shear Force, and Deflection of Beams and Frames
Appendix E: Computer Programs

822

Appendix F: Design Aids 834

Appendix G: Important Formulae 854
Appendix H: Conversion Factors
Glossary 865
Index

875

863

813

762
762
763
764
768
768